This study examines three commercially driven swedish news organizations that cover consumer electronics in some way. These are: MacWorld, Dagens Industri and Ny Teknik. The aim of this study is to analyze the policies and ethical guidelines regarding consumer electronics of each news organization and see how these translate to the finished articles. This study also aims to examine if the articles from each news organization can be interpreted as native advertising and/or adverising for the product. To achieve this, qualitative interviews have been conducted with representatives from each news organization, about their guidelines and general attitudes regarding consumer electronics. Furthermore, a qualitative content analysis of 13 articles in total has been conducted. To limit this study, one product has been chosen as the analysis object. This product is the Apple Watch and all the analyzed articles has a focus on the product. The results show that the policies and ethical guidelines about consumer electronics where very similiar between the three news organizations. All three were strongly against native advertising and any other form of favouritism. They emphazied that their credibilty towards their audience was the most important thing and that their focus were on what was important and interesting for the audience, not financial gain. However, the representatives, did say that they experienced their reporting about consumer electronics as difficult, and descibed it as a balancing act. The content analysis show that all of the articles about the Apple Watch had similarities to native advertisning and regular advertising for the product, and that they could be interpreted as such. There was a discrepancy between the policies and the actual articles. The interviews painted a picture of the ideal and morally correct way of reporting about consumer electronics. The articles on the other hand did not always live up to these standards. However, this should not be interpreted as if the media organizations were immoral and lied about their use of native advertising. Yet, this study illustrates the difficulty in reporting about consumer electronics without it being interpreted as advertising, and supports previous calls for revised guidelines and definitions about what is and what is not considered native adverising.

Eighteenth-century English men and women ventured to the playhouse for a night of festive revelry and entertainment. Despite the raucousness (compared to our vision of a night at the theatre), theatergoing was a polite endeavor and as such equipped with the material pleasantries of bourgeois society. But unlike other spaces reserved for the middle and upper classes, all manner of people could and did attend the theatre. Thus, particular methods of physically and visually separating social classes arose within the eighteenth-century playhouse. In this thesis, I investigate these material phenomena, particularly the ways in which theatre managers, players, as well as audience members interacted with, interpreted, and created the physicality of the eighteenth-century playhouse. Moreover, I show how eighteenth-century theatrical space -- its appearance, its seating arrangement, its lighting -- shaped intensifying class antagonisms, the bourgeois demand for comfort, luxury, and exclusivity, and finally the role of women in public, heterosocial venues. Though not an exhaustive study of playhouse material culture, this work focuses upon those material and architectural attributes of the theatre that reveal subtle yet widespread cultural changes taking place in the eighteenth-century English Atlantic world.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DoutZJS.pdf: 1318890 bytes, checksum: 8af8fb950a57d0d932f8e30174091a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-12-18 / Given the estimated potential of electric energy generation around 18 thousand MW and the necessity to expand and diversify the installed national capacity of energy generation, this dissertation investigates the reasons for the low performance in the exploitation of the investment opportunities in electric energy commercialization by the sugarcane sector. With this purpose, the research presents a diagnosis of the main structural obstacles and transaction costs present in the generation of electric energy surpluses, showing the importance of the institutions in the decision of expansion of the activity by the sugarcane sector. The results were contrasted with the proposal of governmental energy policy for incentive this activity. It was verified the necessity of improvement in the current institutional environment. The main contribution of the dissertation was to present directives to public policies. These directives focus the financing for the expansion of the activity; the commercialization of the excesses; the tax incentive; and the concession of direct subsidies to the expansion of the activity. The directives related to financing were: official lines differentiated by technology use, index of mechanization and scale; the Ethical Fund Formation for the sector; and projects finance involving Emissions Reduction Certificate. Regarding commercialization, directives were: subvention to the transport tariffs; the extension of the universe of potentially free consumers; formation of trading pools and inclusion in the Energy Replacement Mechanism; the insertion of the sugarcane energy in the composition of Factor X and in the National Energy Reserve; changes in the retailers' auto-supplement; and incentive to the commercialization of energy surpluses and of Emissions Reduction Certificates. Directives related to tax incentive were also presented. Regarding direct subsidies, it is interesting the use of the resources that come from the Use of Public Good and Fuel Consume Account to foster the expansion of the energy surpluses commercialization. / Considerando um potencial estimado de geração de energia elétrica da ordem de 18 mil MW e a necessidade de expandir a capacidade nacional instalada de geração, bem como, de diversificá-la, a tese investigou os motivos para o baixo desempenho no aproveitamento das oportunidades de investimento presentes na geração de excedentes comercializáveis de energia elétrica pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta um diagnóstico dos principais entraves estruturais e custos de transação presentes na atividade de geração de excedentes de energia elétrica, mostrando a importância das instituições na decisão de expansão da atividade pelo setor sucroalcooleiro. Os resultados obtidos foram confrontados com a proposta de política setorial governamental para incentivo à atividade em pesquisa. Verificou-se a necessidade de aprimoramento do Ambiente Institucional proposto, conforme estipulado na hipótese central do trabalho. As diretrizes para políticas setoriais governamentais, propostas por esta tese, enfocam o financiamento à expansão da atividade; a comercialização dos excedentes; o incentivo tributário; e a concessão de subsídios diretos à expansão da atividade. Especificamente, as diretrizes apresentadas quanto ao aspecto de financiamento foram: linhas oficiais diferenciadas por tecnologia empregada, por índice de mecanização e por porte de empresa; a Formação de Fundo Ético para o setor; e projects finance envolvendo Certificados de Redução de Emissões. No enfoque da comercialização, as diretrizes foram: subvenção às tarifas de transporte; a extensão do universo de consumidores potencialmente livres; a formação de um pool de usinas sucroalcooleiras e inclusão no Mecanismo de Realocação de Energia; a inserção da energia sucroalcooleira na composição do Fator X e na Reserva Nacional de Energia; alterações na questão do auto-suprimento das distribuidoras; e o incentivo à comercialização de excedentes de energia e de Certificados de Redução de Emissões. Foram também apresentadas diretrizes quanto ao incentivo tributário à atividade. Com relação ao aspecto de subsídios diretos, as diretrizes apresentadas abordam a utilização dos recursos advindos do Uso do Bem Público e da Conta de Consumo de Combustíveis para estímulo à expansão da atividade de comercialização de excedentes.

This thesis aims to analyze Czech literary criticism of the 1990s from the perspective of political reading. In the first part, the basic tendencies of Polish literary criticism are introduced: these form a contrast to the Czech context and also problematize some underlying notions of Czech literary historiography. The second part discusses the following terms: politics and police Rancière), depoliticization (Schmitt, Barthes) and ideology (Eagleton). These are adjusted to the specifics of the Czech context. The practical part of the thesis looks at the political interpretation of the critical reception of three novels by Michal Viewegh. The topics of the reception becomes the focus here: the debates around these novels include suppressed political messages such as the fight for the historical narrative of the previous political regime, or the disputes over high and low literature. These reflect the helplessness of the literary field, caused by the pressure of the commercialized book market. This part also looks at the contemporary debates on the so-called authentic literature and two program manifestoes. These examples show that the Czech literary field's proclaimed split from politics is only rhetorical: the result is not its autonomy, but an unreflected heteronomy.

自2003年布達佩斯宣言公佈起，國際間學術文獻開始開放取用的趨勢。於此背景下，本研究以諾貝爾生物醫學獎近十年23位得主為研究樣本，評比在商業資料庫(SCIE、Scopus)及開放取用系統(生物醫學類：Pubmed、Highwire；綜合類：Google Scholar)的文獻收錄狀況，除了比較其內部重複性與完整性，並交叉比對五個資料庫與系統的重複性、獨特性及完整性，同時也觀看能否取得全文的比率，來了解現今開放取用文獻的狀況，進而觀察開放取用系統和商業資料庫兩者是否可以互補，或是開放取用系統有代替商業資料庫的可能性。 研究結果顯示五個資料庫及系統的檢索形式多元。針對作者檢索而言，Scopus最完善，資料收錄也較齊全；SCIE及Pubmed兩者則是檢索結果最為相似。如果以學術出版收錄而言，則是Highwire較完整；至於Google Scholar的獨特性較高。整體而言，開放取用系統比商業資料庫的全文收錄比例高，但Scopus是收錄最多全文的資料庫。本研究同時也發現PNAS是五個資料庫與系統之重複來源及獨特來源。另外，使用PubMed及Highwire檢索生物醫學文獻會比Google Scholar來得專業。 根據研究結果建議，商業資料庫可考慮將網路開放資源納入收錄範圍，以便妥善整理及應用網路資源的書目及全文。開放取用系統則應改善索引書目之正確性及著錄完整性。另外，針對圖書館的服務宜採取以下之因應措施：(1)加強推廣商業資料庫之正確檢索方式及使用時機；(2)教導如何正確使用開放取用系統的檢索模式；(3)平衡商業資料庫和開放取用系統的使用，以達成圖書館經費的合理運用。 本研究後續可延伸至生物醫學領域的臨床及實證醫學上，以了解生物醫學中兩個最具時效性的學術文獻系統是否達到開放取用的立即性及實用性。再者，使用者對開放取用的滿意度研究是學術出版界急欲了解的課題，也是後續研究可加強努力的方向。 / The International Scholarly Communication has gradually forwarded open access system since the publication of Budapest Declaration in 2003. Under this research background, this study uses biomedical Nobel Prize winners in recent years for the study of 23 samples of appraisal in the commercial database (SCIE, Scopus) and open access systems (biomedical categories: Pubmed, Highwire ; Comprehensive: Google Scholar) literature collection status, in addition to comparing repeatability and integrity of its internal and cross-comparison of the five databases and system repeatability, uniqueness and integrity, while also viewing the ability to obtain the ratio of text to understand current status of open access literature, and then observe the open access systems and commercial databases whether the two can complement each other, or open access database system instead of commercial possibilities. The results showed that five databases have different retrieval systems in many different forms. For the purposes of retrieval, Scopus collections are more complete; SCIE and Pubmed are the most similar two databases in the search results. Inclusion academic publishing purposes, Highwire is the most complete one. For Google Scholar, the collection’s uniqueness is the highest. Overall, comparing the open access system with commercial database, open access system contains a high proportion of full text. Scopus is the most one of full text collections. The PNAS study also found that five of the duplicate database and system sources and unique source. In addition, the use of PubMed and Highwire retrieved biomedical literature is more professional than Google Scholar. According to the study results suggest that commercial databases can be considered included in the scope of network resources into the open, in order to properly organize network resources and application of bibliographic and full-text. Open access system should improve the accuracy and bibliographic indexing bibliographic completeness. In addition, for the library service should take the following measures in response to: (a) enhance the promotion of commercial database retrieval methods and the use of proper timing; (2) to teach the proper use of open access system retrieval mode; (3) Balance Business open access database and use of the system, in order to achieve rational use of library funds. The follow-up research of this study can be extended to the field of clinical and biomedical evidence-based medicine research. The follow-up research results can be used to understand the biomedical literature’ timeliness, whether the system reaches an open access immediate or practicality. Furthermore, users' satisfaction with open access scholarly publishing research is also an anxious subject to know, and the follow-up study will strengthen efforts.