No description available.

A segunda metade do século XVIII foi um momento de crescimento econômico. A produção industrial e o consumo das populações europeias aumentaram. Da mesma forma, as colônias da América acompanharam essa conjuntura elevando suas exportações de gêneros tropicais. A pesquisa investiga justamente uma dessas colônias, a capitania de Pernambuco, que teve um papel de relevo nesse cenário. Procurou-se, sobretudo, preencher duas lacunas que a historiografia ainda não havia se interessado. Objetivou-se reconstituir os indicadores gerais de exportação e analisar o comércio ultramarino do ponto de vista dos agentes em um período marcado por duas transformações: a instalação de uma companhia monopolista e a ascensão da cultura algodoeira, comparando a situação de um mercado com monopólio com uma situação de comércio livre. Utilizando documentos ainda inéditos para o local e o recorte temporal proposto - tais como os registros de carga de mais de 1.400 embarcações, 753 passaportes de navios, 1.414 registros notariais, 107 letras de risco e 236 processos judiciais, entre outros foi possível realizar séries originais de exportação dos principais produtos da capitania: algodão, açúcar e couramas, assim como de seus preços. Possibilitou uma análise verticalizada das formas de fazer comércio sociedade mercantis, comissários residentes e itinerantes contribuindo para o levantamento de parte do grupo mercantil atuante entre Pernambuco e Lisboa e ainda descortinou a hierarquia dos proprietários de embarcações. A investigação em torno dos agentes e da forma como eles organizavam o negócio colonial levou a uma apreciação sobre as principais regulações econômicas da época, o tabelamento do preço do açúcar e dos fretes, e de seus desdobramentos nos ramos do comércio e do transporte. Para tal, foi utilizado e relativizado o conceito de custos de transação, tão em voga na literatura neo-institucionalista. As principais conclusões do trabalho apontam para a importância do crédito metropolitano que financiava parte das atividades econômicas de exportação de Pernambuco e, necessariamente, reforça a substancial presença dos mercadores reinóis como participantes ativos do negócio colonial. / The second half of the eighteenth century was a time of economic growth. Industrial production and consumption of European populations have increased. In the same way, the colonies of America followed this conjuncture raising their exports of tropical goods. The research investigates one of these colonies, the captaincy of Pernambuco, which played a major role in this scenario. It was sought above all to fill two gaps that historiography had not yet interested. The aim was to reconstitute general export indicators and analyze overseas trade from the agents\' point of view in a period marked by two transformations: the installation of a monopoly company and the rise of the cotton culture, comparing the situation of a monopoly market with a free trade situation. Using documents still not used for the location and the proposed time cut - such as cargo records of more than 1,400 vessels, 753 ship passports, 1,414 notarial records, 107 sea loans and 236 legal proceedings, among others - it was possible to carry out series of export of the main products of the captaincy: cotton, sugar and leathers, as well as their prices. It enabled a vertical analysis of the ways of doing business - merchant society, resident and itinerant commissars - contributing to the survey of part of the mercantile group that operates between Pernambuco and Lisbon and also uncovered the hierarchy of ship owners. The investigation of the agents and the way they organized the colonial business led to an appreciation of the main economic regulations of the time, the sugar price and freight price regulation, and their influence in the branches of commerce and transportation. For this, the concept of transaction costs, so popular in neo-institutionalism literature, has been used and relativized. The main conclusions of the study endorse the importance of the metropolitan credit that financed part of Pernambuco\'s economic export activities and, necessarily, reinforces the substantial presence of the metropolitan merchants as active participants in the colonial business.

My thesis analyzes James Joyce’s engagement with Catholic-nationalist Ireland’s (mis)understanding of women in Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Ulysses. I argue that, while Joyce shows both men and women struggling against the constraints of Catholic-nationalist gender roles, he implies that neither can be free from those constraints until Irish artists seek to more thoroughly understand women. After explaining how Catholic-nationalist rhetoric influenced the Irish understanding of women, I argue that Joyce not only recognizes and engages with Irish gender oppression but also believes that Irish art both constructs and is constructed by this oppression. With analyses of some of Joyce’s female characters, Stephen Dedalus, and Molly Bloom, I demonstrate how Joyce critiques Irish culture’s concept of women and Irish art’s representation of them, and then establishes a new paradigm of artistic representation.

This thesis investigates testimonies of three female authors from Latin America and the Middle East through scriptotherapy narratives which "give voice to previously repressed memories," defined by Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson. Through the genre of autobiography, women have an opportunity to showcase acts of resistance towards the inner turmoil of colonial trauma that has been brought upon their existence. Decoloniality re-integrates the roots of colonial power into re-invigorated narratives that will become lineage. The only way that they can create their own identity is through "legending," Gilles Deleuze's conceptualized theoretical framework, which does not offer an escape from colonialism but utilizes its power to offer narratives of healing. As "scriptotherapy" narratives, these female authors are displaying resistance by circulating their stories to the global public and bringing communities together to understand that it is possible to stop the cycle of trauma and abuse that exists to keep the women of their culture repressed. I argue that Julia Alvarez and Azar Nafisi's scriptotherapy narratives encode trauma as acts of resistance in relation to turbulent political situations in their home countries. Julia Alvarez's Something to Declare: Essays (1998) details her experiences as a Latin American woman who has been displaced, bodily, from the Dominican Republic during its revolutionary period from April to September of 1965. Azar Nafisi's Things I've Been Silent About: Memories of a Prodigal Daughter (2008) paints a historical portrait of her Iranian family life during the Islamic Revolution of 1978–1979 and the toll the colonial powers had on cultivating her journey into womanhood. Adriana Páramo's My Mother's Funeral (2013) showcases writing as trauma reintegrated into a narrative in which personal ideologies and native Spanish language construct an intersectional space. Through storytelling, women are advocated for globally and consciously brought into the major Western culture to instigate change.

No description available.

La propuesta de esta tesis pasa por analizar el impacto de la problemática de género en el ámbito laboral rioplatense, a partir de la actividad de las mujeres de los sectores medios y altos de la sociedad, en el comercio mayorista, las finanzas y la navegación, en el período que se extiende entre fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. Por otro lado, examinar como se fueron construyendo los comportamientos de las mujeres en relación a los varones, específicamente, a través de la práctica económica de unos y otros; además de explorar có-mo se concebía la injerencia en la actividad a través del inter-juego de las relaciones generadas entre quienes se involu-craban en las transacciones económicas. En este trabajo subyace una idea central, respecto de las variadas formas a través de las cuales el sistema de género permea las distintas especificidades de la vida, tal el caso del trabajo, que es la que nos ocupa. Creemos que en el período y área geográfica de este estudio, la perspectiva de género nos permite obser-var la existencia de manifiestas asimetrías en el acceso de las mujeres y varones a la actividad mercantil, lo cual presupo-ne a simple vista la imposición de las obligaciones de género por encima de la participación que pudieron tener en las dis-tintas ocupaciones. Sin embargo, pensamos que en algún punto, fue la lógica mercantil la que prevaleció más allá de cualquier atribución de género. Sobre todo, desde el momento que las mujeres como agentes económicos activos, tuvieron un papel clave en la continuidad de los negocios y en el rea-seguro de la permanencia del circuito mercantil, sin dejar de considerar su aporte a la sustentabilidad familiar, lo cual no sólo involucró la dimensión local sino también la regional e in-ternacional. De allí que el rol de estas mujeres en el período y ámbito estudiado, no sólo pudo ser complementario y suple-torio, sino que a veces, también fue indispensable. En cuanto a la relevancia de la presente investigación, la misma pretende contribuir al conocimiento de la función económica de las mu-jeres en América Hispana a fin del Antiguo Régimen en su contexto sociocultural y laboral. Asimismo, a propiciar la posi-bilidad de replicar este estudio focalizado en el ámbito riopla-tense en otras sociedades con fuerte identidad marítima y comercial, sin dejar de sopesar el aporte de comprender la forma de organización de la sociedad como un proceso de construcción susceptible de cambio, con la trascendencia que ello tiene en términos de conformar sociedades más justas y equitativas para mujeres y varones. El material heurístico de esta investigación proviene del Archivo General de la Nación (Argentina), Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla, España), Archivo General de Simancas (Simancas, España), Archivo General de la Nación (Uruguay), a lo que debe agregarse material édito y bibliografía específica. / The proposal of this thesis addresses the impact of gender issues in the in River Plate as an ambit of work and more specifically as the scenario of port trade. We analyze the female activity in the wholesale trade, finance and shipping in the period that extends between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In this regard, we are interested in contributing to the knowledge of the economic role of women as well as to deepen the socio-cultural and labor context in which they developed during the given period. In view of these general objectives, the present research aims to discover the gravitation and interference of women of the middle and high society in the wholesale trade, finance and shipping, during the phase of expansion of commercial activity. At the same time, we analyze how the behavior of women was constructed in relation to the behavior of men, specifically, in the economic interaction with each other. In addition, we explore the interplay of relationships generated among those involved in economic transactions. This inves-tigation focuses the varied ways in which the gender system permeates the different spheres of life, as, for example, the sphere of work. We believe that in the period and geographi-cal area of this study the gender perspective allows us to observe the existence of graet disparities in relation to the access of women and men in commercial activity, which presupposes the imposition of gender obligations on the participation of both women and men in the various occupa-tions. However, we believe that at some point commercial logic prevailed over any matter of gender attribution. Especially, from the moment in which women, as active econo-mic agents, played a key role in the continuity of business and in the reinsurance of permanence within the commercial circuit, their contribution to family support, which did not involve only the local scale but also the regional and interna-tional scale, was of towering importance. Hence, the role of these women in the period and area studied, can be carach-terized both as complementary and supplementary, and sometimes also as indispensable. The heuristic material of this research comes from the Archivo General de Indias (Seville, Spain), Archivo General de Simancas (Spain), Archivo General de la Nación (Uruguay), Archivo General de la Nación (Argen-tina), to which published material and specific bibliography is added.

Yes / This paper reflects on trade institutions across West Africa from the Empirehood to the present day. We found that regional trade institutions were more standardised across West Africa before the current countries gained their independence. We argue that reflection on past trade institutions could provide important guidance for policy makers currently involved in deepening the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Our review of the literature suggests that the Empirehood was an era with more standardised trade institutions across the region relative to the current ones. Societal norms and political consensus such as the ‘Mande charter’ and the coming of Islam created a discipline that enhanced confidence in the ability to trade, which was facilitated by common trade institutions such as convertible common currencies and letters of credit. During the colonial era, West African common currencies were also established to facilitate exchange. Historical changes in governance resulted in the loss of some facets of well-functioning trade institutions. This paper argues that historical context can provide policy makers with the confidence that current institutional barriers to trade can be addressed. ECOWAS members could reflect on historical good practices if they are to accelerate the integration process and to realise the full potential of regional trade.

This thesis examines Indian author Raja Rao’s critically neglected work. I read Rao’s production as a strategic, yet problematic, negotiation of hegemonic narrativizations of Indian history, which attempts both to propose alternative histories and deconstruct the ontology of modern western historiography. Rao’s often criticised use of essentialism in his works is here examined as a strategic deconstructive tool in the hands of the postcolonial writer. More specifically, I wish to show how his early novels Kanthapura and Comrade Kirillov resist colonial depictions of India through both linguistic and cultural structures. Rao’s stylistic negotiation is effected through a use of the English language mediated by the Indian writer’s sensibility. Both novels enforce strategies working through opposition. They provide alternative accounts counterbalancing strategic absences in the records of colonial Indian historiography while attempting to recover the voice of protagonist subalterns. In my examination of his later novels The Serpent and the Rope, The Cat and Shakespeare and The Chessmaster and His Moves, I argue that a more effective strategy of intervention is at work. It attempts to disrupt from within the discursive features of post-Enlightenment European modernity, more specifically the premises of Cartesian oppositional dualities, homogeneous ideas of linear time, and the centrality of imperial spaces, while problematising the hybrid and heterogeneous character of Rao’s narrative.

This is an investigation and analysis of the institution of indentured servitude in the English colonies of Virginia and Barbados in the first half of the seventeenth century. It argues that the system of indentured servitude contributed to the development of property rights in individuals and thereby provided early examples of treating people as property that would ultimately lead to the rise of chattel slavery in both colonies. It investigates servitude in law, politics, and practice providing examples of the treatment, trade, and resistance of servants throughout this period. Included are chapters examining the trade in servants and a statistical breakdown of the servant population, a comparison of the practice of servitude in both colonies, and a description of the factors that led to the eventual transition to black slavery. / Master of Arts

Orientador: Paulo Rennes Marçal Ribeiro / Banca: Andreza Marques de Castro Leão / Banca: Maria Tereza Machado Vilaça / Banca: João Guilherme Rodrigues Mendonça / Banca: Débora Raquel da Costa Milani / Resumo: Esta pesquisa está inserida em um projeto integrado maior que tem como objetivo resgatar, organizar e sistematizar dados que subsidiem o estudo da historiografia da Educação Sexual no Brasil. Pretendemos, neste estudo, analisar as representações do corpo feminino em obras do século XVI do Brasil Colonial bem como das xilogravuras confeccionadas e/ou organizadas nestas mesmas obras, pois entendemos que esta análise e as "desconstruções" destas representações servem de parâmetro e subsídio para a compreensão da evolução das concepções de sexualidade e a institucionalização do conhecimento sexual no Brasil. A presente pesquisa, de cunho histórico e documental, remeteu-se a fontes primárias, constituídas por quatro crônicas do século XVI: Americae Tertia Pars, de Theodore de Bry, Viagem à Terra Brasil, de Jean Léry, Duas viagens ao Brasil, de Hans Staden e As singularidades da França Antártica, de André Thevet. Os procedimentos metodológicos consistiram na localização, seleção e análise dos dados e informações contidas no material textual e xilográfico. Desta forma, a técnica de análise empregada nesta pesquisa foi a Análise do Discurso, de Michel Foucault, apoiada na ideia de Desconstrução, de Jacques Derrida, que nos orientaram a caracterizar o modo pelo qual as crônicas podem ser lidas e explicitadas em suas contradições e irredutibilidades e, nos permitiram mapear o imaginário corporal presente no além mar do século XVI / Abstract: This educational research is part of a larger integrated project that aims to retrieve, organize and systematize data that support the study of historiography of Sexual Education in Brazil. In this study, we intend to analyze the representations of the female body in works of the sixteenth century of colonial Brazil as well as woodcuts made and/or organized in the same works, because we believe that this analysis and this "descontructions" of these representations serve as parameter and subsidy for understating the evolution about the conceptions of sexuality and institutionalization of sexual knowledge in Brazil. This research, of historical and documentary character, refers to primary sources, consisting of four works of the sinteenth century: "Americae Tartia Pars", by Theodore de Bry, "Viagem à Terra Brasil", by Jean Léry, "Duas viagens ao Brasil", by Hans Staden and "As singularidades da França Antártica", by André Thevet. The methodological instructions are based in their localization, selection and analyses of data and information present in the textual material and in the woodcuts. This way, the technique used in this research was the Discourse Analysis, by Michel Foucault, based on Deconstruction, by Jacques Derrida, who guided us to characterize the way in which chronicles can be read and explained in its contradictions and irreducibility, allowing us to map the imagery present in the body beyond the sixteenth century / Doutor