A soja constitui uma das culturas mais importantes mundialmente, tanto social quanto economicamente. Consequentemente, informações moleculares sobre processos de desenvolvimento, bem como conhecimento detalhado das interações entre condições estressoras e a resposta da planta a fatores ambientais são necessários. A identificação e caracterização de genes que respondem a condições ambientais específicas constituem um passo inicial no entendimento dos processos adaptativos. Proteínas ricas em glicina (GRPs) são polipeptídeos contendo um grande número do aminoácido glicina em sua estrutura primária. Os genes codificantes de GRPs são regulados ao longo do desenvolvimento e regulados por auxina, ABA, frio, ferimentos, luz, ritmo circadiano, salinidade, seca, patógenos e encharcamento. Entretanto, há pouca informação sobre GRPs de plantas e seus papéis no desenvolvimento e resposta a estresses. As GRPs podem ser divididas em quatro classes (I, II, III, IV) de acordo com sua estrutura primária e presença de domínios característicos. A classe IV é composta por proteínas ligantes de RNA. Domínios adicionais permitem dividir a classe IV de GRPs em quatro subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd). A subclasse IVc é representada por proteínas contendo um cold-schock domain (CSD) e dedos de zinco CCHC tipo retrovirais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi: (i) identificar e caracterizar os genes codificantes de classe IV de GRPs, (ii) verificar a padrão de expressão dos genes codificantes da subclasse IVc de GRPs e (iii) produzir plantas de soja transgênicas expressando o gene AtGRP2, o qual foi mostrado estar envolvido na floração e desenvolvimento da semente em Arabidopsis, e também poderia desempenhar um papel na aclimatação ao frio. Um total de 47 genes codificantes da classe IV de GRPs foi identificado no genoma da soja: 19 da subclasse IVa, sete da IVb, seis da IVc e 15 da IVd. Análises in silico indicaram uma expressão preferencial de todos os genes codificantes da subclasse IVc em tecidos em desenvolvimento. Análises de RT-qPCR revelaram que plantas jovens e maduras exibem uma expressão mais alta em folhas do que em outros órgãos, com exceção dos genes GRP2L_4/5 que tiveram expressão mais alta em sementes. GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_2 foram induzidos em resposta a baixas temperaturas. Sob estresse com ABA a expressão de todos os genes foi reprimida em folhas e/ou raízes, com exceção do gene GRP2L_2 que foi induzido em raízes. Em resposta a infecção com Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a expressão de GRP2L_2 e GRP2L_3 foi mais alta e precoce no genótipo suscetível quando comparada com o resistente, enquanto que a resposta de GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_6 foi mais tardia no genótipo resistente. Ainda, embriões somáticos secundários das cultivares Bragg, IAS-5 e BRSMG 68 Vencedora de soja foram usados para introduzir o gene AtGRP2 no genoma da soja por bombardeamento e sistema bombardeamento/Agrobacterium. Seis eventos de transformação independentes foram confirmados por PCR. No presente momento as plantas estão em desenvolvimento em frascos de vidro. No presente estudo a classe IV de GRPs em soja foi identificada e caracterizada. Este é o primeiro passo para elucidar o papel destas proteínas em plantas. / Molecular information on plant developmental process, as well as detailed knowledge of the interaction between stress conditions and plant response to environmental factors are essential for understanding the adaptive response. Glycine-Rich Proteins (GRP) have the amino acid glycine well represented in their primary structure. The genes encoding GRPs are developmentally regulated and induced by auxin, ABA, cold, wound, light, circadian rhythm, salinity, drought, pathogens, and flooding. However, there is scarce information about plant GRPs and its role on development and stress response. The GRPs can be divided into four classes (I, II, II and IV) according to their primary structure and the presence of characteristic domains. Class IV is composed by RNA-binding proteins. Additional domains permit to split class IV GRPs into four subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc and IVd). Subclass IVc is represented by proteins containing a Cold-Shock Domain (CSD) and retroviral-like CCHC zinc fingers. The goal of the present study was: (i) to identify and characterize the genes encoding class IV GRPs, (ii) to verify the relative expression of genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs and (iii) to produce transgenic soybean plants expressing the AtGRP2 gene, which was shown to be involved in Arabidopsis flower and seed development, and can also play a role in cold acclimation. A total of 47 genes encoding class IV GRPs were found in the soybean genome: 19 from IVa, seven from IVb, six from IVc and 15 from IVd subclasses. In silico analyses indicated a preferential expression of all genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs in tissues under development. RT-qPCR analyses revealed that both young and mature plants exhibit relative higher expression of subclass IVc GRPs in leaves than in other organs, with exception of GRP2L_4/5 genes that have higher expression in seeds. The GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2L_2 were up-regulated in response to low temperatures. Under ABA stress the expression of all genes was down-regulated in leaves and roots, with exception of GRP2L_2 gene that was up-regulated in roots. In response to Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection, GRP2L_2 and GRP2L_3 expression was higher and earlier in the susceptible genotype when compared with that of the resistant one, while GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2_6 respond later in the resistant genotype. Furthermore, secondary somatic embryos of Bragg, IAS-5 and BRSMG 68 Vencedora soybean cultivars were used to introduce the AtGRP2 gene into the soybean genome by particle bombardment and bombardment/Agrobacterium system. Six independent Bragg transformation events were confirmed by PCR. In the present moment the plants are under development in glass flasks. In the present study the soybean class IV GRPs were identified and characterized. This is the first step to elucidate the role of these proteins in plants.

A soja constitui uma das culturas mais importantes mundialmente, tanto social quanto economicamente. Consequentemente, informações moleculares sobre processos de desenvolvimento, bem como conhecimento detalhado das interações entre condições estressoras e a resposta da planta a fatores ambientais são necessários. A identificação e caracterização de genes que respondem a condições ambientais específicas constituem um passo inicial no entendimento dos processos adaptativos. Proteínas ricas em glicina (GRPs) são polipeptídeos contendo um grande número do aminoácido glicina em sua estrutura primária. Os genes codificantes de GRPs são regulados ao longo do desenvolvimento e regulados por auxina, ABA, frio, ferimentos, luz, ritmo circadiano, salinidade, seca, patógenos e encharcamento. Entretanto, há pouca informação sobre GRPs de plantas e seus papéis no desenvolvimento e resposta a estresses. As GRPs podem ser divididas em quatro classes (I, II, III, IV) de acordo com sua estrutura primária e presença de domínios característicos. A classe IV é composta por proteínas ligantes de RNA. Domínios adicionais permitem dividir a classe IV de GRPs em quatro subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd). A subclasse IVc é representada por proteínas contendo um cold-schock domain (CSD) e dedos de zinco CCHC tipo retrovirais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi: (i) identificar e caracterizar os genes codificantes de classe IV de GRPs, (ii) verificar a padrão de expressão dos genes codificantes da subclasse IVc de GRPs e (iii) produzir plantas de soja transgênicas expressando o gene AtGRP2, o qual foi mostrado estar envolvido na floração e desenvolvimento da semente em Arabidopsis, e também poderia desempenhar um papel na aclimatação ao frio. Um total de 47 genes codificantes da classe IV de GRPs foi identificado no genoma da soja: 19 da subclasse IVa, sete da IVb, seis da IVc e 15 da IVd. Análises in silico indicaram uma expressão preferencial de todos os genes codificantes da subclasse IVc em tecidos em desenvolvimento. Análises de RT-qPCR revelaram que plantas jovens e maduras exibem uma expressão mais alta em folhas do que em outros órgãos, com exceção dos genes GRP2L_4/5 que tiveram expressão mais alta em sementes. GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_2 foram induzidos em resposta a baixas temperaturas. Sob estresse com ABA a expressão de todos os genes foi reprimida em folhas e/ou raízes, com exceção do gene GRP2L_2 que foi induzido em raízes. Em resposta a infecção com Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a expressão de GRP2L_2 e GRP2L_3 foi mais alta e precoce no genótipo suscetível quando comparada com o resistente, enquanto que a resposta de GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_6 foi mais tardia no genótipo resistente. Ainda, embriões somáticos secundários das cultivares Bragg, IAS-5 e BRSMG 68 Vencedora de soja foram usados para introduzir o gene AtGRP2 no genoma da soja por bombardeamento e sistema bombardeamento/Agrobacterium. Seis eventos de transformação independentes foram confirmados por PCR. No presente momento as plantas estão em desenvolvimento em frascos de vidro. No presente estudo a classe IV de GRPs em soja foi identificada e caracterizada. Este é o primeiro passo para elucidar o papel destas proteínas em plantas. / Molecular information on plant developmental process, as well as detailed knowledge of the interaction between stress conditions and plant response to environmental factors are essential for understanding the adaptive response. Glycine-Rich Proteins (GRP) have the amino acid glycine well represented in their primary structure. The genes encoding GRPs are developmentally regulated and induced by auxin, ABA, cold, wound, light, circadian rhythm, salinity, drought, pathogens, and flooding. However, there is scarce information about plant GRPs and its role on development and stress response. The GRPs can be divided into four classes (I, II, II and IV) according to their primary structure and the presence of characteristic domains. Class IV is composed by RNA-binding proteins. Additional domains permit to split class IV GRPs into four subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc and IVd). Subclass IVc is represented by proteins containing a Cold-Shock Domain (CSD) and retroviral-like CCHC zinc fingers. The goal of the present study was: (i) to identify and characterize the genes encoding class IV GRPs, (ii) to verify the relative expression of genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs and (iii) to produce transgenic soybean plants expressing the AtGRP2 gene, which was shown to be involved in Arabidopsis flower and seed development, and can also play a role in cold acclimation. A total of 47 genes encoding class IV GRPs were found in the soybean genome: 19 from IVa, seven from IVb, six from IVc and 15 from IVd subclasses. In silico analyses indicated a preferential expression of all genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs in tissues under development. RT-qPCR analyses revealed that both young and mature plants exhibit relative higher expression of subclass IVc GRPs in leaves than in other organs, with exception of GRP2L_4/5 genes that have higher expression in seeds. The GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2L_2 were up-regulated in response to low temperatures. Under ABA stress the expression of all genes was down-regulated in leaves and roots, with exception of GRP2L_2 gene that was up-regulated in roots. In response to Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection, GRP2L_2 and GRP2L_3 expression was higher and earlier in the susceptible genotype when compared with that of the resistant one, while GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2_6 respond later in the resistant genotype. Furthermore, secondary somatic embryos of Bragg, IAS-5 and BRSMG 68 Vencedora soybean cultivars were used to introduce the AtGRP2 gene into the soybean genome by particle bombardment and bombardment/Agrobacterium system. Six independent Bragg transformation events were confirmed by PCR. In the present moment the plants are under development in glass flasks. In the present study the soybean class IV GRPs were identified and characterized. This is the first step to elucidate the role of these proteins in plants.

A soja constitui uma das culturas mais importantes mundialmente, tanto social quanto economicamente. Consequentemente, informações moleculares sobre processos de desenvolvimento, bem como conhecimento detalhado das interações entre condições estressoras e a resposta da planta a fatores ambientais são necessários. A identificação e caracterização de genes que respondem a condições ambientais específicas constituem um passo inicial no entendimento dos processos adaptativos. Proteínas ricas em glicina (GRPs) são polipeptídeos contendo um grande número do aminoácido glicina em sua estrutura primária. Os genes codificantes de GRPs são regulados ao longo do desenvolvimento e regulados por auxina, ABA, frio, ferimentos, luz, ritmo circadiano, salinidade, seca, patógenos e encharcamento. Entretanto, há pouca informação sobre GRPs de plantas e seus papéis no desenvolvimento e resposta a estresses. As GRPs podem ser divididas em quatro classes (I, II, III, IV) de acordo com sua estrutura primária e presença de domínios característicos. A classe IV é composta por proteínas ligantes de RNA. Domínios adicionais permitem dividir a classe IV de GRPs em quatro subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd). A subclasse IVc é representada por proteínas contendo um cold-schock domain (CSD) e dedos de zinco CCHC tipo retrovirais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi: (i) identificar e caracterizar os genes codificantes de classe IV de GRPs, (ii) verificar a padrão de expressão dos genes codificantes da subclasse IVc de GRPs e (iii) produzir plantas de soja transgênicas expressando o gene AtGRP2, o qual foi mostrado estar envolvido na floração e desenvolvimento da semente em Arabidopsis, e também poderia desempenhar um papel na aclimatação ao frio. Um total de 47 genes codificantes da classe IV de GRPs foi identificado no genoma da soja: 19 da subclasse IVa, sete da IVb, seis da IVc e 15 da IVd. Análises in silico indicaram uma expressão preferencial de todos os genes codificantes da subclasse IVc em tecidos em desenvolvimento. Análises de RT-qPCR revelaram que plantas jovens e maduras exibem uma expressão mais alta em folhas do que em outros órgãos, com exceção dos genes GRP2L_4/5 que tiveram expressão mais alta em sementes. GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_2 foram induzidos em resposta a baixas temperaturas. Sob estresse com ABA a expressão de todos os genes foi reprimida em folhas e/ou raízes, com exceção do gene GRP2L_2 que foi induzido em raízes. Em resposta a infecção com Phakopsora pachyrhizi, a expressão de GRP2L_2 e GRP2L_3 foi mais alta e precoce no genótipo suscetível quando comparada com o resistente, enquanto que a resposta de GRP2L_4/5 e GRP2L_6 foi mais tardia no genótipo resistente. Ainda, embriões somáticos secundários das cultivares Bragg, IAS-5 e BRSMG 68 Vencedora de soja foram usados para introduzir o gene AtGRP2 no genoma da soja por bombardeamento e sistema bombardeamento/Agrobacterium. Seis eventos de transformação independentes foram confirmados por PCR. No presente momento as plantas estão em desenvolvimento em frascos de vidro. No presente estudo a classe IV de GRPs em soja foi identificada e caracterizada. Este é o primeiro passo para elucidar o papel destas proteínas em plantas. / Molecular information on plant developmental process, as well as detailed knowledge of the interaction between stress conditions and plant response to environmental factors are essential for understanding the adaptive response. Glycine-Rich Proteins (GRP) have the amino acid glycine well represented in their primary structure. The genes encoding GRPs are developmentally regulated and induced by auxin, ABA, cold, wound, light, circadian rhythm, salinity, drought, pathogens, and flooding. However, there is scarce information about plant GRPs and its role on development and stress response. The GRPs can be divided into four classes (I, II, II and IV) according to their primary structure and the presence of characteristic domains. Class IV is composed by RNA-binding proteins. Additional domains permit to split class IV GRPs into four subclasses (IVa, IVb, IVc and IVd). Subclass IVc is represented by proteins containing a Cold-Shock Domain (CSD) and retroviral-like CCHC zinc fingers. The goal of the present study was: (i) to identify and characterize the genes encoding class IV GRPs, (ii) to verify the relative expression of genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs and (iii) to produce transgenic soybean plants expressing the AtGRP2 gene, which was shown to be involved in Arabidopsis flower and seed development, and can also play a role in cold acclimation. A total of 47 genes encoding class IV GRPs were found in the soybean genome: 19 from IVa, seven from IVb, six from IVc and 15 from IVd subclasses. In silico analyses indicated a preferential expression of all genes encoding subclass IVc GRPs in tissues under development. RT-qPCR analyses revealed that both young and mature plants exhibit relative higher expression of subclass IVc GRPs in leaves than in other organs, with exception of GRP2L_4/5 genes that have higher expression in seeds. The GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2L_2 were up-regulated in response to low temperatures. Under ABA stress the expression of all genes was down-regulated in leaves and roots, with exception of GRP2L_2 gene that was up-regulated in roots. In response to Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection, GRP2L_2 and GRP2L_3 expression was higher and earlier in the susceptible genotype when compared with that of the resistant one, while GRP2L_4/5 and GRP2_6 respond later in the resistant genotype. Furthermore, secondary somatic embryos of Bragg, IAS-5 and BRSMG 68 Vencedora soybean cultivars were used to introduce the AtGRP2 gene into the soybean genome by particle bombardment and bombardment/Agrobacterium system. Six independent Bragg transformation events were confirmed by PCR. In the present moment the plants are under development in glass flasks. In the present study the soybean class IV GRPs were identified and characterized. This is the first step to elucidate the role of these proteins in plants.

No description available.

Les dinoflagellés sont un groupe très varié d’eucaryotes unicellulaires principalement retrouvés en milieu marin où ils ont un rôle écologique majeur dans la production primaire des océans et dans la formation des récifs coralliens. Ils sont aussi responsables de phénomènes néfastes comme les marées rouges et la production de toxines qui contaminent les crustacées et les poissons lorsque les conditions sont propices à leur multiplication rapide. Ces organismes possèdent des caractéristiques moléculaires uniques chez les eucaryotes, particulièrement en ce qui a trait au noyau. Le génome des dinoflagellés s’y retrouve condensé sous forme de cristal liquide stabilisé par des cations métalliques plutôt que sous forme de nucléosomes organisés par des histones. Cette forme condensée persiste tout au long du cycle cellulaire et limite la transcription des gènes à des boucles d’ADN qui se retrouvent à la périphérie des chromosomes. Ces caractéristiques inhabituelles, jumelées à une taille souvent imposante de leur génome, ont grandement limité l’étude des mécanismes moléculaires de base comme la régulation de la transcription. Afin de mieux caractériser ce processus chez ces organismes, le dinoflagellé Lingulodinium polyedrum, qui est étudié majoritairement pour ses multiples rythmes circadiens, a été utilisé. Tout d’abord, le séquençage à haut-débit a été utilisé afin de caractériser le transcriptome complet de l’organisme à quatre temps différents au cours d’une journée. De façon surprenante, ce séquençage a montré que très peu des transcrits varient entre les temps et que ces variations sont de faible amplitude, ce qui contraste fortement avec les résultats obtenus chez d’autres groupes d’organismes. Une inhibition pharmacologique de la transcription a aussi été effectuée et montre que les rythmes de photosynthèse et de bioluminescence continuent d’osciller de façon circadienne en absence de transcription. Ces résultats suggèrent que le modèle traditionnel de génération des rythmes circadiens par des boucles de rétroaction transcription/traduction est probablement absent chez Lingulodinium. La deuxième approche consiste en la caractérisation de deux protéines à domaine cold-shock (CSD), un domaine d’origine bactérienne qui est fortement surreprésenté chez les dinoflagellés et annoté comme potentiel facteur de transcription. Ces deux protéines ont une préférence pour la liaison de l’ADN simple brin versus l’ADN double brin tout en étant ii capable de lier de l’ARN. Par ailleurs, ces liaisons aux acides nucléiques ne sont pas spécifiques à une séquence particulière. L’analyse de leur abondance après un passage prolongé en condition froide n’a pas permis de déceler une augmentation importante de l’abondance des deux protéines et celles-ci sont également incapable de complémenter un quadruple mutant des protéines cold-shock chez E. coli. Ces données suggèrent que les CSDs des dinoflagellés ne sont probablement pas des facteurs de transcription séquence-spécifique et qu’ils ont également une fonction différente des protéines bactériennes. La troisième approche consiste en la réticulation in vivo des protéines interagissant avec la chromatine. Après réticulation, la chromatine a été purifiée et les protéines associées à ceux-ci ont été extraites et identifiées par spectrométrie de masse. Parmi les protéines identifiées, il y a un nombre réduit de protéines de liaison à l’ADN en comparaison avec des données similaires chez les animaux. Des peptides provenant d’une histone H4 ont aussi été identifiés, ce qui consiste en une des premières identifications de ce type de protéine chez les dinoflagellés. Plusieurs protéines de liaison à l’ARN ont été identifiées et pourraient permettre de réguler diverses étapes de la biologie des ARNm et ainsi moduler la traduction. Quelques protéines reliées au contrôle du cycle cellulaire et à la réparation de l’ADN ont aussi été identifiées. Mises ensemble, ces trois approches permettent de suggérer que la régulation de la transcription et de l’abondance des ARNm semblent avoir une importance moindre chez les dinoflagellés que chez les autres eucaryotes. / Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes found in marine habitat where they have a major role in the primary production of the ocean and in the formation of coral reefs. They are also responsible for some of the harmful algal blooms whose toxin production can contaminate crustacean and fish. Dinoflagellates possess unique molecular characteristics in eukaryotes, especially for their nucleus. For example, their genome is found in a permanently condensed liquid crystalline state stabilized by metallic cations instead of the nucleosome organized by histones. This condensed form persists throughout the cell cycle and limits transcription to DNA loops localized at the periphery of the chromosomes. These unusual characteristics, coupled with a generally large genome size, have greatly limited the study of basic molecular mechanisms such as transcription regulation. In order to better characterize this process for the dinoflagellates, I used Lingulodinium polyedrum, a dinoflagellate studied extensively for its circadian rhythms. As a first approach, high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the complete transcriptome of the organism at four different times throughout the day. Surprisingly, this sequencing revealed that an extremely low number of transcripts vary in abundance between time points and that those variations are of low amplitude, a result in stark contrast with what has been observed in other organisms. A pharmacological inhibition of transcription was also done and shows that bioluminescence and photosynthesis rhythms persist in absence of transcription, suggesting that the classical transcription/translation feedback loop used to generate rhythmic timing in eukaryotes is probably absent in Lingulodinium. The second approach was the characterization of two proteins with a cold-shock domain (CSD), a type of domain strongly overrepresented in dinoflagellates and predicted to be a potential transcription factor. Those two proteins showed a preferential binding to single stranded DNA versus double stranded DNA while also being able to bind RNA, and were not specific to a particular sequence. Protein abundance analysis after a prolonged cold shock did not yield a massive increase in the abundance of those two proteins, as seen in E. coli. Furthermore, neither protein was able to complement a quadruple cold shock protein (CSP) mutant in E. coli. Data gathered here suggest that CSD proteins in dinoflagellates are probably iv not sequence-specific transcription factors and may also have a function different from bacterial CSP. The third approach consisted of the in vivo cross-linking of chromatin-interacting proteins. After cross-linking, the chromatin was purified and the proteins associated with it extracted and identified by mass spectrometry. Of the identified proteins, few DNA binding proteins were found, unlike similar studies done in animals. Peptides derived from a histone H4 were discovered, one of the first instances of histone identification in dinoflagellates. Multiple proteins able to bind RNA have been identified and could be used to regulate multiple steps of RNA biology and therefore modulate RNA translation. Some proteins related to cell cycle control and DNA repair were also identified. Taken together, these three approaches support the view that the transcriptional regulation and control over mRNAs abundance seem to have a lower importance in dinoflagellate than in other eukaryotes.

Les dinoflagellés sont une famille d'eucaryotes unicellulaires trouvés dans les écosystèmes marins et d'eau douce et sont d'importants producteurs primaires. Ils sont réputés pour plusieurs comportements distinctifs, notamment la formation de proliférations d'algues nuisibles appelées « marées rouges », l'émission de bioluminescence dans l'océan et leur contribution à la formation de récifs coralliens. Leur structure génomique est inhabituelle avec de grandes quantités d'ADN et des chromosomes condensés en permanence à toutes les étapes du cycle cellulaire. L’ADN est sans nucléosome et se trouve dans une structure de cristaux liquides. Plusieurs gènes sont codés dans de multiples répétitions situées dans des réseaux en tandem produisant des protéines pratiquement identiques sans aucun élément conservé détecté dans les régions présumées promotrices en amont de la séquence codante. Ces caractéristiques uniques rendent difficile à comprendre comment les cellules régulent l'expression des gènes. Cette thèse examine l’hypothèse que la régulation de transcription est difficile et peu utilisée chez les dinoflagellés. Les dinoflagellés présentent une rareté des facteurs de transcription, les protéines du domaine de choc froid (CSP) représentant la majorité des protéines de liaison à l'ADN potentielles dans le transcriptome de Lingulodinium polyedra et le génome de Symbiodinium kawagutii. Le potentiel des CSP de dinoflagellés à agir en tant que facteurs de transcription spécifiques à la séquence a été testé en utilisant des tests de déplacement de mobilité électrophorétique. Ces études ont révélé que quatre CSP différentes ont montré une préférence pour l'ARN par rapport à l'ADN simple et double brin. Une deuxième approche a examiné le ciblage de la séquence spécifique par des tests de sélection et de liaison d'amplification, et cela n'a révélé aucun motif consensus détectable dans la liaison à l'ADN. Nous concluons que les CSP dinoflagellés sont plus susceptibles de fonctionner comme des protéines de liaison à l'ARN que comme des facteurs de transcription. Il a été rapporté que l'expression de nombreux gènes chez plusieurs espèces de dinoflagellés était régulée par l'exposition à la lumière. Cela a été testé pour trois gènes, dont l'expression régulée par la lumière chez l'espèce formant des récifs Symbiodinium kawagutii. La régulation de ces gènes a été rapportée dans la littérature suggérant la possibilité d’identifier les éléments régulateurs dans le promoteur. Cependant, l'analyse par transfert de Northern n'a pas pu valider le modèle d'expression de ces trois gènes chez S. kawagutii. De plus, le séquençage d'ARN à haut débit a confirmé que ces trois gènes n'étaient pas induits par la lumière. Au total, seuls sept gènes ont été exprimés de manière différentielle à l'aube et au crépuscule en utilisant RNA-Seq, et tous étaient de moindre abondance à la fin de la période de lumière sur un 12: 12 cycle L: D. Trois des sept ont également été examinés en utilisant une analyse qPCR, et seule deux des trois ont pu être confirmés comme étant altérés, mais avec une différence de facteur inférieure à celle observée avec RNA-Seq. Nous en concluons qu'il y a peu de régulation lumineuse de l'expression génique dans cette espèce dinoflagellé. Dans l’ensemble, les études décrites ici appuient l’hypothèse que les dinoflagellés ont un moins grande dépendance sur la régulation transcriptionnelle que d’autres organismes. / Dinoflagellates are a large family of unicellular eukaryotes found in marine and freshwater ecosystems and are important primary producers in marine ecosystem. They are famous for several distinctive behaviors including forming harmful algal blooms called “red tides”, emission of bioluminescence in the ocean, and contributing to the formation of coral reefs. They have an unusual genome structure with large amounts of DNA and permanently condensed chromosomes throughout all stages of the cell cycle. The chromatin lacks observable nucleosomes and has a liquid crystal structure. Some genes are encoded in multiple repeats located in tandem arrays producing virtually identical proteins without any known conserved elements detected in the upstream promoter regions or intergenic spacers. These unique features make it difficult to understand how gene expression is regulated. This thesis describes two experimental tests for the hypothesis that transcriptional regulation is difficult and is not the primary means of regulating gene expression in dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates show a paucity of transcription factors, and of these, cold shock domain proteins (CSPs) account for the majority of potential DNA binding proteins in the transcriptome. Here, the potential of dinoflagellate CSPs from free-living Lingulodinium polyedra and reef-forming Symbiodinium kawagutii (recently renamed to Fugacium kawagutii) to act as sequence specific transcription factors was tested. These studies using four different CSPs showed a preference for RNA over both single and double stranded DNA using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). A second approach, testing for specific sequence binding by three cycles of selection and amplification binding (SAAB) did not enrich any consensus motif for any of the four proteins. We conclude dinoflagellate CSPs are more likely to function as RNA binding proteins than as transcription factors. Expression of many genes in many dinoflagellate species has been reported to be regulated by light. This was tested for three genes whose expression was reported to be light-regulated in Symbiodinium kawagutii. The availability of a genome sequence for this species suggested that it might be possible to identify potential regulatory elements in the promoter of these genes. However, Northern blot analysis was unable to confirm differential expression of these three genes over a 24 hour light-dark cycle. Furthermore, RNA-Seq of samples taken at the end of the day and night also indicated these three genes were not light-induced. In total, only seven genes were found to be differentially expressed at dawn and dusk using RNA-Seq in triplicate with a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.1. All were of lower abundance at the end of the light period on a 12:12 L:D cycle suggesting possible repression by light. Three of these seven, picked at random, were examined using qPCR analysis. Only two of the three had lower abundance at the end of the day by this technique, and the fold difference was less than what was observed with RNA-Seq. We conclude from this that there is little light regulation of gene expression in this dinoflagellate species. Taken together, the studies described here support the hypothesis that dinoflagellates do not rely on regulation of genes at the transcriptional level to the same extent as other organisms.