Denna studie syftar till att studera i vilken utsträckning Collaborative Economy kan vara en mer hållbar form av turism. Fenomenet har skapat ett personligt intresse av nyfikenhet då Collaborative Economy i skrivande stund är ett väl omtalat och diskuterat ämne. Samtidigt upplevs det att tidigare studier inte har identifierat fenomenets effekter på en hållbar turism. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångsätt tillämpats. Det empiriskt insamlade materialet har baserats på kvalitativa intervjuer av uthyrare, middagsvärdar, deltagare och användare av Airbnb och EatWith. Vidare har det empiriskt insamlade materialet fastställt fyra stycken kategorier som utgör Airbnb´s och EatWith´s erfarenheter och uppfattningar: Mer pengar i plånboken, gästfrihet, kulturkram och reslust. Studien visade att Airbnb och EatWith utgör en fördelaktig resform. Det är turister som söker sig bortom det standardiserade utbudet och skapar en interaktion med lokalbefolkningen. Det är även en turist som använder befintligt lediga resurser under sin resa samt bidrar till lokala företag på destinationen. Studien fastställer dock att Airbnb och EatWith trots en bättre resform inte aktivt arbetar för en hållbar turismutveckling. För att uppnå en hållbar turism krävs det att ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga perspektiv samtliga är genomtänkta och välarbetade, och det är något studien visat Airbnb och EatWith inte åstadkommit. Studien drar därför slutsatsen att Airbnb och EatWith, företag verksamma inom Collaborative Economy i turism, inte aktivt och medvetet arbetar för en hållbar turism.

Within the context of multiple crises and change, a range of practices discussed under the umbrella term of collaborative (or sharing) economy have been gaining considerable attention. Supporters build an idealistic vision of collaborative societies. Critics have been stripping the concept of its visionary potential, questioning its revolutionary nature. In the study, these debates are brought down to the local level in search for common perceptions among the co-creators of the concept in Vienna, Austria. Towards this aim a Q study is conducted, i.e. a mixed method enabling analyses of subjective perceptions on socially contested topics. Four voices are identified: True Believers, Market Optimists, Dedicated Critics, and Healthy Sceptics, each bringing their values, visions, and practical goals characteristic of different understanding of the collaborative economy. The study questions the need for building a globally-applicable definition of the concept, calls for more context-sensitivity, and the need for further exploratory approaches. (author's abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Cada vez más jóvenes desean independizarse y vivir solos o con amigos en departamentos alquilados. Varios están dispuestos a dejar la casa de sus padres para estar cerca de sus centros laborales, comerciales y sociales. El 39% de los limeños, buscan viviendas cercanas a centros comerciales y no están dispuestos a sacrificar su estilo de vida social. En este sentido, la propuesta está orientada a ofrecer un tipo de vivienda en comunidad, manteniendo la privacidad en viviendas ubicadas estratégicamente, cerca de centros financieros de alto movimiento económico y social, dirigido a profesionales de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, profesionales expatriados (extranjeros), que no desean adquirir una vivienda en el mediano ni largo plazo, pero que tienen la necesidad de acceder a servicios de vivienda confortable y pertenecer a una comunidad/red, y que no desean invertir tiempo en la administración de una vivienda. El valor monetario destinado a estas viviendas será competitivo y les permitirá destinar parte de sus ingresos a objetivos personales. / Nowadays, young people want to become independent and live alone or with friends in rented apartments. Most of them are willing to leave their parents' house to live closer to work, business areas and social centers. In Lima, 39% of residents would like to live close to shopping centers and social areas and they are not willing to sacrifice their social lifestyle (living sorrounding schools, restaurants, cinemas, etc). In this sense, this proposal is aimed to offer a new type of housing, including a community style of living, maintaining each individual privacy. The type of housing must be located strategically near to financial centers of high economic and social movement and it is focussed to young professionals, from A and B socioeconomic levels, expatriate professionals ( foreigners); in both cases: (i) they do not want to acquire a house for the next years (medium or long term), (ii) they request comfortable housing services and also, (iii) to belong to a community / network. , and (iv) they do not wish to waste time in logistic issues of home administration. The monetary value of renting these kind of houses will be competitive and will allow them to save money for other personal preferences. / Trabajo de Investigación

Um dos argumentos em favor do Consumo Colaborativo é a sua possível contribuição para um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. Nesta pesquisa, Desenvolvimento Sustentável é a satisfação das necessidades humanas do presente considerando a preservação dos recursos naturais para as próximas gerações. Logo, o alcance de padrões e níveis de consumo mais sustentáveis envolve a construção de relações entre diversos setores sociais, como produtores, comerciantes e consumidores. Partindo desse pressuposto, este estudo identificou de que forma o Consumo Colaborativo se relaciona com o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para isso, recorreu-se a um estudo de múltiplos casos, com quatro organizações colaborativas que representaram diferentes tipos de Consumo Colaborativo existentes no Brasil. Cada um dos casos pesquisados foi analisado a partir de uma série de características identificadas na literatura, tanto da perspectiva da organização colaborativa, como do consumidor e sobre suas bases para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Foram pesquisados quatro casos: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar e Retroca, e obtidos dados de três formas: 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com consumidores; análise dados existentes nas plataformas online e aplicação de questionários quantitativos aos entrevistados, para avaliar as atitudes e orientações coletivas de valor individualista-coletivista, a fim de comparar com as respostas obtidas pelas entrevistas. Os principais resultados destacados foram: a) motivações: econômicas, interação social em suas diversas formas, como formação de amizades, parcerias e cuidado ao próximo, preocupações com o meio ambiente e ativismo político. Além de curiosidade por explorar algo novo, qualidade dos produtos e busca por formas de aprendizado; b) dentre as características mais presentes destacou-se que a confiabilidade não é impedimento para os consumidores, alguns consumidores eram mais engajados nas plataformas e estavam mais dispostos em participar de outras formas de colaboração. Nos casos onde não existia anonimato os consumidores interagiam entre si. Essas características destacam as organizações colaborativas como fundamentais para que se desenvolva um sentimento de conexão e formação de comunidade; c) o Consumo Colaborativo é potencial para atender as necessidades humanas. Sendo cada caso com suas características e satisfatores específicos, em menor ou maior quantidade; d) os aspectos de relacionados à preservação dos recursos naturais foram encontrados em dois dos casos estudados, e foram considerados independentes da atitude ambiental dos consumidores, pois estes, de forma geral, apresentaram preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais; e) por fim, sobre a orientação coletivista dos consumidores, apenas as consumidoras do Retroca não destacaram uma consciência de grupo maior que a individual. Todos os dados permitiram concluir que se deu algum grau de relação entre o Consumo Colaborativo e o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, seja na sua dimensão ecológica social ou de coletividade. Limitações e contribuições gerenciais e teóricas foram evidenciadas. / One of the arguments in favor of Collaborative Consumption is its potential to contribute to a more sustainable development. About this research, Sustainable Development is the satisfaction of human needs of this considering the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Thus, the scope of standards and more sustainable consumption levels involves building relationships between various social sectors, as producers, traders and consumers. Based on this assumption, this study identified how the Collaborative Consumption is related to sustainable development. For this, it was used a multiple-case study with four cases representing different types of Collaborative Consumption in Brazil. Each one of the studied case was analyzed from a number of features identified in the literature, both from the perspective of collaborative organization as consumer and on its basis to promote sustainable development (current human needs and for the future and preservation of natural resources). Four cases were investigated: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar and Retroca, and the data obtained in three ways: 21 semi-structured interviews with consumers; data analysis on existing online platforms and application of quantitative questionnaires to respondents to assess the attitudes and collective orientations of individualist-collectivist value in order to compare the responses from the interviews. The main results highlighted were: a) motivations: economic, social interaction in its various forms, such as forming friendships, partnerships and care for others, concern for the environment and political activism. Besides curiosity to explore something new, product quality and search for ways of learning; b) among the most present characteristics it stood out that reliability is no impediment to consumers, some consumers were more engaged in decks and were more willing to participate in other forms of collaboration. The cases where there are no anonymous consumers interacted with each other. These characteristics highlight the collaborative as key organizations in order to develop a sense of connection and community training; c) Collaborative Consumption is potential to meet human needs. As each case with their specific characteristics and Satisfiers, a greater or lesser quantity; d) aspects related to the preservation of natural resources were found in two of the cases studied, and were considered independent of the environmental attitude of consumers as these, in general, they showed concern for the preservation of natural resources; e) finally, on the collectivist orientation of consumers, only the consumers of Retroca have individual consciousness larger than collective consciousness. Every data has some relationship degree between the Collaborative Consumption and Sustainable Development, both in their social and ecological dimension or collectivity. Limitations and managerial and theoretical contributions were highlighted.

Um dos argumentos em favor do Consumo Colaborativo é a sua possível contribuição para um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. Nesta pesquisa, Desenvolvimento Sustentável é a satisfação das necessidades humanas do presente considerando a preservação dos recursos naturais para as próximas gerações. Logo, o alcance de padrões e níveis de consumo mais sustentáveis envolve a construção de relações entre diversos setores sociais, como produtores, comerciantes e consumidores. Partindo desse pressuposto, este estudo identificou de que forma o Consumo Colaborativo se relaciona com o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para isso, recorreu-se a um estudo de múltiplos casos, com quatro organizações colaborativas que representaram diferentes tipos de Consumo Colaborativo existentes no Brasil. Cada um dos casos pesquisados foi analisado a partir de uma série de características identificadas na literatura, tanto da perspectiva da organização colaborativa, como do consumidor e sobre suas bases para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Foram pesquisados quatro casos: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar e Retroca, e obtidos dados de três formas: 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com consumidores; análise dados existentes nas plataformas online e aplicação de questionários quantitativos aos entrevistados, para avaliar as atitudes e orientações coletivas de valor individualista-coletivista, a fim de comparar com as respostas obtidas pelas entrevistas. Os principais resultados destacados foram: a) motivações: econômicas, interação social em suas diversas formas, como formação de amizades, parcerias e cuidado ao próximo, preocupações com o meio ambiente e ativismo político. Além de curiosidade por explorar algo novo, qualidade dos produtos e busca por formas de aprendizado; b) dentre as características mais presentes destacou-se que a confiabilidade não é impedimento para os consumidores, alguns consumidores eram mais engajados nas plataformas e estavam mais dispostos em participar de outras formas de colaboração. Nos casos onde não existia anonimato os consumidores interagiam entre si. Essas características destacam as organizações colaborativas como fundamentais para que se desenvolva um sentimento de conexão e formação de comunidade; c) o Consumo Colaborativo é potencial para atender as necessidades humanas. Sendo cada caso com suas características e satisfatores específicos, em menor ou maior quantidade; d) os aspectos de relacionados à preservação dos recursos naturais foram encontrados em dois dos casos estudados, e foram considerados independentes da atitude ambiental dos consumidores, pois estes, de forma geral, apresentaram preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais; e) por fim, sobre a orientação coletivista dos consumidores, apenas as consumidoras do Retroca não destacaram uma consciência de grupo maior que a individual. Todos os dados permitiram concluir que se deu algum grau de relação entre o Consumo Colaborativo e o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, seja na sua dimensão ecológica social ou de coletividade. Limitações e contribuições gerenciais e teóricas foram evidenciadas. / One of the arguments in favor of Collaborative Consumption is its potential to contribute to a more sustainable development. About this research, Sustainable Development is the satisfaction of human needs of this considering the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Thus, the scope of standards and more sustainable consumption levels involves building relationships between various social sectors, as producers, traders and consumers. Based on this assumption, this study identified how the Collaborative Consumption is related to sustainable development. For this, it was used a multiple-case study with four cases representing different types of Collaborative Consumption in Brazil. Each one of the studied case was analyzed from a number of features identified in the literature, both from the perspective of collaborative organization as consumer and on its basis to promote sustainable development (current human needs and for the future and preservation of natural resources). Four cases were investigated: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar and Retroca, and the data obtained in three ways: 21 semi-structured interviews with consumers; data analysis on existing online platforms and application of quantitative questionnaires to respondents to assess the attitudes and collective orientations of individualist-collectivist value in order to compare the responses from the interviews. The main results highlighted were: a) motivations: economic, social interaction in its various forms, such as forming friendships, partnerships and care for others, concern for the environment and political activism. Besides curiosity to explore something new, product quality and search for ways of learning; b) among the most present characteristics it stood out that reliability is no impediment to consumers, some consumers were more engaged in decks and were more willing to participate in other forms of collaboration. The cases where there are no anonymous consumers interacted with each other. These characteristics highlight the collaborative as key organizations in order to develop a sense of connection and community training; c) Collaborative Consumption is potential to meet human needs. As each case with their specific characteristics and Satisfiers, a greater or lesser quantity; d) aspects related to the preservation of natural resources were found in two of the cases studied, and were considered independent of the environmental attitude of consumers as these, in general, they showed concern for the preservation of natural resources; e) finally, on the collectivist orientation of consumers, only the consumers of Retroca have individual consciousness larger than collective consciousness. Every data has some relationship degree between the Collaborative Consumption and Sustainable Development, both in their social and ecological dimension or collectivity. Limitations and managerial and theoretical contributions were highlighted.

Um dos argumentos em favor do Consumo Colaborativo é a sua possível contribuição para um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. Nesta pesquisa, Desenvolvimento Sustentável é a satisfação das necessidades humanas do presente considerando a preservação dos recursos naturais para as próximas gerações. Logo, o alcance de padrões e níveis de consumo mais sustentáveis envolve a construção de relações entre diversos setores sociais, como produtores, comerciantes e consumidores. Partindo desse pressuposto, este estudo identificou de que forma o Consumo Colaborativo se relaciona com o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Para isso, recorreu-se a um estudo de múltiplos casos, com quatro organizações colaborativas que representaram diferentes tipos de Consumo Colaborativo existentes no Brasil. Cada um dos casos pesquisados foi analisado a partir de uma série de características identificadas na literatura, tanto da perspectiva da organização colaborativa, como do consumidor e sobre suas bases para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Foram pesquisados quatro casos: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar e Retroca, e obtidos dados de três formas: 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com consumidores; análise dados existentes nas plataformas online e aplicação de questionários quantitativos aos entrevistados, para avaliar as atitudes e orientações coletivas de valor individualista-coletivista, a fim de comparar com as respostas obtidas pelas entrevistas. Os principais resultados destacados foram: a) motivações: econômicas, interação social em suas diversas formas, como formação de amizades, parcerias e cuidado ao próximo, preocupações com o meio ambiente e ativismo político. Além de curiosidade por explorar algo novo, qualidade dos produtos e busca por formas de aprendizado; b) dentre as características mais presentes destacou-se que a confiabilidade não é impedimento para os consumidores, alguns consumidores eram mais engajados nas plataformas e estavam mais dispostos em participar de outras formas de colaboração. Nos casos onde não existia anonimato os consumidores interagiam entre si. Essas características destacam as organizações colaborativas como fundamentais para que se desenvolva um sentimento de conexão e formação de comunidade; c) o Consumo Colaborativo é potencial para atender as necessidades humanas. Sendo cada caso com suas características e satisfatores específicos, em menor ou maior quantidade; d) os aspectos de relacionados à preservação dos recursos naturais foram encontrados em dois dos casos estudados, e foram considerados independentes da atitude ambiental dos consumidores, pois estes, de forma geral, apresentaram preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais; e) por fim, sobre a orientação coletivista dos consumidores, apenas as consumidoras do Retroca não destacaram uma consciência de grupo maior que a individual. Todos os dados permitiram concluir que se deu algum grau de relação entre o Consumo Colaborativo e o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, seja na sua dimensão ecológica social ou de coletividade. Limitações e contribuições gerenciais e teóricas foram evidenciadas. / One of the arguments in favor of Collaborative Consumption is its potential to contribute to a more sustainable development. About this research, Sustainable Development is the satisfaction of human needs of this considering the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Thus, the scope of standards and more sustainable consumption levels involves building relationships between various social sectors, as producers, traders and consumers. Based on this assumption, this study identified how the Collaborative Consumption is related to sustainable development. For this, it was used a multiple-case study with four cases representing different types of Collaborative Consumption in Brazil. Each one of the studied case was analyzed from a number of features identified in the literature, both from the perspective of collaborative organization as consumer and on its basis to promote sustainable development (current human needs and for the future and preservation of natural resources). Four cases were investigated: Bliive, Airbnb, BlaBlaCar and Retroca, and the data obtained in three ways: 21 semi-structured interviews with consumers; data analysis on existing online platforms and application of quantitative questionnaires to respondents to assess the attitudes and collective orientations of individualist-collectivist value in order to compare the responses from the interviews. The main results highlighted were: a) motivations: economic, social interaction in its various forms, such as forming friendships, partnerships and care for others, concern for the environment and political activism. Besides curiosity to explore something new, product quality and search for ways of learning; b) among the most present characteristics it stood out that reliability is no impediment to consumers, some consumers were more engaged in decks and were more willing to participate in other forms of collaboration. The cases where there are no anonymous consumers interacted with each other. These characteristics highlight the collaborative as key organizations in order to develop a sense of connection and community training; c) Collaborative Consumption is potential to meet human needs. As each case with their specific characteristics and Satisfiers, a greater or lesser quantity; d) aspects related to the preservation of natural resources were found in two of the cases studied, and were considered independent of the environmental attitude of consumers as these, in general, they showed concern for the preservation of natural resources; e) finally, on the collectivist orientation of consumers, only the consumers of Retroca have individual consciousness larger than collective consciousness. Every data has some relationship degree between the Collaborative Consumption and Sustainable Development, both in their social and ecological dimension or collectivity. Limitations and managerial and theoretical contributions were highlighted.

Within the context of multiple crises and change, a range of practices discussed under the umbrella term of collaborative (or sharing) economy have been gaining considerable attention. Supporters build an idealistic vision of collaborative societies. Critics have been stripping the concept of its visionary potential, questioning its revolutionary nature. In the study, these debates are brought down to the local level in search for common perceptions among the co-creators of the concept in Vienna, Austria. Towards this aim a Q study is conducted, i.e. a mixed method enabling analyses of subjective perceptions on socially contested topics. Four framings are identified: Visionary Supporters, Market Optimists, Visionary Critics, and Skeptics, each bringing their values, visions, and practical goals characteristic of different understanding of the collaborative economy. The study questions the need for building a globally-applicable definition of the concept, calls for more context-sensitivity, exploratory studies, and city-level multi-stakeholder dialogues.

El mercado de la salud en el Perú, en los últimos, años ha cambiado. Se ha visto muchísima inversión privada, sin embargo, en el campo odontológico, sólo se observa aumento de las franquicias, que no necesariamente generan un buen ingreso para los odontólogos; por ello, vemos un mayor número de odontólogos buscando atender de manera privada, sin embargo, las barreras y el alto costo de manteniendo de un consultorio llevan a que muchos no logren implementar su propia consulta y busquen compartir, o subarrendar, consultorios. Por otro lado, aquellos que logran implementar un consultorio, tienen capacidad ociosa instalada, pues la oferta de odontólogos es muy amplia en Lima; por tanto, la posibilidad de subarrendar por horas el consultorio para cubrir costos, e incluso, generar un ingreso es bastante tentador. En un mundo globalizado, donde la tecnología y la economía colaborativa son parte del día a día, no sería extraño desarrollar e implementar herramientas tecnológicas que permitan a los dueños de consultorios, con capacidad ociosa instalada, ofrecer el espacio y a odontólogos en busca de consultorios, una manera fácil de poder ubicarlos, según ubicación geográfica, tipo de equipamiento o disponibilidad de horario. Cada año, aparecen nuevos proyectos que parten de la filosofía de la economía colaborativa, como por ejemplo UBER, Airbnb; los que, al ser aplicados a la Odontología, pueden ser iguales o más rentables como modelo de negocio. En una ciudad grande como Lima, es importante poder hacer uso eficiente del tiempo y los pacientes odontológicos buscan optimizarlo; una forma de hacerlo es buscar ser atendidos en un consultorio cercano a su casa o a su centro de trabajo. Hablando de economía colaborativa, es que se plantea el desarrollo de un portal digital en que Odontólogos propietarios de consultorios con capacidad ociosa instalada, puedan publicitar su espacio; y para que Odontólogos con necesidad de hacer uso de un consultorio, puedan acceder a uno con las características más adecuadas para sus necesidades. / In recent years, Peruvian healthcare market has changed. Private investment has increased, however, in reference to Dentistry, this has only showed increased number of franchises, which doesn´t allow general dentists to make a living; thus, there is an increased number of general dentists looking for another way to establish a private practice, never the less, dental office hi maintenance and elevated prices has become a limitation for those who try to accomplish this; making them look for another kind of opportunity, such as, sharing or renting offices. On the other hand, those who actually install a dental office have idle capacity, due to the fact that there is a large amount of dentists in Lima; thus, there is the possibility to rent for hours the dental office in order to pay elevated costs, and even, generating attractive incomes. In this globalized world, where technology and collaborative economy are a big part or daily activities, it wouldn’t be strange (it would be expected), to develop and implement technological tools that allow dental office owners, who have idle capacity installed, to offer their space for rent and, to dentists who doesn’t have a dental office, an easy way to locate according to location, equipment or schedule availability. Each year, there appear new collaborative economy projects, such as UBER, Airbnb; which, when applied to Dentistry, can become as profitable as that business model. In a city, as big as Lima, it´s important to make efficient use of time and patients look for optimizing theirs. One way of doing this is to look for dental attention in an office close to their home or their workplace. Speaking about collaborative economy, the development of a web portal is raised, one in which dental offices owners with idle capacity can advertise their space; and for dentists who look for an office to work can access to one that meets the requirements for their needs. / Trabajo de investigación

Cutting down carbon dioxide emissions produced by our current way of life will not be enough to stop climate change. By aligning myself with the Collaborative economy scenario of a Sweden in 2050 produced by The Beyond GDP-growth program i have tried to understand how we could live in another (economical) paradigm. I propose rebuilding the existing building Lågskär 1 in the suburb of Kärrtorp south of Stockholm. Adapting existing buildings is in line with the scenario, as is “docking around nodes in the public transport system”The house was built in 1949 and of consists of a ground floor with shop premises and two floors of apartments. To turn it into a building of the scenario i located core home functions (sleeping, some storage) to the apartment floors and extended home functions (hygiene, cooking, eating, social contact, workshop) to the ground floor. Placing common functions in the ground floor is also mentioned in the scenario text.The number of inhabitants of the house is more than doubled compared with today, and consumption and use of resources is reduced by sharing spaces and commodities used in everyday life.

Research Questions: How can firms implement the phenomena of collaborative consumption in their value chain and promote sustainability as a core value to gain international competitive advantage? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify how a firm can successfully implement the concept of collaborative consumption into their value chain and how to promote sustainability to gain international competitive advantage. To gain deeper understanding of collaborative consumption, sustainability branding, value chain and international competitive advantage, the different terms will be examined. Method: This thesis uses a qualitative method with a deductive approach. In order to gather empirical data, semi structured interviews has been conducted. Conclusions: By implementing collaborative consumption as a value adding service or in cooperation with other companies, firms can promote sustainability as core value and gain international competitive advantage. Thus, by implementing collaborative consumption and promote sustainability firms will be cool in the big pool.