La chute du communisme en 1989 a constitué un énorme défi pour les Etats européens qui l’ont connu. Les nouvelles démocraties, confrontées à l’immense héritage du passé, ont dû faire face à la question des individus liés à ce régime, et en particulier ceux qui ont travaillé ou collaboré avec les services secrets communistes. La lustration constitue une réponse originale des Etats postcommunistes à ce phénomène. Elle est considérée comme une mesure de justice transitionnelle. La lustration est strictement encadrée par des lois. Celles-Ci mettent en place des procédures permettant de juger le comportement passé des personnes souhaitant exercer des emplois dans la fonction publique du nouvel Etat démocratique. De ce fait, ces lois mettent en place une sorte de purification de la fonction publique. Les procédures de lustration possèdent un caractère contraignant, car elles peuvent violer de nombreux droits et libertés fondamentaux des personnes qu’elles visent. D’où l’importance de l’encadrement de ce phénomène à différents niveaux: au niveau national par les cours constitutionnelles et au niveau européen par le Conseil de l’Europe et la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, qui a établi des standards de lustration à respecter par chaque Etat souhaitant la mettre en oeuvre. / The fall of communism in 1989 was a huge challenge for European states who experienced its effects. The new democracies had to face the immense legacy of the past, and had to find a solution on the issue of individuals related to the former regime. In particular, they had to work with those who have worked or collaborated with the communist secret services. Lustration is an original response the Post-Communist States to this phenomenon. It is considered as a measure of transitional justice. Lustration is strictly regulated by laws. They set up procedures to verify the past behavior of persons wishing to pursue employment in the public service of the new democratic State. Therefore, these laws establish a kind of purification of public administration.The lustration procedures are binding because they may violate many rights and fundamental freedoms of the individuals they are targeting. Hence, the importance of the supervision of this phenomenon at different levels: at the national level by the constitutional courts and at the European level by the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, who has established the standards of lustration to be respected by each State wishing to implement it.

This study investigate a Collaboration between municipalities that cooperate to develop e-services. One larger municipality helps the smaller municipalities by providing them with fully developed e-services, help maintain a technical platform, support and materials in order for them to be able to drive their own process of change. The object of this study is to contribute knowledge that can form the basis for potential improvements of the Collaboration of e-services. The aim of the study is to find out what the reason is that some participating municipalities have launched several e-services while others none? How they experience the development of e-services that are conducted in Collaboration, and what challenges they experience in the development work? To collect empirical data we did qualitative interviews with both participating municipalities and with informants central in this Collaboration. We have had access to documents, their contract, and their planning tool that includes videos, manuals, and templates. The result of this study identifies a number of crucial points that need to be taken into account in continued Collaboration. These are: You cannot measure success with number of launched e-services: There are lack of “change management”: How homogeneity can help in the long run: and that Process mapping is the next step to take for the smaller municipalities. The study's result also show the challenges that may appear along the way towards more efficient, attractive and competitive county. For the participating municipalities these are time constraints, difficulty in prioritizing among other tasks, resistance from administrations and administrators, how they organize themselves internally on their own. The results also show that all participants wants this, and that several of them are working in a way that may pay off in the long run.

Denna studie undersökte samarbetet mellan tandvård och socialtjänst i att identifiera barn som utsatts för våld. Syftet med studien var att identifiera hinder, utmaningar och möjligheter för förbättringar i samarbetet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra tandvårdspersonal, två socialtjänstarbetare och en universitetsadjunkt som även är tandläkare med specialistutbildning. Resultatet visade fyra huvudteman: utbildning, hinder och utmaningar, dokumentation och samarbete. Respondenterna betonade vikten av utbildning om våld och samarbete mellan professionella grupper för att förbättra samarbetet mellan tandvård och socialtjänst. De hinder som identifierades var brist på riktlinjer för tandvårdspersonal att rapportera oro för ett barn och undviker skyldigheten att rapportera. Dessutom ansågs detaljerade journalanteckningar inom tandvården vara avgörande för socialtjänsten för att få ett helhetsperspektiv för barn som utsatts för våld. Samarbetet betraktades som avgörande för att få en övergripande bild av situationen och tillhandahålla adekvat vård. Dessa resultat kan användas för att utveckla och förbättra samarbetet mellan tandvård och socialtjänst i att identifiera våld mot barn. / This study examined the collaboration between dental care and social services in identifying children exposed to violence. The purpose of the study was to identify obstacles, challenges, and opportunities for improvement in cooperation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four dental care professionals, two social service workers, and one university lecturer. The results showed four main themes: education, barriers and challenges, documentation, and collaboration. Respondents emphasized the importance of education on violence and cooperation between professional groups to improve collaboration between dental care and social services. The obstacles identified included the lack of guidelines for dental professionals on reporting concerns about a child and the absence of exemptions from the obligation to report. Additionally, detailed journal entries in dental care were deemed essential to investigating the overall situation of children exposed to violence. Collaboration was considered crucial to obtaining an overall picture of the situation and providing adequate care. These findings can be used to develop and enhance collaboration between dental care and social services in identifying abused children.