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Forest, Livelihoods and REDD+ implementation in the Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, EcuadorLoaiza Lange, Toa 27 January 2017 (has links)
Wälder sind lebenswichtige Nahrungs- und Einkommensquellen für ländliche Haushalte und dienen als Reserven in Krisenzeiten. Deshalb können Abholzung und Walddegradierung die Lebensbedingungen der waldabhängigen Gemeinschaften gefährden. Darüber hinaus ist Abholzung die zweitgrößte Ursache für Treibhausgasemissionen, Biodiversitätsverlust und Klimawandel. Der ländliche Raum bedarf einer besonderen Aufmerksamkeit, da er sehr anfällig für die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels ist. In diesem Zusammenhang ist REDD+ als eine günstige Alternative zur Verringerung des Klimawandels und zur Förderung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung aus dem Rahmenübereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Klimaänderungen (englisch United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC) hervorgegangen. Allerdings sind die potenziellen positiven und negativen Auswirkungen von REDD+ noch relativ unbekannt. Das gilt ins besondere für indigene Völker und andere vom Wald abhängige Bevölkerungsgruppen in tropischen Regenwäldern.
Die hier vorgestellte Forschung ist eine mehrschichtige Studie, die dazu beiträgt, mögliche Alternativen der REDD+ Implementierung aus einer Bottom-up-Perspektive zu erklären. Als Fallstudie wurde die Yasuní-Region im gleichnamigen ecuadorianischen Biosphärenreservat ausgewählt. Die Region ist Teil eines größeren REDD+ Projektes der Deutschen NRO Welthungerhilfe. Hier wurden die drei am weitesten verbreiteten ethnischen Gruppen ausgewählt, die in der Pufferzone des Yasuní-Nationalparks leben. Zwei Gemeinden von jeder Ethnie mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Entfernungen zu den Märkten wurden als Studiengruppen ausgewählt. Hierbei handelt sie sich um die indigenen Gruppen der Shuar und Kichwa sowie die Gruppe der Kolonisten (Mestizen). Der Mehrskalenansatz umfasst die Haushaltsebene, die Gemeindeebene sowie die regionale Landschaftsebene.
Auf der Haushaltsebene wird eine Analyse der Einkommensgenerierung, die sich aus der Subsistenzwirtschaft und der Barmitteleinnahme zusammensetzt, vorgestellt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Mehrheit der untersuchten Haushalte hohe Einnahmen von Ölfirmen erhalten, denen sie als ungelernte nicht-landwirtschaftliche Arbeitskräfte zur Verfügung stehen. Darüber hinaus bezieht ein Großteil der Haushalte staatliche Unterstützungen. Die Studie zeigt, dass die indigenen Völker trotzt der vergleichsweise hohen Einkünfte aus ihrer Arbeit im Ölsektor und externer Hilfen eine größere Abhängigkeit von Wald- und Umweltressourcen als die Kolonisten haben. Dieses hohe nicht-landwirtschaftliche Einkommen könnte - zumindest zeitweise - den Druck auf die Wälder reduzieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist REDD+ ein relativ schwacher finanzieller Anreiz für die untersuchten Haushalte. Dies gilt umso mehr, wenn man das Engagement in mehrjährigen REDD+ Projekten wie Wiederaufforstung, Waldüberwachung usw. betrachtet.
Auf Gemeindeebene werden die Landkonfiguration und der institutionelle Rahmen für die Entscheidungsfindung gemeinsamer Ressourcen analysiert. In dieser Studie werden zwei Formen kommunaler Vereinbarungen vorgestellt: Common Property Management Regimes (CPMRs) und Kolonisten-Kooperativen. Als konzeptioneller Rahmen wird der theoretische Ansatz von Ostrom (1990) zur Governance of Common Pool Resources (CPR) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich immer mehr indigene Landkonfigurationen denen der Mestizen angleichen. Hinterlassenschaften aus Agrarreformen und geltende rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen fördern die Privatisierung der bäuerlichen Betriebe in den Gemeindeländern und damit die Waldzersplitterung. Dieses wiederrum beeinflusst die traditionelle Ressourcennutzung.
Auf Landschaftsebene werden eine historische und territoriale Konfiguration sowie Managementpläne für das Biosphärenreservat Yasuní vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für REDD+, Konsultations- und Beteiligungsmechanismen diskutiert. Ergebnisse der Datenanalyse zeigen, dass unsichere Landadministration sowie Titelrechte die REDD+-Implementierung behindern können. Des Weiteren kommt es zu einer Überlappung von indigenem Land mit Erdölblöcken und Naturschutzgebieten, wodurch es zu potentiellen Konflikten kommen kann. Darüber hinaus verringern inkonsistente Managementplänen und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen die effektive Beteiligung und Entscheidungsfindung von indigenen Völkern und Kleinbauern. Schlussfolgerung der Analyse ist, dass es einer breiten und eingebetteten Landschaftsplanung der Yasuní Region bedarf.
Das Livelihood Framework Konzept wurde häufig angewandt, um die Haushaltsbedingungen und Verwendungsmuster von Umweltressourcen zu untersuchen. Diese Prägungen können Entwaldung, Erhaltung oder Abbauprozesse vorhersagen und beeinflussen. Erkenntnisse, wie die hier vorgestellten, verdeutlichen jedoch die Notwendigkeit von Bottom-up-Perspektiven vor der Umsetzung globaler Klimaschutzmechanismen wie REDD+.
In praktischer Hinsicht liefern die Studienergebnisse Einblicke zur Konzeption von REDD+ Ansätzen für Projektentwickler und Entscheidungsträger. Die partizipative und intensive Beteiligung der lokalen Gemeinden an der Waldnutzung ist der einzige Weg, um die Erhaltung und nachhaltige Entwicklung der tropischen Wälder zu gewährleisten. Darüber hinaus sollten die ethnische Diversität sowie die traditionelle Ressourcennutzung aufrecht erhalten und gefördert werden. / Los bosques representan fuentes vitales de alimentos e ingresos para los hogares rurales, en especial durante períodos de crisis. Por lo tanto, la deforestación y la degradación forestal pueden poner en peligro los medios de subsistencia de las comunidades que dependen de los bosques. Además, la deforestación es la segunda causa más importante de emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI) y desencadena la pérdida de biodiversidad y el cambio climático. Los medios de subsistencia rurales necesitan una atención especial, ya que son altamente vulnerables a los efectos del cambio climático. En este contexto, REDD+ ha surgido en la mesa de negociación de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) como una opción asequible para mitigar el cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, para promover el desarrollo sostenible. Sin embargo, se necesita una mejor comprensión de los potenciales impactos positivos y negativos de la implementación de REDD+. Esto último, es especialmente importante en el caso de los Pueblos Indígenas (IP) y los campesinos dependientes de los bosques tropicales.
La investigación presentada es un estudio a varios niveles que contribuye a elucidar las posibles implicaciones de la implementación de REDD+ desde una perspectiva de local hasta internacional. La región de la Reserva de la Biosfera del Yasuní en Ecuador fue seleccionada como estudio de caso. La región es parte de un proyecto REDD+ realizado por la ONG alemana Welthungerhilfe. Aquí se eligieron los tres grupos étnicos más representativos que habitan en la zona de amortiguamiento del Parque Nacional Yasuní. Se seleccionaron como grupos de estudio dos comunidades de cada etnia, los grupos indígenas Shuar y Kichwa y los colonos (mestizos), con diferentes distancias a los mercados. El enfoque multiescalar comienza en el nivel del hogar, luego sube a la comunidad y al final al nivel del paisaje regional.
A nivel de hogar, se presenta un análisis de la generación de ingresos a partir de fuentes de subsistencia y dinero en efectivo. En resumen, todas las comunidades estudiadas generan altos ingresos fuera de la finca como mano de obra no calificada trabajando para las compañías petroleras y reciben ayuda externa. El estudio también muestra que los Indígenas tienen una mayor dependencia de los recursos forestales y ambientales en comparación con los colonos. Eventualmente, estos altos ingresos generados fuera de la finca podrían reducir, al menos temporalmente, la presión sobre los bosques. En este contexto, REDD+ constituye un incentivo débil para los hogares estudiados cuando se compara con los altos ingresos de la mano de obra no calificada. Esto se aplica aún más cuando se considera el involucramiento en las actividades del proyecto de REDD+ que requieren mucho tiempo, como la reforestación, monitoreo forestal, etc.
A nivel comunitario, se analiza la configuración de la tierra y el marco institucional para la toma de decisiones sobre los recursos compartidos. Aquí se presentan dos formas de arreglos comunales: Regímenes Comunes de Gestión de la Propiedad (CRPM) y Cooperativas de Colonos. El marco teórico de Ostrom (1990) sobre la gobernanza de los recursos communes (CPR) se utiliza como marco conceptual. Los resultados sugieren que cada vez más, tanto la configuración de la tierra de las IP como las organizaciones comunitarias están adquiriendo características mestizas. Este mestizaje promovido parcialmente por el gobierno a través de los legados de la Reforma Agraria y los actuales marcos legales está desencadenando la privatización de las fincas dentro de las tierras comunitarias y por lo tanto promoviendo la fragmentación del bosque y afectando las formas ancestrales de regularización para el uso de los recursos.
A nivel del paisaje se presenta una revisión de la configuración histórica y territorial así como los planes de manejo para la Reserva de la Biosfera Yasuní. Además, se discuten marcos legales para REDD+, así como mecanismos de consulta y participación. De acuerdo con los datos del presente estudio, la inseguridad en la administración de la tierra y los derechos de titulación pueden obstaculizar la implementación de REDD+ y generar conflictos debido a la superposición de tierras indígenas con bloques de petróleo y áreas protegidas. Además, las incoherencias entre los planes de gestión y los marcos jurídicos reducen la participación efectiva y la toma de decisiones de los Inddígenas y los pequeños agricultores. El análisis concluye sugiriendo una visión de paisaje amplia e integrada para el área del Yasuní.
El marco teórico de medios de vida (Lifelihood Framewrok) se ha utilizado comúnmente para estudiar las condiciones de los hogares y generar patrones de uso de recursos ambientales que pueden moldear y predecir procesos de conservación, deforestación o degradación. Sin embargo, intentos como el presentado aquí ejemplifican la necesidad de perspectivas ascendentes previo a la implementación de mecanismos globales de mitigación como REDD+.
Desde la perspectiva práctica, los resultados proporcionan nuevas percepciones para los desarrolladores de proyectos y los formuladores de políticas para el diseño de enfoques REDD+. La verdadera y plena participación de las comunidades locales en la gobernanza de los bosques es la única manera de alcanzar la conservación y el desarrollo sostenible de los bosques tropicales. Además, igual de importantes son la diversidad pluricultural y la promoción de reglas tradicionales para el uso de los recursos, así como las prácticas tradicionales.
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Music and sonic space in Victoria, B.C., 1871-1886: the creation of British identity in a Canadian frontier townConcord, Alisabeth Lauren 21 December 2016 (has links)
In the process of carving a new England out of the southern end of Vancouver Island in the later nineteenth century, the population of Victoria, BC sought to forge a British identity for themselves through music and its associated rituals. They did this through the pursuit of purposeful acts of cultural meaning. In the social sphere, concerts, parades, religious services, and theatrical productions heightened and inspired loyalty to Mother England. Victoria’s upper classes could then dominate by excluding those people—including Jewish, Chinese, Indigenous, African-American, and Hawaiian residents—who did not conform to that identity. In late-nineteenth-century Victoria, music became more than just a way to celebrate, worship, and recreate; it defined social life for British and non-British peoples alike and shaped the physical space in which they lived.
This dissertation explores late nineteenth-century Victoria’s creation of a British identity through music. Ensuring that their churches had a powerful organ and talented organists, Victoria’s religious community proved that they could undertake Britain’s highest social point of sacred musical performance: the choral festival. Positioning George Frideric Handel’s Messiah—with its strong connotations of Britain and her Empire—as their showstopper, these choral festivals served to cement relationships between those citizens who considered themselves British, while also proclaiming this identity as a mark of superiority to the community at large.
Itinerant opera troupes further strengthened these imperial bonds by importing European and British opera to Victoria. Through the performances of these professional travelling musicians, Victorian Victorians were able to experience high art and popular operatic music of the Western world, joining the particularly British Pinafore and Mikado crazes of the 1870s and 1880s. These itinerant singers thoroughly impressed local musicians, who avidly tried to reproduce what they had heard, first in instrumental overtures and medleys in the 1860s and 1870s, then with vocal and instrumental operatic numbers in miscellany concerts in the 1870s and 1880s, and finally with full operatic productions in the 1880s and beyond. As with choral festivals in the religious sphere, taking part in opera productions also helped to create a shared sense of British identity among Victoria’s upper classes, during a time when other defining factors of social placement were not yet secure.
Settlers in Victoria removed the Indigenous and natural impediments to the construction of their new metropolis, in effect silencing their cultural “voice.” Besides the Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, other recent settlers posed challenges to British hegemony, especially Chinese immigrants and “coloured” people of African origin, many of whom came from the United States. Even the gender demographics in the male-dominated frontier society posed challenges to the civilizing process. The Jews of Victoria, the majority of whom were of German or English origin, present an ambiguous case of a cultural and religious community at the crossroads in mid-nineteenth-century Victoria. The butt of rising anti-Semitism in continental Europe, Victoria’s Jewish minority used music and ritual to establish themselves as members of the dominant class. / Graduate / 0413 / 0334 / 0357 / libby.concord@gmail.com
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OS COLONOS E A IGREJA CATÓLICA NO CONTEXTO DA COLÔNIA AGRÍCOLA NACIONAL DE DOURADOS (1940 1970) / .Santos, Claudete Soares de Andrade 08 February 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / This work refers to colonization in sul-matogrossensse territory, Colony National Agricultural of Dourados. For the Brazilian government, colonize this region accounted for promoting security in the border area and solve some social problems, among them the property ownership question. The merchandising surrounding this project aroused the many Brazilians interest, was the opportunity to win dream as paticular property. In the 2nd Region of Cologne the occupation system of property and settlers daily life had a peculiar characteristics. The occupation was forced, and the first years were marked by work and struggle to challenges overcome. The main aspects are posted on the colono, their adaptation to the "new earth", the challenges and social organization model that built. Within this perspective, highlights is the association with the Catholic Church, an institution that has strong presence in the daily life of small towns that emerged with the region occupation intensified / Este trabalho trata da colonização em terras sul-mato-grossenses, na Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Dourados. Para o governo brasileiro, colonizar esta região representava promover a segurança em área de fronteira e resolver alguns problemas sociais, dentre eles a questão da terra. A propaganda em torno desse projeto despertou o interesse de muitos brasileiros, era a oportunidade de conquistar o tão sonhado pedaço de chão. Na 2ª Zona da Colônia o sistema de ocupação das terras e o cotidiano dos colonos tiveram características peculiares. A ocupação foi forçada e, os primeiros anos foram marcados por trabalho e luta para superar os desafios. Os principais aspectos destacados são
relativos ao colono, à sua adaptação à nova terra , aos desafios e ao modelo de organização social que construíram. Dentro dessa perspectiva, destaca-se a associação com
a Igreja católica, instituição que marcou veemente presença no cotidiano das pequenas cidades que surgiram com a intensificação da ocupação da região
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Retratos do colono, do colonizador, do cidadão: a representação literária da minoria branca em Nós, os do Makulusu e em outras narrativas angolanas / Portraits of the settler, the colonizer and the citizen: literary representation of the white minority in Nós, os do Makulusu (We, the ones from Makulusu) and other Angolan narrativesVeiga, Luiz Maria 18 March 2010 (has links)
Inspirados nos retratos de colonizadores e colonizados apresentados por Albert Memmi e Franz Fanon, escolhemos algumas narrativas angolanas para perceber de que modo são retratados literariamente os membros de uma minoria: os brancos, colonizadores ou colonos e, num momento posterior, cidadãos da república independente. É, portanto, um estudo de personagens literários, sua construção, constituição, e inclui as sugestões interpretativas que, a partir deles, pudemos fazer. Nós, os do Makulusu (1975), de José Luandino Vieira (1935-) é nosso corpus principal. Percorremo-lo do núcleo central de personagens aos mais fugidios e efêmeros. Constituem um corpus secundário os romances As lágrimas e o vento (1975), de Manuel dos Santos Lima (1935-), em que estudamos os personagens brancos e a visão que os colonizados têm deles; de Pepetela (1941-), A geração da utopia (1992), foco na personagem Sara Pereira, seus anos de exílio e seu retorno à terra natal; de Manuel Rui (1941-), Rioseco (1997), o personagem sô Pinto, português que continuou em Angola após a debandada dos brancos em 1975 e vive no Mussulo. Todas estas obras dialogam com momentos historicamente determinados, numa linha do tempo que vai de meados da década de 1930 até meados da década de 1980, da sociedade colonial à crise colonial e ao país independente. Procuramos pensar estas obras em diálogo não apenas com as outras literaturas de língua portuguesa, com as quais têm relação óbvia, também com outras obras da literatura ocidental, da qual elas, devemos enfatizar sempre isso, também fazem parte. / The portraits of colonizers and colonists that were presented by Albert Memmi and Franz Fanon inspired me selecting some Angolan narratives in order to perceive the way the members of a minority are literarily portrayed: the white minority, of either colonizers or settlers, and afterwards of citizens of the independent republic. This is a study of literary characters, their construction and constitution, and it includes the interpretations I was able to suggest from them. The novel Nós, os do Makulusu (1975), by José Luandino Vieira (1935-), is the main source of this research. I examined its characters thoroughly, from those of its central nucleus to the most fleeting and ephemeral ones. The following novels served as a second source for the research. As lágrimas e o vento, Tears and the wind (1975), by Manuel dos Santos Lima (1935-), in which I studied the white characters and how black and mestizo characters see them. A geração da utopia, The generation of utopia (1992), by Pepetela (1941-), in which I focused on the character Sara Pereira, her years of exile and her return to native land. Rioseco, Dry river (1997), by Manuel Rui (1941-), in which we studied the character sô Pinto (Mr. Pinto), a Portuguese that lives in Mussulos island (Luanda) and remained in Angola after the scampering of the Whites in 1975. All those works dialogue with specific moments of history, in a chronology from the mid 1930s to the mid 1980s, from the colonial society to the colonial crisis and the independent country. We tried to posit a dialogue of those works not only with other literatures in Portuguese language, but also with other works of the Western literature, of which, it must be always emphasized, they are also a part.
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Retratos do colono, do colonizador, do cidadão: a representação literária da minoria branca em Nós, os do Makulusu e em outras narrativas angolanas / Portraits of the settler, the colonizer and the citizen: literary representation of the white minority in Nós, os do Makulusu (We, the ones from Makulusu) and other Angolan narrativesLuiz Maria Veiga 18 March 2010 (has links)
Inspirados nos retratos de colonizadores e colonizados apresentados por Albert Memmi e Franz Fanon, escolhemos algumas narrativas angolanas para perceber de que modo são retratados literariamente os membros de uma minoria: os brancos, colonizadores ou colonos e, num momento posterior, cidadãos da república independente. É, portanto, um estudo de personagens literários, sua construção, constituição, e inclui as sugestões interpretativas que, a partir deles, pudemos fazer. Nós, os do Makulusu (1975), de José Luandino Vieira (1935-) é nosso corpus principal. Percorremo-lo do núcleo central de personagens aos mais fugidios e efêmeros. Constituem um corpus secundário os romances As lágrimas e o vento (1975), de Manuel dos Santos Lima (1935-), em que estudamos os personagens brancos e a visão que os colonizados têm deles; de Pepetela (1941-), A geração da utopia (1992), foco na personagem Sara Pereira, seus anos de exílio e seu retorno à terra natal; de Manuel Rui (1941-), Rioseco (1997), o personagem sô Pinto, português que continuou em Angola após a debandada dos brancos em 1975 e vive no Mussulo. Todas estas obras dialogam com momentos historicamente determinados, numa linha do tempo que vai de meados da década de 1930 até meados da década de 1980, da sociedade colonial à crise colonial e ao país independente. Procuramos pensar estas obras em diálogo não apenas com as outras literaturas de língua portuguesa, com as quais têm relação óbvia, também com outras obras da literatura ocidental, da qual elas, devemos enfatizar sempre isso, também fazem parte. / The portraits of colonizers and colonists that were presented by Albert Memmi and Franz Fanon inspired me selecting some Angolan narratives in order to perceive the way the members of a minority are literarily portrayed: the white minority, of either colonizers or settlers, and afterwards of citizens of the independent republic. This is a study of literary characters, their construction and constitution, and it includes the interpretations I was able to suggest from them. The novel Nós, os do Makulusu (1975), by José Luandino Vieira (1935-), is the main source of this research. I examined its characters thoroughly, from those of its central nucleus to the most fleeting and ephemeral ones. The following novels served as a second source for the research. As lágrimas e o vento, Tears and the wind (1975), by Manuel dos Santos Lima (1935-), in which I studied the white characters and how black and mestizo characters see them. A geração da utopia, The generation of utopia (1992), by Pepetela (1941-), in which I focused on the character Sara Pereira, her years of exile and her return to native land. Rioseco, Dry river (1997), by Manuel Rui (1941-), in which we studied the character sô Pinto (Mr. Pinto), a Portuguese that lives in Mussulos island (Luanda) and remained in Angola after the scampering of the Whites in 1975. All those works dialogue with specific moments of history, in a chronology from the mid 1930s to the mid 1980s, from the colonial society to the colonial crisis and the independent country. We tried to posit a dialogue of those works not only with other literatures in Portuguese language, but also with other works of the Western literature, of which, it must be always emphasized, they are also a part.
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The mischiefmakers: woman’s movement development in Victoria, British Columbia 1850-1910Ihmels, Melanie 11 February 2014 (has links)
This thesis examines the beginning of Victoria, British Columbia’s, women’s movement, stretching its ‘start’ date to the late 1850s while arguing that, to some extent, the local movement criss-crossed racial, ethnic, religious, and gender boundaries. It also highlights how the people involved with the women’s movement in Victoria challenged traditional beliefs, like separate sphere ideology, about women’s position in society and contributed to the introduction of new more egalitarian views of women in a process that continues to the present day. Chapter One challenges current understandings of First Wave Feminism, stretching its limitations regarding time and persons involved with social reform and women’s rights goals, while showing that the issue of ‘suffrage’ alone did not make a ‘women’s movement’. Chapter 2 focuses on how the local ‘women’s movement’ coalesced and expanded in the late 1890s to embrace various social reform causes and demands for women’s rights and recognition, it reflected a unique spirit that emanated from Victorian traditionalism, skewed gender ratios, and a frontier mentality. Chapter 3 argues that an examination of Victoria’s movement, like any other ‘women’s movement’, must take into consideration the ethnic and racialized ‘other’, in this thesis the Indigenous, African Canadian, and Chinese. The Conclusion discusses areas for future research, deeper research questions, and raises the question about whether the women’s movement in Victoria was successful. / Graduate / 0334 / 0733 / 0631 / mlihmels@shaw.ca
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