ŠEMBEROVÁ, DARIA. Comparison of the Polish translation of the novel "Konec punku v Helsinkách" with the original Czech version. Praha: Charles University. Faculty of Arts, 2015. The thesis deals with the issue of translatability of colloquial Czech elements and lexical Germanisms into the Polish language using the comparison of the novel Konec punku v Helsinkách by Jaroslav Rudiš and its Polish translation. The theoretical part briefly discusses the literary work of Jaroslav Rudiš, stratification of Czech and Polish national language, colloquial Czech and its use in literature and literary translation, lexical Germanisms in Czech as well as basic issues of translation of literary works. The practical part of the thesis deals with a critical analysis of the Polish translation of the novel by Jaroslav Rudiš regarding the mentioned aspects. Key words: Czech language, Polish language, common Czech, Germanism, multilingualism, translation theory, adequacy, 21st century Czech literature, Rudiš, Jaroslav

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de modelo teórico e metodológico da Etimologia e sua aplicação na datação de fenômenos lexicais e expressões idiomáticas do início do século XX, registrados nas obras de Juó Bananére, pseudônimo de Alexandre Ribeiro Marcondes Machado (1892-1933). Os dados linguísticos coloquiais utilizados por Bananére conferem às publicações do escritor um valor documental e histórico, tornando-as fontes importantes para a reconstrução do português coloquial do início do século XX. Dessa forma, a abonação e retroação dos dados lexicais e sintáticos, realizadas a partir da consulta de obras de referência, informações históricas e corpora paralelos, contribui para o reconhecimento dos textos macarrônicos como excelente fonte para a Linguística Histórica e para a expansão da análise diacrônica acerca do registro popular da língua portuguesa. / This research presents a theoretical and methodological model of etymology and its application in dating lexical phenomena and idiomatic expressions from the beginning of the twentieth century, published in Juó Bananéres work, who is the pseudonymous of Alexandre Ribeiro Marcondes Machado (1892-1933). The linguistic data used by Bananére confers a historical and documental value to his publication which makes them essential to the reconstruction of the colloquial Portuguese language from the beginning of the twentieth century. Thus, the registration and backdating of lexical and syntactic data by verifying works of reference, historic information and similar corpora, contributes to the acknowledgment of macarronic texts as an excellent source to Historical Linguistics and also to the expansion of diachronic analysis of colloquial material of the Portuguese language.

This dissertation is a study of negative concord in Levantine Arabic (Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria), where negative concord is the failure of an n-word to express negative meaning distinctly when in syntagm with another negative expression . A set of n-words is identified, including the never-words <ʔɛbadan> and <bɪlmarra> "never, not once, not at all," the negative minimizers <hawa> and <qɛšal> "nothing," and the negative scalar focus particle <wala> "not (even) (one), not a (single)." Each can be used to express negation in sentence fragments and other constructions with elliptical interpretations, such as gapping and coordination. Beyond that, the three categories differ syntactically and semantically. I present analyses of these expressions that treat them as having different morphological and semantic properties. The data support an ambiguity analysis for wala-phrases, and a syntactic analysis of it with never-words, indicating that a single, uniform theory of negative concord should be rejected for Levantine Arabic. The dissertation is the first such work to explicitly identify negative concord in Levantine Arabic, and to provide a detailed survey and analysis of it. The description includes subtle points of variation between regional varieties of Levantine, as well as in depth analysis of the usage of n-words. It also adds a large new data set to the body of data that has been reported on negative concord, and have several implications for theories on the subject. The dissertation also makes a contribution to computational linguistics as applied to Arabic, because the analyses are couched in Combinatory Categorial Grammar, a formalism that is used both for linguisic theorizing as well as for a variety of practical applications, including text parsing and text generaration. The semantic generalizations reported here are also important for practical computational tasks, because they provide a way to correctly calculate the negative or positive polarity of utterances in a negative concord language, which is essential for computational tasks such as machine translation or sentiment analysis. / text

This paperwork is based on microsociolinguistic research perspective. Speech material was recorded in group of eight young people during nonofficial endurance. The main objective of this paperwork is detail analysis of foreign elements used by Polish youth and presence of their functions in communication process. There were used two research methods: questionnaire and tape-recording of speech during meetings, which topic was religious issue. One part is dedicated to citations (interferences) – elements from foreign languages included into Polish syntax context, which lack any designators of adaptation of grammar and phonetics. In case of classification of citations grammar criteria was accepted as overriding. On this basis all foreign interferences were classified according to parts of speech. The other part of this paperwork presents inputs of longer expressions into speech, which in literature are defined as code switching.

The objective of this thesis is to examine which types of pragmatic markers are represented in coloquial Spanish and establish the frequency they occur wiht in native and nonnative speakers. Further, a systematical description of ten most frequent markers in native and nonnative speakers is included and examples of their use based on the transcription are shown. The author bases her work mainly on linguistic studies focused on pragmatic markers and coloquial Spanish ? on the studies of José Portolés Lázaro and María Antonia Martín Zorraquino and Antonio Briz in particular. The author emanates from Lázaro and Zorraquino?s classification, characterists and use of pragmatic markers. The practical part focuses on the differences in use of pragmatic markers between native and nonnative speakers and examines the frequency and representation of particular types of markers in coloquial Spanish.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 331049 bytes, checksum: fdea5fa1b6a755fedcd2a8b5cafb2a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes a reading of Paulo Leminski´s poetry departing form the idea of capricho e relaxo and articulating semiotic consciousness and lirism., humour and meta-language. The analysis is made based on the melopoeia, phanopoeia, and logopoeia, categories developed by Ezra Pound, the entrangement (ostranenie) concept (Victor Chklovski) and the sound identity concept (Roman Jacobson). The context in which the poems are inserted is the new rising of the verse after the explicit dialogue between Leminski s poetry and the Concrete Poetry Movement in Brazil. In that sense, Leminski s diction, rooted on what we call condensation craftsmanship , it conciliates formal strictness and unruliness, the consciousness of the materiality of signs and colloquial language. Key words: meta-language, semiotic consciousness, colloquial language. / Esta dissertação faz uma leitura da poesia de Paulo Leminski a partir da idéia de capricho e relaxo , articulando consciência semiótica e lirismo, humor e metalinguagem. A análise é realizada apoiando-se nas categorias de melopéia, fanopéia e logopéia desenvolvidas por Ezra Pound, além dos conceitos de estranhamento (Vítor Chklóvski) e identidade sonora (Roman Jakobson). O contexto em que se insere os poemas é o da retomada do verso após o diálogo mais explícito da produção leminskiana com a Poesia Concreta. Neste sentido, a dicção de Leminski, radicada em artesanato de condensação, concilia rigor formal e desregramento, consciência da materialidade dos signos e linguagem coloquial.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma proposta de modelo teórico e metodológico da Etimologia e sua aplicação na datação de fenômenos lexicais e expressões idiomáticas do início do século XX, registrados nas obras de Juó Bananére, pseudônimo de Alexandre Ribeiro Marcondes Machado (1892-1933). Os dados linguísticos coloquiais utilizados por Bananére conferem às publicações do escritor um valor documental e histórico, tornando-as fontes importantes para a reconstrução do português coloquial do início do século XX. Dessa forma, a abonação e retroação dos dados lexicais e sintáticos, realizadas a partir da consulta de obras de referência, informações históricas e corpora paralelos, contribui para o reconhecimento dos textos macarrônicos como excelente fonte para a Linguística Histórica e para a expansão da análise diacrônica acerca do registro popular da língua portuguesa. / This research presents a theoretical and methodological model of etymology and its application in dating lexical phenomena and idiomatic expressions from the beginning of the twentieth century, published in Juó Bananéres work, who is the pseudonymous of Alexandre Ribeiro Marcondes Machado (1892-1933). The linguistic data used by Bananére confers a historical and documental value to his publication which makes them essential to the reconstruction of the colloquial Portuguese language from the beginning of the twentieth century. Thus, the registration and backdating of lexical and syntactic data by verifying works of reference, historic information and similar corpora, contributes to the acknowledgment of macarronic texts as an excellent source to Historical Linguistics and also to the expansion of diachronic analysis of colloquial material of the Portuguese language.

This study, called Dialect caipira, deals with one of the dialect of Brazilian Portuguese language, its historical and sociological formation and its linguistic characteristics. The first chapter contains the interpretation of dialect and dialectology in line with studies undertaken in this area. It represents the evolution of dialectological research from neogrammarians until today. It includes theory of variability of William Labov, who departs from the traditional synchronous approach to language as it was a homogeneous subject of study, and carries out researches, which include variable use of language and its linguistic, stylistic, and social determinants. According to Chambers and Trudghill are introduced social strata with which we encounter in the study of language, and which have in some circumstances, the general tendency to use certain styles of speech. At the end of the first chapters are set out terms that will be used during the work. The second chapter deals with the colloquial Brazilian Portuguese. It outlines the historical formation of the language in Brazil and social factors that influenced it. It represents the emergence of language lingua geral, an artificial language created by Jesuit missionaries for evangelization. This language has been widely used in the first centuries...

In this thesis, we identify the fundamental terms required for the analysis of American variants of Spanish. We briefly present the geographical and social-historical context of Mexican Spanish, and address the heterogeneity of approaches used in related studies. We characterize the nature of the influence of indigenous languages on Mexican lexis, and give an overview of theoretical knowledge on the Spanish colloquial language. The key chapter is dedicated to the lexical particularities of Mexican Spanish, focusing on the colloquial language. We describe our specific findings in eleven sub-chapters structured according to two different criteria. We base our analysis of particular Mexican Spanish expressions mainly on the evaluation and mutual comparison of relevant lexicon entries provided by a set of selected lexicographical sources. Keywords: Mexican Spanish, lexis, variance, colloquial language, language contact

When people are listening to others they are not just interpreting the speech in order to understand and participate in a communicative act. While interpreting the linguistic information, listeners are attentive to extralinguistic information about the speaker about which they make assumptions based on the accent and content that they hear. Many researchers have studied language attitude to see how different accents compare to each other for different speakers and listeners. Although this research has been done for many different accents, none have been done comparing standard and non-standard accents of Canadian English, or that account for the native accent of the listener. A number of university students from South-Western Ontario were surveyed to elicit general language attitude scores on a series of 11 measures for 8 different voice clips differing in terms of standardness (Standard vs. Non-Standard), content (Academic vs. Colloquial), and accent (British vs. Canadian). A comparison of the mean scores on the accents revealed a general preference for British and standard accents, and a general dislike of Canadian and non-standard accents. A Principal Component Analysis identified a difference in response pattern between native Canadian English and non-native Canadian English speakers. When combined with general qualitative descriptions of the voice clips offered by participants it appears that language attitude is greatly influenced by perception of prestige and familiarity with the accent. Listeners prefer readily identifiable accents that are held in esteem by the greater speech community, while they dislike accents which are less clearly intelligible and lack prestige. Listeners were also more critical of accents with which they were more familiar. Such findings are important because they can help us to identify potential sources of unequal access to opportunity in society as influenced by how people speak. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Whenever we listen to other people speak we are not just taking in information and trying to understand what they are saying. People will tend to pass judgement on other speakers for a number of reasons, including what they are saying, and how they are saying it. Many studies have studied this phenomenon, known as language attitude by linguists, to see how different accents compare to each other for different speakers and listeners. Although this research has been done for many different accents, none have been done comparing standard and non-standard accents of Canadian English. This research project involved surveying a number of Canadian university students to find out which Canadian and British accents they liked and disliked, and in what ways. I found that Canadians tend to prefer Standard Academic British English over less-educated sounding Canadian accents. Since there was a difference in preference between Canadian English speakers and non-Canadian English speakers, it appears that familiarity might allow people to be more critical of the accents or dialects they are hearing. These findings are important because they can help us to find possible sources of unequal opportunity in society as influenced by how people speak.