ESL grammar books have lists of present and past participial adjectives based on author intuition rather than actual word frequency. In these textbooks, the –ing and –ed participial adjectives derived from transitive verbs of state and emotion are presented in pairs such as interesting/interested, boring/bored, or surprising/surprised. This present study used the Corpus of Contemporary American English http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/ (COCA) to investigate the overall frequency of participial adjectives in use as well as their frequency within certain varieties of contexts. The results have shown that among most frequently used participial adjectives there are not only the participial adjectives derived from transitive verbs of psychological state, such as interesting/interested, but also the participial adjectives derived from transitive verbs of action with their intransitive equivalents, such as increasing/increased. The data also revealed that many participial adjectives lack corresponding counterparts and thus cannot be presented in –ing/-ed or -en pairs (e. g., existing, ongoing, concerned, supposed). Finally, a majority of the differences between participial adjectives, including the differences between present (-ing) and past (-ed or -en) participial adjectives, are reflected in their collocations. This study suggests that a new approach of teaching participial adjectives along with their collocations in relation to their frequencies in particular contexts can help second language learners develop awareness of how and when these participial adjectives should be used to convey an individual’s intended meaning in a native-like manner

No description available.

Since corpus linguistics gained popularity as a methodology in the latter half of the 20th century, second language acquisition research has seen the emergence of work investigating formulaic language, such as idioms, lexical bundles, and collocations. A collocation is a string of words that co-occur more routinely than probability would predict, and can be considered as an existing entity beyond the component words (Manning & Schütze, 1999). Although formulaic language processing has been investigated by many researchers, uncertainty exists regarding whether such items are processed holistically as single units, or componentially in the form of the constituent words, with no definitive research having weighted the evidence in either direction.The purposes of the current study are threefold. The first purpose involves conducting research specifically designed to investigate whether L1 and L2 collocational processing is componential or holistic. This issue is important because existing research makes claims based on putative entailments, such as recognition latencies, as opposed to assessing behavior with manipulations that could only produce certain results if processing is holistic. The second purpose involves investigating collocational processing through a unique letter transposition condition that was specifically designed to isolate a holistic processing effect. The third purpose involves assessing data from an experiment designed to investigate collocation processing during orthographic word recognition. Fifty-four adjective-noun collocations and 18 novel pairs were embedded in sentences and presented to L1 and L2 English users in a self-paced reading experiment. The target items were presented in one of three conditions; no transposition (e.g., pretty girl), word transposition (e.g., prtety gril), and phrase transposition (e.g., prettg yirl). Results revealed that phrase transpositions engendered significantly longer reading times than the other conditions, indicating that these manipulations were processed as word-final and word-initial substitutions as opposed to a single phrase-internal transposition. Thus, the results indicated that the collocations were most likely processed componentially as two separate words. These findings have implications for collocation processing theory by suggesting that future models should consider collocations as being componentially processed at the orthographic, word recognition stage, and that the faster reaction times observed in previous studies should be considered in terms of an entrenchment continuum as opposed to evidence of holistic processing. / Teaching & Learning

Cette étude est une approche des divers problèmes que soulève la traduction du figement. Elle se fond sur le cas concret de la traduction français-arabe en analysant un corpus bilingue constitué d’expressions figées en français (langue source) et de leur traduction en arabe (langue cible). Notre travail s’organise en deux parties : dans la première, nous étudions la notion de figement, les différentes structures qu’elle recouvre et la notion de traduction avec les concepts qui lui sont liés à travers les théories linguistiques et traductologiques du 20e siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons notre corpus, d’abord pour vérifier qu’il représente bien la catégorie du figement, ensuite pour connaître les stratégies adoptées par le traducteur pour traduire les expressions figées. Le corpus est extrait à partir des articles français du Monde diplomatique et leur traduction en langue arabe dans le même journal / This study is an approach to various problems raised bu the translations of frozen expressions. It is founded on the specific case of the french-arabic translation by analyzing a bilingual corpus composed of idioms in French (source language) and their Arabic translation (targuet language). Our work is organized in two parts ; in the first we study the notion of rigidification and the various structures that it covers, and olso the notion of translation with related concepts through 20th century linguistic and translational theories. In the second part we analyze our corpus : first to make sure it really represents frozen expressions, then to know the strategies adopted by the translator to translate idioms. The corpus is extracted from the articles appeared in the French edition of the le Monde diplomatique and their translations into Arabic in the same newspaper

D’un point de vue phraséologique, les couleurs constituent un des domaines source les plus enclins à l’exercice réinterprétatif. Les chromatismes qui en résultent sont chargés d’une grande force évocatrice, car, outre leur éventuelle motivation chromatique, ils véhiculent, à des degrés différents, les conventions culturelles et idiosyncrasiques de la communauté langagière qui les a créés. En effet, les chromatismes sont à la fois le reflet d’une perception ontologique universelle et le résultat d’une conventionnalisation ethnolinguistique propre à chaque langue. À travers de cette étude contrastive entre le français et l’espagnol des unités phraséologiques, lato sensu, contenant une lexie chromatique, nous mettons en relief les convergences et divergences entre les chromatismes créés par deux communautés langagières très proches. / From a phraseological perspective, colours are one of the most source fields most likely to be reinterpreted. The chromatic phraseological units obtained from this process contain an important evocative force. Besides their potential chromatic motivation, they convey, to different degrees, the cultural and idiosyncratic conventions established by the speech community that created them. In fact, chromatisms are at the same time the reflection of a universal ontological perception and the result of an ethnolinguistic conventionalisation inherent to each language. Through this contrastive study between French and Spanish phraseological units, which contain a chromatic word, we highlight the convergences and divergences between the chromatisms created by those close speech communities.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Submitted by Jean Michel Pimentel Rocha null (jeanpimentel_sp@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-13T00:13:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado - Jean Michel Pimentel Rocha.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-17T15:07:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_jmp_me_sjrp.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_jmp_me_sjrp.pdf: 7641896 bytes, checksum: 2633c2aa0b97f8ba1b6073618c876b12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa, ancorada no aporte teórico da Linguística de Corpus e da Fraseologia, áreas cujo diálogo tem possibilitado a descrição e análise de padrões linguísticos, em especial os lexicais, a partir de corpora, teve por objetivo desenvolver um estudo teórico-metodológico acerca dos procedimentos necessários ao levantamento e à análise sintático-morfológica, léxico-semântica e tradutológica das colocações especializadas extraídas do corpus paralelo, em inglês e em espanhol, constituído pelos anuários (1968-2010) da UNCITRAL (Comissão das Nações Unidas para o Direito do Comércio Internacional); e de dois corpora comparáveis em português: um compilado pela ferramenta BootCat Front End (ZANCHETTA; BARONI; BERNARDINI, 2011) e, outro, pela coleta de textos online da área do Direito Comercial Internacional. Com base neste estudo, determinamos as colocações funcionalmente equivalentes (TOGNINI-BONELLI; MANCA, 2004) em português e elaboramos uma proposta de glossário trilíngue nas direções tradutórias inglês>espanhol>português, na área supracitada. Extraímos cerca de 200 bases candidatas a integrar o glossário, orientando-nos pelo método N-gram/cluster analysis e cooccurrence analysis (GRANGER, PAQUOT, 2008), mais especificamente, pela utilização das ferramentas Concord, Keywords e Wordlist do programa WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 2012). Dessas, elegemos a base contract como modelo de análise a ser aplicada às demais. As colocações que dela se desdobram, estruturam-se, do ponto de vista sintático-morfológico, em colocações nominais, adjetivais e verbais. Quanto aos aspectos léxico-semânticos e tradutológicos, observamos muitos casos de variação colocacional, principalmente, nos níveis lexical e morfossintático, ora estruturando-se em um sintagma preposicionado ora em um sintagma nominal. Notamos, ainda, colocações, nas línguas portuguesa e espanhola, que apresentaram empréstimos em pelo menos um de seus constituintes. Além disso, há um grande número de colocações com similaridade ortográfica entre as línguas. Em nossas análises, defendemos que as colocações especializadas e suas variantes lexicais não podem ser perfeitamente sinônimas, já que não podemos afirmar categoricamente que uma substitui a outra em qualquer contexto. Conforme os dados analisados, as colocações especializadas podem estabelecer entre si uma relação parassinonímica, isto é, compartilham semas em comum. Argumentamos, também, que há uma relação de equivalência funcional entre as colocações descritas nos idiomas investigados, considerando que elas permeiam o léxico jurídico-comercial de línguas distintas, fruto de distintas tradições linguístico-culturais, o que pode acarretar mudanças de significado, por vezes sutis, que não permitem entendê-las como totalmente equivalentes. A pesquisa que se apresenta é de relevância para a fraseologia jurídico-comercial, pois a descrição dos padrões sintagmáticos, léxico-semânticos e tradutológicos das colocações pode auxiliar no reconhecimento das características linguísticas da área, visto que poucos são os trabalhos desenvolvidos, especialmente em relação às colocações especializadas e colocações especializadas estendidas. Ademais, o resultado prático, isto é, a proposta de glossário de colocações, poderá trazer contribuições aos tradutores, aprendizes e demais interessados na tradução e redação de documentos nas línguas estudadas. / This research, anchored in the theoretical background of Corpus Linguistics and Phraseology, areas whose dialogue has enabled descriptions and analysis of linguistic patterns, especially the corpus-based lexical ones, aimed at the development of a theoretical and methodological study on the necessary procedures for the extraction, syntactic-morphological, lexical-semantic and translational analysis of specialized collocations from a parallel corpus in English and Spanish, consisting of the UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) yearbooks (1968 – 2010); and from two comparable corpora in Portuguese: one of them compiled using the BootCat Front End tools (ZANCHETTA; BARONI; BERNARDINI, 2011) and the other one by collecting online texts from the field of International Trade Law. On the basis of that, we determined the functionally equivalents collocations (TOGNINI-BONELLI; MANCA, 2004) in Portuguese and elaborated a proposal for a trilingual glossary in the translation directions English>Spanish>Portuguese in the above area. We extracted about 200 bases candidates to be included in the glossary entries, guided by the N-gram/cluster and cooccurrence analysis methods (GRANGER, PAQUOT, 2008), more specifically, by the use of the tools Concord, Keywords and Wordlist of the software WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 2012). Among the 200 extracted candidates, we chose the base contract as an analytical model to be applied to the others. The collocations of this base are structured, from a syntactic-morphological point of view, in nominal, adjectival and verbal collocations. Regarding the lexical-semantic and translational aspects, there are several cases of collocational variation. They vary mainly in the lexical and morphosyntactic levels and are structured in prepositional and noun phrases. We also observed collocations, in Portuguese and Spanish, which have words borrowed from English in at least one of its constituents. In addition, there are a large number of collocations which have orthographic similarities among the languages. In our analysis, we defend that specialized collocations and its lexical variants cannot be seen as perfect synonyms, since we cannot state categorically that one can replace the other in any context. According to the data, specialized collocations may establish among themselves a parasynonymic relationship, that is, they share semes in common. We also argue that there may be a functionally equivalence among the collocations described, considering the fact that they involve the legal and commercial lexicon of distinct languages, resulted from distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, which can entail changes, even though subtle, in their meanings that cannot allow us to understand them as fully equivalents. The research presented is relevant to the legal and commercial phraseology, as the description of syntagmatic and lexical-semantic patterns as well as translational aspects of collocations can aid in the recognition of linguistic features of the area, since there are few works developed, especially regarding specialized and extended collocations. Moreover, its practical outcome, that is, the glossary proposal can also bring contributions to translators, learners and other interested parties in the translation and editing of documents in the languages studied.

To allow monitoring and control of chemical processes, a sensor network has to be installed. It must allow the estimation of all important variables of the process. However, all measurements are erroneous, it is not possible to measure every variable and some types of sensors are expensive. Data reconciliation allows to correct the measurements, to estimate the values of unmeasured variables and to compute a posteriori uncertainties of all variables. However, a posteriori standard deviations are function of the number, the location and the precision of the measurement tools that are installed. A general method to design the cheapest sensor network able to estimate all process key variables within a prescribed accuracy in the case of steady-state processes has been developed. That method uses a posteriori variances estimation method based on the analysis of the sensitivity matrix. The goal function of the optimization problem depends on the annualized cost of the sensor network and on the accuracies that can be reached for the key variables. The problem is solved by means of a genetic algorithm. To reduce the computing time, two parallelization techniques using the message passing interface have been examined: the global parallelization and the distributed genetic algorithms. Both methods have been tested on several examples. To extend the method to dynamic processes, a dynamic data reconciliation method allowing to estimate a posteriori variances was necessary. Kalman filtering approach and orthogonal collocation-based moving horizon method have been compared. A posteriori variances computing has been developed using a similar method than the one used for the steady-state case. The method has been reconciled on several small examples. On the basis of the variances estimation an observability criterion has been defined for dynamic systems so that the sensor network design algorithm could be modified for the dynamic case. Another problem that sensor networks have to allow to solve is process faults detection and localisation. The method has been adapted to generate sensor networks that allow to detect and locate process faults among a list of faults in the case of steady-state processes./ Afin de permettre le suivi et le contrôle des procédés chimiques, un réseau de capteurs doit être installé. Il doit permettre l'estimation de toutes les variables importantes du procédé. Cependant, toutes les mesures sont entachées d'erreurs, toutes les variables ne peuvent pas être mesurées et certains types de capteurs sont onéreux. La réconciliation de données permet de corriger les mesures, d'estimer les valeurs des variables non mesurées et de calculer les incertitudes a posteriori de toutes les variables. Cependant, les écarts-types a posteriori sont fonction du nombre, de la position et de la précision des instruments de mesure qui sont installés. Une méthode générale pour réaliser le design du réseau de capteur le moins onéreux capable d'estimer toutes les variables clés avec une précision déterminée dans le cas des procédés stationnaires a été développée. Cette méthode utilise une technique d'estimation des variances a posteriori basée sur l'analyse de la matrice de sensibilité. La fonction objectif du problème d'optimisation dépend du coût annualisé du réseau de capteurs et des précisions qui peuvent être obtenues pour les variables clés. Le problème est résolu au moyen d'un algorithme génétique. Afin de réduire le temps de calcul, deux techniques de parallélisation utilisant une interface de passage de messages (MPI) ont été examinées: la parallélisation globale et les algorithmes génétiques distribués. Les deux méthodes ont été testées sur plusieurs exemples. Afin d'étendre la méthode aux procédés fonctionnant de manière dynamique, une méthode de réconciliation dynamique des données permettant le calcul des variances a posteriori est nécessaire. La méthode des filtres de Kalman et une technique de fenêtre mobile basée sur les collocations orthogonales ont été comparées. Le calcul des variances a posteriori a été développé grâce à une méthode similaire à celle utilisée dans le cas stationnaire. La méthode a été validée sur plusieurs petits exemples. Grâce à la méthode d'estimation des variances a posteriori, un critère d'observabilité a été défini pour les systèmes dynamiques de sorte que l'algorithme de design de réseaux de capteurs a pu être adapté aux systèmes dynamiques. Un autre problème que les réseaux de capteurs doivent permettre de résoudre est la détection et la localisation des erreurs de procédé. La méthode a été adaptée afin de générer des réseaux de capteurs permettant de détecter et de localiser les erreurs de procédé parmi une liste d'erreurs dans le cas des procédés fonctionnant de manière stationnaire.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Ce travail de recherche se donne pour objectif de formuler des éléments de réflexion indispensables à une initiation à l'écrit de recherche universitaire, pour venir en aide aux étudiants locuteurs non natifs. Plusieurs questions ont sous-tendu cette étude : quel rôle pourraient avoir les études descriptives des écrits scientifiques dans une familiarisation réussie à l'écrit de recherche ? Quel est l'intérêt d'une initiation aux fonctions rhétoriques basée sur la phraséologie transdisciplinaire et fondée sur une approche dite par genre ? Est-il possible de soumettre des éléments d'aide dont pourraient profiter tous les étudiants quelles que soient leurs disciplines ?Une étude exploratoire autour d'une fonction rhétorique particulière qu'est "le positionnement" a permis de comprendre dans quelle mesure des éléments d'ordre linguistique, en l'occurrence les collocations transdisciplinaires, pourraient aider les étudiants à moins appréhender cette exigence d'un écrit essentiellement polyphonique et argumentatif ou encore à se positionner davantage. / This research formulates some thoughts that are essential to initiate students, non native speakers, to academic writing and help in mastering it. Several questions have guided this study : What role might have the descriptive studies of scientific writing in a successful familiarization with academic writing? What is the point of an introduction to rhetorical functions based on transdisciplinary phraseology and on a so-called genre approach? Is it possible to submit support elements that would be beneficial to all students regardless of their disciplines? An exploratory study of a particular rhetorical function that is "positioning" has allowed us to understand the extent to which linguistic elements, namely transdisciplinary collocations could help students to less apprehend the requirement of an essentially polyphonic and argumentative writing or to further show their positioning in their academic writings.