Canada has historically been both attracted to and suspicious of the United States. While closer relations have promised greater economic benefits, Canadians have long been wary of the influence wielded by Americans by virtue of their size and power, as well as a crusading sense of nationalism. Hence free trade, while economically attractive, has been rejected on no less than five occasions in Canadian history. However, despite the emphasis placed on autonomy by nationalists, Canada has from its very inception drawn closer to its only neighbour. Trade with the Americans steadily displaced British trade, a trend accelerated by the Second World War. The war brought Ottawa and Washington into particularly close cooperation, and the emergence of the United States as the leader of the Western alliance in 1945 further solidified their relationship. NATO and NORAD went a good distance toward integrating continental defence, while bilateral trade mounted, boosted further by the signing of the Auto Pact in 1965. Yet, even in the face of such cooperation, the nationalist impulse in Canadian politics has remained strong. Diefenbaker's pledge to divert 15 per cent of Canada's trade with the United States to Great Britain echoed Canadian concerns about their dependence on the U.S. and was clearly antagonistic to American interests, as were the string of highly nationalistic policies enacted under Trudeau. Autonomy has become more difficult to achieve, however. The global economy has become increasingly competitive, while the post-1945 liberal trading order no longer seems capable of ensuring open world markets. The relative decline of the United States evident since the mid-1960s, combined with the rising importance of regional trade blocs and the economic success of Japan and the NICs, acted to undermine the liberal trade regime established in the wake of World War II. No longer willing to trade off economic gains for security goals, Washington, beginning with the "Nixon shocks" of 1972-73, turned to protectionism. Trade issues became crucial to the formulation of foreign policy, while states became increasingly vulnerable to the actions and policies pursued by others. The rising importance of trade to virtually all countries, due in large part to the post-war liberal trade regime, thus led to an increasing politicization of trade issues. The declining utility of force as an effective tool of foreign policy, given by the development of nuclear weapons and the ineffectiveness of conventional weapons demonstrated in Vietnam and Afghanistan, has heightened further the importance of economic issues. The traditional distinction between the "high politics" of security considerations and the "low politics" of economic issues has, for many states, been erased. Increasingly states are faced with trade-offs between security and economic values. This increased concern with economic values is evident in Canada's decision to pursue free trade with the United States. The sacrifices entailed in a nationalist political course have become more expensive both because of the rise of protectionism in the United States, and further because the intrinsic value of national economic performance has risen The trade-off between autonomy and wealth long recognized in Canadian politics remains, yet the value of affluence has increased. Indeed, Canadian nationalism has come to be defined increasingly in terms of Canadian performance in the world economy. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Rational use of Nigeria's forest resources is analyzed with the objective of identifying policies towards wood products exports which should enhance the contribution of the forestry and forest industries sector to the economy. From an examination of the role of international trade and expansion of exports in economic development, it is concluded that the experience of currently underdeveloped countries does not vindicate the 'classical' view of foreign trade as an "engine of growth". Nigerian economic growth is closely connected with developments in foreign trade.. The full impact of trade on the economy has not been realized due to political and institutional obstacles. Forestry and forest industries can exert a potentially propulsive influence on economic development. Several factors determine the role of forestry in economic growth. The sector need not be a leading one in every economy. The importance of the sector should be judged on the basis of its relative efficiency in utilizing scarce resources to promote national welfare. Several studies, particularly by the FAO, have ascribed a major role to wood products exports in accelerating economic growth in tropical developing countries. International trade in tropical hardwoods has expanded greatly in the last fifteen years. The developmental patterns reveal that the trade is heavily concentrated on logs directed to markets in industrially advanced countries. It is argued that such trade patterns largely benefit the importing countries. Tropical developing countries should regulate the use of their forest resources for national development through domestic processing of wood before export." The developmental trends of Nigeria's wood products export trade reveals a striking similarity to those of other tropical developing countries. Logs account for about 86% of the total annual export volume; 70% is in three wood species, and 90% is directed to Western Europe. Over the last decade, the annual volume and value of Nigerian wood products exports have declined continuously. The export decline is attributed to resource deficiency and unsettled policies, rather than deficiency of external demand. Appraisal of the role of forestry in the national economy showed that the sector is declining in relative importance. The sectoral contribution to the economy was assessed using such indicators as, share of GDP, contribution to domestic incomes, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and value-added, as well as linkage effects. The pattern of commercial exploitation of timber for export and uncontrolled shifting cultivation are the predominant factors reducing the impact of the sector on the economy. To maximize benefits from use of the forest resource, Nigeria must adopt sound policies towards the wood products export trade. Urgent steps should be taken to increase domestic processing of wood, expand the range of timbers used and diversify markets. Three alternative policies are identified and analyzed on the basis of relevant national goals, evaluation criteria, constraints and process. The policy alternatives include, laissez-faire (or "do nothing"), incentives to private industry, and government regulation and control of exports. A laissez-faire policy is rejected because markets for wood products are imperfect. Private industry, motivated solely by profits, cannot be relied on to voluntarily implement the desired change in wood products export patterns. A combination of elements of the other two policy alternatives is justified. Incentives to private industry should include reduction or elimination of export taxes on processed wood products, lower fees and royalties on lesser-known timbers, provision of wood seasoning and treatment facilities at minimal cost, and assistance in negotiating shipping space and freight. Government should cooperate closely with private industry in research, product development and export promotion. The use of incentives must be justified to avoid misallocation of the economy's resources. A ban should be placed on exports of premium timbers, such as mahogany, iroko and guarea, in log form. Other timbers may be exported as logs on the condition that there is no domestic buyer. Establishment of statutory marketing of timber under a Timber Marketing Board is rejected. Indigenous enterprises would be the greatest losers under such a policy. Government should control wood products export marketing by establishing compulsory grading standards and a timber inspection service. The Nigerian Timber Association should be reorganized and partially financed by government. Expansion of wood products exports is not a requirement for Nigeria. The need for consistency between forest and national development objectives is stressed. The basic policy considerations include the productive and protective functions of forests. A forecast of potential wood requirements indicates a possible increase from 60 million m³(r) in 1971 to 93 million m³(r) in 1985, and 130 million m³(r) by 2000. Early plans must be made to supply these requirements within the limits of economic feasibility. The problems of forestry and forest industries development include land use and land tenure, productivity and utilization of the forest resources, poor equipment and wood processing methods, inadequate financing, lack of trained personnel and meagre research. These problems must be resolved if forestry is to contribute significantly to achievement of national goals. The need for integrated planning of the sector is emphasized. Recommendations are made for the attention of government and the wood-based industry. Most important among these, is the establishment of a National Forestry and Forest Industries Development Council, including government and industry representatives. The Council should be charged with responsibility for planning of the forestry and forest industries sector, and interpretation of policy. Policy analysis is a complex exercise, especially under the environment prevailing in a developing country. Nonetheless, reliance on foreign trade needs to be de-emphasized. The use of forest resources should be dictated by national goals. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

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A research report submitted to graduate School of Social Sciences of University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master International Relations in Department of International Relations University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg February 2017 / Manufacturing and International trade are key concept between advanced and developing countries for growth. However, developing countries on the path of industrialization are perceived to have a gloomy future regarding their trade patterns and strategies because these countries are schizophrenic about the liberalization of the trade policy to protect their industry. The purpose of this research report is to analyze this fogginess on the path of newly industrialized countries by observing the similarities and differences between Turkey and South Africa export patterns and strategies. The study covers South African and Turkey export conducted only in 2015. Both countries’ patterns and strategies are analyzed with data based descriptive statistic embodied by the author. We use various indexes from the literature and develop some original indexes as our own contributions. We classified the export commodities based on: (1) Natural Resource, (2) Low-Tech Manufacturing, (3) High-Tech Manufacturing. / MT2018

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

This thesis examines the applicability of the theoretical framework of strategic trade to the export-led growth of the automobile industry in South Korea. The study focuses on four areas. First, the "new" theory of international trade is elaborated in order to identify the “prerequisite” industrial characteristics under which policies of strategic trade are theoretically advantageous. Secondly, the development of the automobile industry in South Korea is analyzed. The focus is on examining the role of the state in initiating industrial and trade policies that specifically targeted the automobile sector. This thesis argues that strategic trade is a valid analytical framework in the case of the South Korean automobile industry. Thirdly, the development of the automobile industry in South Korea is compared with that of Mexico. The comparative perspective helps highlight several factors that may have helped make policies of strategic trade effective in the South Korean case. These factors include a virtual absence of transnational corporations and domestic industrial conglomeration in the South Korean automobile industry. Finally, based on the possible critical importance of these factors for policy implementation and outcomes, the thesis ends with a discussion on the relevance of strategic trade as a model for economic development. / Master of Arts