My dissertation explores the formative stages of European interest in, engagement with and consumption of Indian pictorial art over a period of one hundred and fifty years, from the mid-16th century up to the early 18th century. During this period, European cabinets of curiosities witnessed the arrival of increasing numbers of a previously unknown class of collectible: Indian paintings on paper. Interest in these paintings was spurred by a growing curiosity about the East, combined with a general re-orientation of the European system of knowledge towards a more “scientific” methodology of inquiry, which encouraged a revision of the stereotypes that had informed medieval European conceptions of India through engagement with original sources. The relevance of this phenomenon to the history of early modern exchanges between India and Europe can hardly be overstated. Yet, modern scholarship has tended to ignore it, focusing instead on the Indian fascination with and reception of European artistic forms and techniques. This dissertation seeks to develop a more exhaustive picture of the early modern artistic encounter between India and the West, one in which European consumption of Indian paintings is dutifully represented and India plays an active role in the emerging system of knowledge. The starting and central point of my investigation consists of the vast and diversified collection of Indian paintings gathered by a Venetian traveler to India, Niccolò Manucci (1638-ca. 1720), as a visual accompaniment to his travel account, the so-called Storia do Mogor. This collection, which has remained largely ignored, makes a crucial case-study for approaching issues relative to the nature of European interest in Indian paintings in early modernity, the contexts and modalities through which this interest was articulated, as well as its relevance to processes of knowledge making and identity construction that were prompted by European encounters with alterities. The first part of my study provides an in-depth analysis of Manucci’s collection performed through a careful examination of the paintings it comprises along with contemporary textual sources, including the original manuscripts of the Storia do Mogor. My analysis exposes the interrelatedness of Manucci’s collecting enterprise with his authorial project, as well as assessing its broader scope and intended aims. The second part of the dissertation situates this collecting enterprise within its broader historical context by examining other European collections of Indian paintings dating from the 16th and 17th centuries and characterized by comparable subject matter: portraits of historical and living personages associated with Indo-Muslim dynasties, depictions of native Indian peoples and socio-religious customs, and representations of deities of the Hindu pantheon. Besides delving into the specifics of these collections, I explore their dialogic relation to one another and to descriptive practices and interpretative discourses that gained shape in European travel writing and print culture. In doing so, I highlight their participation in broader cultural trends and their contribution to evolving European approaches towards the Orient. This corpus of largely neglected works offers precious insights into the complex dynamics of cross-cultural encounter, as well as exposing the pivotal role played by early modernity in shaping later trends in Indo-European artistic interactions. Offering a direct antecedent to “Company painting,” a 19th-century Indian pictorial genre for European consumption, these works call for a revision of traditional understandings of the latter as an artistic development prompted by the rise of British colonial interests and agendas, and invite a broader reassessment of a unique historical era – the early modern one – that is key to understanding the roots of institutionalized Orientalism.

A Dissertação aborda a realidade dos catadores e de suas famílias, no século XXI, em particular, na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, procedeuse a inúmeras observações sobre os locais e as condições de trabalho relacionadas à coleta solidária e à reciclagem popular e suas modificações. Realizou-se uma reconstrução histórica, desde o surgimento dos antigos “papeleiros” até os catadores de materiais recicláveis dos dias atuais, os quais foram entrevistados. Para compreender as circunstâncias econômicas e jurídicas que interferem nessas atividades e que resultaram de longa caminhada política por reconhecimento, foi feito um levantamento dos instrumentos jurídicos que regulamentam o desenvolvimento dessa atividade, bem como o papel exercido pelos Operadores do Direito nas relações dos trabalhadores com as autoridades públicas – municipais, estaduais e federais -, com os geradores de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) e os empreendimentos de catadores, tais como associações e cooperativas. / The Master’s dissertation addresses the reality of recyclable material collectors and their families in the twenty-first century, particularly in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state. Therefore, a number of observations were carried out regarding locations and working conditions related to solidary material collecting and popular recycling, and their modifications; collectors were interviewed; a historical reconstruction was conducted from the emergence of the old “paper collectors” (papeleiros) to today’s recyclable materials collectors. In order to understand the economic and legal circumstances that interfere in these activities and which were the result of a long political journey for recognition, we conducted a study on the legal instruments that rule the development of this activity as well as the role played by legal practitioners in the relationship between workers and public authorities – local, state and federal –, generators of municipal solid waste (MSW) and collectors enterprises, such as associations and cooperatives.

Estima-se que cerca de 800 mil pessoas vivam da atividade de catação de materiais recicláveis no Brasil. Apenas na cidade de São Paulo existem oficialmente 63 cooperativas de catadores organizados, além de diversos outros grupos e associações. São pessoas que encontraram nos materiais recicláveis uma alternativa para sua manutenção e, mais do que isso, uma nova maneira de se organizar política e coletivamente. Por reconhecer a relevância social e pedagógica de processos de formação entre grupos de pessoas pouco escolarizadas e em situação de maior vulnerabilidade social, procuramos conhecer os espaços de aprendizagem social que se configuram no interior de uma cooperativa de catadores de materiais recicláveis, a Coopere-Centro, localizada na região central da cidade de São Paulo. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi identificar quais conhecimentos estão presentes no trabalho dos catadores e, por outro lado, quais são suas demandas formativas. De natureza qualitativa, com abordagem etnográfica, a pesquisa empregou técnica de observação participante, com a pesquisadora convivendo e trabalhando com os catadores em suas diferentes funções dentro da cooperativa ao longo de sete meses de coleta de dados. Foram também realizadas três entrevistas semiestruturadas com coordenadores da cooperativa. Identificamos uma série de práticas de letramento, bem como uma atividade profissional complexa, repleta de significados e de valor social e pedagógico no cotidiano dos catadores organizados. Essa complexidade foi categorizada em quatro diferentes dimensões: técnica, coletiva, ambiental e política. Verificou-se que o trabalho na cooperativa de reciclagem, além de gerar renda, traz reflexos positivos na subjetividade dos catadores, em sua autoestima e autoimagem, e os ajuda a construir caminhos de luta por reconhecimento, dignidade e inclusão social. Deste modo, percebemos que trabalhar em uma cooperativa desenvolvendo atividades ligadas à reciclagem se configura em um importante processo educativo para estes sujeitos, porém, gera também demandas formativas que precisam ser atendidas em sua especificidade. / It is estimated that about 800,000 people are involved in the activity of collecting recyclable materials in Brazil. In the city of São Paulo alone, there are officially 63 organized recycling cooperatives, as well as several other groups and associations. These are people who have turned recyclable materials into an alternative for their livelihoods and, at the same time, a new way of organizing themselves politically and collectively. Recognizing the social and pedagogical importance of the formative processes among groups of people with little education and under a vulnerable social condition, this study sought to understand the social learning that occurs within a cooperative of recyclable material collectors, Coopere-Centro, located in downtown São Paulo. The main objective of the study was to identify both the knowledge present in the daily activities of the collectors work and their formative demands. This qualitative research takes an ethnographic approach and its main technique used was participant observation. The seven-month work with the collectors on a daily basis allowed the researcher to produce a field research diary. Also, three semi-structured interviews with the cooperative coordinators were conducted. The research identified not only a number of literacy practices in the everyday life at Coopere but also a complex activity among the organized collectors, characterized by a range of meanings and social/educational values. This complexity was categorized into four different dimensions: technical, collective, environmental and political. It was found that working with the recycling cooperative has brought to its members apart from income generation , a positive impact on their subjectivity, self-esteem and selfimage, helping them to struggle for recognition, dignity and social inclusion. Thus, we come to the conclusion that the activities related to recycling, at a cooperative, configure an important educational process for those people. However, this activity also generates specific formative demands, which need to be fulfilled.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP localizada em Pirassununga-SP no período de 16/12/2006 a 10/05/2007 em condições de campo com o cultivo do híbrido do milho super precoce GNZ-2005 em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico férrico. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fertilizante nitrogenado FASN (Fusion Amonium Sulfate Nitrate) comparado na composição químico-bromatológica e algumas características agronomicas da cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) à fontes tradicionais de nitrogênio como nitrato de amônio, uréia e sulfato de amônio, implantado no sistema plantio direto. Foram avaliadas as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia, os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), matéria seca total (%) e análise bromatológica e foliar. A dose de nitrogênio foi 100 kg ha-1 de N em todos os tratamentos, exceto nas testemunhas (T1 e T2), que também receberam 450 kg ha-1 de 8:28:16 + 0,5% de Zn. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Testemunha +Gesso (-N+S), T2: Testemunha absoluta (-N-S), T3: Uréia - 45% N, T4: Uréia + Gesso 14%S, T5: Uréia + sulfato de amônio - 21%N /24%S-(33:00:00+12%S), T6: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N, T7: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N + gesso, T8: Nitrato de amônio + Sulfato de Amônio - 21% N/ 24%S - (27,8:00:00+6%S), T9: Sulfato de amônio, T10: FASN 26%N/14%S. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas em todos os tratamentos de T1 a T10 por meio de coletores semi-abertos estáticos colocados em cada parcela em que se estudou a volatilização. Foram colocadas cinco bases para cada coletor, onde se aplicou as fontes nitrogenadas na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N. O N-NH3 volatilizado foi retido em espumas embebidas em solução ácida e extraída com solução ácido clorídrico para posterior quantificação das perdas. A avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, de atributos químicos e físicos do solo, volatilização de amônia, características bromatológicas e a produtividade foram efetuadas em todos os tratamentos. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita pela análise química dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas coletadas no florescimento. Atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados por meio de análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 20 e de 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, após a colheita do milho. Dentre das fontes nitrogenadas avaliadas, a uréia implicou em maiores perdas de nitrogênio N-NH3 aos seis dias após aplicação. Com relação ao desempenho geral das fontes de nitrogênio, pode-se constatar que o FASN teve comportamento similar ao do sulfato de amônio e do nitrato de amônio. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo FZEA/USP localizada em Pirassununga-SP no período de 16/12/2006 a 10/05/2007 em condições de campo com o cultivo do híbrido do milho super precoce GNZ-2005 em Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico férrico. O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fertilizante nitrogenado FASN (Fusion Amonium Sulfate Nitrate) comparado na composição químico-bromatológica e algumas características agronomicas da cultura de milho (Zea mays L.) à fontes tradicionais de nitrogênio como nitrato de amônio, uréia e sulfato de amônio, implantado no sistema plantio direto. Foram avaliadas as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização da amônia, os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), matéria seca total (%) e análise bromatológica e foliar. A dose de nitrogênio foi 100 kg ha-1 de N em todos os tratamentos, exceto nas testemunhas (T1 e T2), que também receberam 450 kg ha-1 de 8:28:16 + 0,5% de Zn. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Testemunha +Gesso (-N+S), T2: Testemunha absoluta (-N-S), T3: Uréia - 45% N, T4: Uréia + Gesso 14%S, T5: Uréia + sulfato de amônio - 21%N /24%S-(33:00:00+12%S), T6: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N, T7: Nitrato de amônio - 30%N + gesso, T8: Nitrato de amônio + Sulfato de Amônio - 21% N/ 24%S - (27,8:00:00+6%S), T9: Sulfato de amônio, T10: FASN 26%N/14%S. Perdas por volatilização de amônia foram avaliadas em todos os tratamentos de T1 a T10 por meio de coletores semi-abertos estáticos colocados em cada parcela em que se estudou a volatilização. Foram colocadas cinco bases para cada coletor, onde se aplicou as fontes nitrogenadas na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N. O N-NH3 volatilizado foi retido em espumas embebidas em solução ácida e extraída com solução ácido clorídrico para posterior quantificação das perdas. A avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, de atributos químicos e físicos do solo, volatilização de amônia, características bromatológicas e a produtividade foram efetuadas em todos os tratamentos. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi feita pela análise química dos teores de nutrientes nas folhas coletadas no florescimento. Atributos químicos do solo foram avaliados por meio de análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 20 e de 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, após a colheita do milho. Dentre das fontes nitrogenadas avaliadas, a uréia implicou em maiores perdas de nitrogênio N-NH3 aos seis dias após aplicação. Com relação ao desempenho geral das fontes de nitrogênio, pode-se constatar que o FASN teve comportamento similar ao do sulfato de amônio e do nitrato de amônio.

Abstract not available

The ambivalence of many prehistorians toward curio collections has meant that, although they recognise some of their shortcomings, they nevertheless use collections as if they had qualities of archaeological assemblages. In this dissertation it is posited and then demonstrated that curio collections are very different entities to archaeological assemblages. In order to use collections in valid constructions of New Zealand�s pre-European past, the processes that led to their formation need to be understood. It is only then that issues of representation can be addressed. In order to better understand the collecting process, a study of the activity of 24 curio collectors who operated in the Murihiku region of southern New Zealand during the period between 1865 and 1975 was undertaken. The study was structured about two key notions: the idea of the �filter� and the idea that tools and ornaments have a �life history� that extends from the time that raw material was selected for the manufacture to the present. The notion of the filter made possible a determination of the effects of particular behaviours on patterns of collector selectivity and the extent and nature of provenance recording; and the extended concept of life history recognised that material culture functions in multiple cultural and chronological contexts-within both indigenous and post-contact spheres. Examination of the collecting process led to the identification of five curio collecting paradigms: curio collecting for the acquisition of social status, curio collecting for financial return, curio collecting as an adjunct to natural history collecting, curio collecting as an adjunct to historical recording, and ethnological or culture-area curio collecting. Filtering processes associated with each paradigm resulted in particular, but not always distinctive, patterns of curio selectivity and styles of provenance recording. A switch in the focus of attention from examination of curio collectng processes generally to the study of the filtering processes that shaped collections from a specific archaeological site-the pre-European Otago Peninsula site of Little Papanui (J44/1)- enabled some evaluation of individuual collection representation. A database recording up to 19 attributes for each of 6282 curios localised to �Little Papanui� in Otago Museum enabled 31 dedicated or �ardent� collectors who operated at the site to be identified. These 31 dedicated collectors were grouped according to the paradigm that best described their collecting behaviour. It was found that the greater proportion of these dedicated collectors (n=12, 39%) had been influenced by the ethnological or culture-area collecting paradigm. These 12 collectors were responsible for recovering a remarkable 5645 curios or nearly ninety-percent (89.86%) of the meta-collection. Because curio collections lack meaningfully recorded stratigraphic provenance, it is the technological and social context in which tools and ornaments functioned that must become the focus of curio collection studies. Appropriate studies of technological and social and context focus upon evaluations of raw material sourcing, evaluations of manufacture technique and assessments of tool and ornament use and reuse (and integrative combinations of these modes of study). These sorts of evaluation require large collections compiled in the least selective manner possible and the collections need to be reliably localised to specific sites. Collections compiled by the ethnological or culture-area collectors have these qualities. Collections compiled within other paradigms lack locality information and were assembled in highly selective manners.

Garbage collectors (GCs) automate the problem of deciding when objects are no longer reachable and therefore should be reclaimed, however, there currently exists no automated process for the design of a correct garbage collector. Formal models exist that prove the correctness of individual GCs; more general models describe a wider range of GCs but do not prove their correctness or provide a concrete instantiation process. The lack of a formal model means that GCs have been designed in an ad-hoc manner, published without proof of correctness and with bugs; it also means that it is difficult to apply experience gained from one implementation to the design of another. This thesis presents Surf, an abstract model of distributed garbage collection that bridges the gap between expressibility and specificity: it can describe a wide range of GCs and contains a proof of correctness that defines a list of requirements that must be fulfilled. Surf’s design space and its requirements for correctness provide a process that may be followed to analyse an existing collector or create a new GC. Surf predicts the abstract behaviour of GCs; this thesis evaluates those predictions in light of the understood behaviour of published GCs to confirm the accuracy of the model. A distributed persistent implementation of the Train Algorithm is created as an instantiation of Surf and the model is used to analyse progress in the GC and drive the design of a partition selection policy that provides a lower bound on progress and therefore reduces the GC’s complexity to completeness. Tests with mesh data structures from finite element analysis confirm the progress predictions from Surf. Published GCs cluster mostly in one corner of the Surf design space so this thesis explores the design of a GC at an unoccupied design point: the Tram Algorithm. Analysis via Surf leads to the prediction that Trams are capable of discovering topology in the live object graph that approximately identifies the strongly connected components, permitting O(1) timeliness that is unique to the Tram Algorithm. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Computer Science, 2008

The reversible electrochemistry and the superior gravimetric and volumetric energy storage capacities of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have propelled them as the dominant power source for a range of portable electronic devices. Thin film LIBs are a class of LIBs that have been extensively used for powering Microelectromechanical systems devices, Radio-frequency Identification tags, biomedical sensors and several other low power electronic systems. Thin film electrodes and electrolytes are characteristic of short lithium ion diffusion paths and hence show fast charge/discharge rates. But the thin film battery technology has the major drawback of possessing low energy per footprint area. The three dimensional design for thin film LIBs has been proposed to improve electrode mass loading per footprint area thereby improving the energy delivered by the device. Hence there is interest in assembling the entire battery (current collectors, anode, electrolyte, and cathode) in a three dimensional (3D) nanostructured architecture. This thesis deals with the development and assembly of nanostructured three dimensional designs for Li ion battery components. Several template-based techniques have been used to fabricate nanostructured materials which serve as building blocks for the 3D energy storage devices. Firstly we have addressed the challenging task of fabricating conformal nanostructured polymer electrolytes around nanowire electrode material. The polymer coatings helped in controlling the secondary electrolyte interphase formation and hence in the improvement of cycling characteristics of the nanowire electrode material. We have also fabricated 3D current collectors with both ordered and disordered pore structure. Electrodes coated on 3D nanostructured current collectors showed improved rate capability and energy per footprint area. Finally, we have used a bottom up approach to assemble all essential components (anode, electrolyte, and cathode) of an electrochemical energy storage device onto a single nanowire, and have tested a parallel array of such nanowire devices for its electrochemical performance, hence demonstrating the ultimate miniaturization possible for energy storage devices.

This thesis analyzes the educational function of art museums, how education in art museums evolved and how an art museum can conduct an educational mission. The concept of the material collections as the educative origin of art museums will be discussed alongside the history of collections in Europe. In addition to the concept of collection, the importance of educational programmes of art museums will be highlighted. Having derived a general notion of the educational function of art museums, the thesis will seek to answer questions such as how museology evolved in Turkey and whether the turkish museology has an educational concern. In accordance with these questions two turkish contemporary art museums will be investigated as case studies.

Thesis--Aix-Marseille. / Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. [249]-260).