In the smiling curve theory, many enterprises in Taiwan product merchandise by OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing) model become the one which has lowest additional value. It seems that there is no future of Taiwan's OEM industry. It suggests that the enterprises in Taiwan should make the transition to the research or own brands. But, Can the smiling curve theory be really suitable for the industries of OEM unconditionally? ODM (Own Designing and Manufacturing) should subdivide into two models, passive ODM and active ODM. Passive ODM is receiving requirements of brand owners and then designs detail functions of product and processes of manufacture. Active ODM is made a product of open model and provides it for brand owners. When the product of open model is accepted by customer, the manufacturer can deliver the product with little lead time. In Passive ODM model, the brand owner should take the risk of marketing. But in active ODM model, the manufacturer takes marketing risk, too. It is more difficult for manufacturer to know the market rather than to manufacture. By using simulation gets two results: 1.When the manufacturer doesn't know the market, it is high risk to make the transition to active ODM or OBM (Own Branding and Manufacturing). 2.It is more safety to make the transition to passive ODM and the manufacturer still can shorten the cycle of new product development, get more orders and improve the ability of the enterprise.

Um effektiv auf neue Marktgegebenheiten reagieren zu können, versuchen Industrieunternehmen ihre internen Geschäftsabläufe schlank und effizient zu halten. Dies stößt jedoch an Grenzen, wenn tradierte Unternehmens-IT im Zuge der digitalen Transformation mit neuen Geschäfts- und Bedienfähigkeiten ausgestattet werden soll. Die Integration von Systemen und Daten sowie die prozessuale Steuerung einer sich neu ordnenden IT-Landschaft verlangt nach neuen Konzepten, die die Besonderheit von kooperativen Wertschöpfungsprozessen berücksichtigen. Der Beitrag stellt die Anwendung der Action Design Research für die Konzeption, Entwicklung, Einführung und Auswertung einer IT-Applikation innerhalb eines Anwendungsfalls der Montageplanung der Automobilproduktion heraus. Dazu wird der Ansatz der Conversational Workflows, ein für die Zusammenarbeit in wissensintensiven, kooperativen Industrieprozessen entwickelter Applikationsaufbau, zur Lösung der Problemstellung herangezogen. Mit Hilfe eines auf den Anwendungsfall angepassten Ablaufs der Action Design Research werden in zwei partizipativen ADR-Zyklen sowohl eine MVP-Version als auch eine produktive Variante einer Web-Applikation für die Materialmodulbereitstellung entwickelt und im Praxissystem erlebbar gemacht. Im Ergebnis konnte sich das Konzept der Conversational Workflows als geeignet herausstellen und lässt zusätzlich Raum für kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklungen. Auf methodischer Seite hat sich gezeigt, dass eine Ergänzung der konzeptionellen ADR-Phasen um Design Thinking zu einer verbesserten Artefaktentwicklung beitragen kann.

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The world of engineering design finds itself at a crossroads. The technical and scientifically rooted tools that propelled humankind into the modern age are now insufficient as evidenced by a growing number of failures to meet design expectations and to deliver value for users and society in general. In the empirical world, a growing consensus among many design practitioners has emerged that engineering design efforts are becoming too unmanageable and too complex for existing design management systems and tools. One of the key difficulties of engineering design is the coordination and management of the underlying collaboration processes. Development efforts that focus on the design of complex artefacts, such as a satellite or information system, commonly require the interaction of hundreds to thousands of different disciplines. What makes these efforts and the related collaboration processes complex from the perspective of many practitioners is the strong degree of interdependency between design decision-making occurring, often concurrently, across multiple designers who commonly reside in different organizational settings. Not only must a design account for and satisfice these dependencies, but it must remain also acceptable to all design participants. Design in effect represents a coevolution between the problem definition and solution, with a finalized design approach arising not from a repeatable series of mathematical optimizations but rather through the collective socio-technical design activities of a large collaboration of designers. Despite the importance of understanding design as a socio-technical decision-making entity, many of the existing design approaches ignore socio-technical issues and often view them as either too imprecise or too difficult to consider. This research provides a performance measurement framework to explore these factors by investigating design as a socio-technical complex adaptive collaborative process between the designer, artefact, and user (DAU). The research implements this framework through an agent-based model, the Complex Adaptive Performance Evaluation Method for Collaboration Design (C2D). This approach allows a design management analyst to generate insights about potential design strategies and mechanisms as they relate to design complexity by examining the simulated performance of a design collaboration as it explores theoretical design fitness landscapes with various degrees of ruggedness. / Ph. D.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify how libraries and professional scientists can collaborate to enable citizen science, and what value libraries generate by taking part. The study also sets out to develop a framework that can be applied when designing and analyzing such collaboration.  Method: A qualitative and interpretative case study where significant design features, success factors, challenges, and outcomes are captured through interviews with representatives from research libraries, public libraries, and science teams in four citizen science projects. The empiric data is explored through reflexive thematic analysis and further investigated in a comparative analysis. The combined findings are then mapped with a framework for cross-sector collaboration (CFCR). Results: The study indicates that this type of collaboration is need-based and characterized by flexibility, shared goals, mutual benefits, manageable tasks, and shared resources. Additionally, it benefits from internal and external partnerships. Common identified challenges are lack of resources, different agendas, coordination issues, and change management. The findings demonstrate the impact of organizational context and indicate that libraries already largely have the required competence to enable citizen science. Libraries generate value by offering increased outreach/communication, space/training/tools, project design and by acting as gate-ways/intermediators. Libraries gain value in the form of access to scientists, visitor attraction, and future rele-vance. The study results in a proposed framework for citizen science collaboration between libraries and pro-fessional scientists. Conclusion: Research/academic libraries and public libraries are well-positioned to enable citizen science through collaboration with professional scientists, external actors, and with each other. This requires common strategies, clear goals, shared resources, and an ability to adapt to changing needs and circumstances. Libraries can generate and gain value from taking part, especially in the form of greater outreach and future relevance. / Syfte: Att undersöka hur bibliotek och forskare kan samarbeta för att möjliggöra medborgarforskning, och vilken typ av värde bibliotek kan skapa genom att delta i denna typa va projekt. En ytterligare ambition är att utveckla ett ramverk som kan användas vid utformning och analys av denna typ av samarbete. Metod: En kvalitativ, interpretativ fallstudie som identifierar signifikanta designelement, framgångsfaktorer, utmaningar och värden. Empirisk data samlas in genom intervjuer med representanter från forskningsbibliotek, folkbibliotek och forskningsteam i fyra medborgarforskningsprojekt. Källmaterialet undersöks genom tematisk analys och utforskas vidare i en jämförande analys. Det samlade analysresultatet jämförs därefter med ett ramverk för tvärsektoriellt samarbete (CFCR). Resultat: Studien visar att denna typ av samarbete är behovsbaserat och präglas av flexibilitet, gemensamma mål, ömsesidig nytta, hanterbara arbetsuppgifter och gemensamma resurser. Det gynnas också av interna och externa samarbeten. Vanliga utmaningar är resursbrist, olika prioriteringar, samordningsproblem och förändringsledning. Resultaten visar också att samarbetet påverkas av organisatorisk kontext, och att bibliotek till stor del redan har den kompetens som krävs för att möjliggöra medborgarforskning. Bibliotek kan skapa värde genom att erbjuda utökad räckvidd/kommunikation, fysisk plats/utbildning/verktyg, projektdesign, samt genom att fungera som brygga/förmedlare. Biblioteken kan vinna värde i form av forskartillgång, attraktionskraft och möjligheten att bibehålla sin relevans. Analysen resulterar i ett föreslaget ramverk för samarbeten mellan bibliotek och forskare inom området medborgarforskning. Slutsatser: Forskningsbibliotek och folkbibliotek har goda förutsättningar att möjliggöra medborgarforskning genom att samarbeta med forskare, externa aktörer, och med varandra. Det kräver tydliga strategier och mål, delade resurser och förmåga att anpassa sig till nya behov och omständigheter. Genom att delta i denna typ av samarbete kan bibliotek både skapa och vinna värde, i synnerhet i form av utökad räckvidd och framtida relevans.