My dissertation, “Africans, Cherokees, and the ABCFM Missionaries in the Nineteenth Century: An Unusual Story of Redemption,” assesses the experience of American missionaries in the Cherokee nation and in Western Africa during the nineteenth century. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), founded in 1810, was the first successful foreign missionary society in the U.S., and its campaign among the Cherokees served as springboard for its activities in “Western Africa”—Liberia, Ivory Coast, Gabon, and South Africa. Although the Cherokees and the West Africans were two different peoples, the ABCFM used the same method to Christianize them: the Lancasterian method with which the missionaries planned to “civilize” the Cherokees and West Africans before Christianizing them. Scholars such as William McLoughlin and Theda Purdue studied the missionary perspective and the Cherokee perspective as separate entities and convincingly maintained that the Cherokees embraced the ABCFM’s civilization and Christianization program partly to relieve the pressures on their lands and partly to adapt to the cultural pressures of their times. However, as my dissertation argues, the conversion story of the Cherokees takes a different turn if told simultaneously from the missionary and the Cherokee perspectives. Regarding the West African experience, authors such as Lamin Sanneh and Richard Gray have recently exposed the missionary and African sides of the stories with new questions that had been waiting to be asked for a long time. My dissertation, taking a unique comparative perspective, reveals first that West Africans did not face the same pressures as those faced by the Cherokees, yet, they still embraced the ABCFM’s civilization and Christianization program, though with a lesser sense of urgency and with more assertiveness than did the Cherokees despite the white missionaries’ racism. More importantly, by way of a method I call parallel agency, my dissertation offers a revisionist interpretation of the history of missions, which has traditionally emphasized the power of the white missionaries by calling into question the very assumption that the white missionaries had significantly more power than did their Cherokee and African converts.

This research presents a regional study of the implementation of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act (commonly known as the New Poor Law) and its operation in Hertfordshire up to 1847. It examines the economic costs of poor relief across the whole of this rural southern county but it also adopts a microhistory approach to examine in detail how the New Poor Law was implemented and administered in four poor law unions: Hatfield, Hitchin, St Albans and Watford. This study makes national and intra-county comparisons of poor relief data, policy and practice. This research focuses on people as well as place and examines how different groups influenced poor law policy and practice. It makes an important finding about the role played by the second Marquis of Salisbury (a prominent Hertfordshire resident) in the review of the poor laws and the legislation that followed. At the local level this thesis explores the process of implementation and gives new emphasis to the contribution made by the assistant poor law commissioners to both process and policy in the initial years of the New Poor Law. This study is unusual in the attention given to the middlemen of the poor law machinery - the poor law guardians and poor law officers including: medical officers, workhouse masters, relieving officers and schoolmasters and mistresses. This detailed examination of the local guardians challenges the existing historiography on the social demography of this body of men, demonstrates that the influence of elite personnel persisted and adds new data to support the argument that the operation of the poor laws was not just regionally but locally diverse. The workhouse, so symbolic of the New Poor Law and an essential component of the deterrent ideology, is considered in the context of attitudes around its construction and capacity as well as its everyday operation. This thesis adds to the poor law historiography with new data on a previously under-researched area of the country; it provides new information on the development of poor law policy, but more importantly it draws attention to the role of the middlemen and how their individual contributions influenced poor law policy and practice.

The thesis looks at Protestant missions to the Ottoman Empire and the countries which emerged from it through Bosch's "Enlightenment missionary" (2003) and Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" (1996) paradigms. It argues that Muslim resistance to Christianity is rooted in innate Muslim intransigence and in specific historical events in which missionaries played important roles. The work utilizes a simple formula: it contrasts the socio-political and cultural framework missionaries imbibed at home with that of their host environment, outlines the goals and strategies they formulated and implemented, looks at the results, and notes the missiological implications. The formula is applied to four successive periods. We begin with the pre-World War I missionaries of the late Ottoman Empire. We look at their faith in reason, their conviction in the cultural superiority of Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, their attitude towards Islam, their idea of reaching the Muslim majority by reviving the Orthodox churches, and the evolution of their theology and missiology. World War I changed the landscape. The Empire's demise led to a struggle for Turkish and Arab national self-determination leading to the establishment of the Turkish Republic and various Arab entities, notably French and British mandates. Protestant missions almost disappeared in Turkey, while a small number of "veterans" kept the enterprise alive in the Arab world. While the Arabs struggled to liberate themselves from the Mandatory Powers, these veterans analyzed past failures, recognized the importance of reaching Muslims directly and began experimenting with more contextualized approaches. The post-World War II era saw the retreat of colonialism, the creation of Israel, a succession of wars with that country, and the formation of a Palestinian identity. Oil enabled the Arabian Peninsula to emerge as a major economic and political force. The missionary enterprise, on the other hand, virtually collapsed. Unlike their veteran predecessors, the pre-Boomer generation, with a few notable exceptions, was bereft of fresh ideas. During the 1970s the evangelical Baby Boomers launched a new enterprise. They tended not to perceive themselves as heirs of a heritage going back to the 1800s, though the people they "targeted" did. Their successors, the GenXers, products of post-modernism and inheritors of Boomer structures, face a region experiencing both increased political frustration and the re-emergence of Islam as a socio-political power. In closing we look at Church-centered New Testament spirituality as a foundational paradigm for further missions to the region. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

German text / Die Bulgarische Evangelische Gesellschaft (BEG) ist die erste organisierte Eigeninitiative bulgarischer evangelischer Christen, die dem Ziel verpflichtet war, zur Evangelisation der Bulgaren beizutragen. Neben der Literaturarbeit und der finanziellen Unterstützung von Predigern und Pastoren gehörte die Förderung von Einheit unter den evangelischen Christen zu den wichtigsten Arbeitsbereichen der BEG. Letzteres wurde vor allem auch in den Jahresversammlungen verwirklicht, die allgemein eine wichtige Plattform für die verschiedenen Arbeitszweige darstellten. 1875 in einer äußerst unsicheren Zeit gegründet, überstand die BEG mehrere Kriege wie auch interne Probleme, bis sie (wie andere Vereine) 1958 vom kommunistischen Regime aufgelöst wurde. Ihre Geschichte spiegelt in weiten Teilen die Entwicklung der bulgarischen evangelischen Bewegung wider – deren Beschaffenheit und Besonderheiten, deren Erfolge sowie interne und externe Herausforderungen. Als interdenominationelle Organisation und mit der breiten Unterstützung durch einen Großteil der evangelischen Leiter wie auch durch viele Gemeindemitglieder nahm die BEG in der sich entwickelnden protestantischen Landschaft Bulgariens eine prägende Rolle ein. Bis dato ist die frühe protestantische Geschichte Bulgariens hauptsächlich aus dem Blickwinkel der Missionsarbeit der amerikanischen Missionen behandelt worden. Anhand der neu aufgefundenen Jahresberichte der BEG und anderer Primärquellen kann nun das Augenmerk auf diese heute fast vergessene Eigeninitiative der noch jungen evangelischen Bewegung Bulgariens gerichtet werden. Diese Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur evangelischen Kirchen- und Missionsgeschichtsschreibung in Bulgarien. / The Bulgarian Evangelical Society (BES) was the first organized initiative by Bulgarian evangelical Christians to evangelize Bulgarian people. In addition to publishing Christian literature and providing financial help for preachers and pastors, one of its major activities was to work towards unity among evangelical Christians. This was mostly realized at the annual meetings of the membership of the BES, which provided an important platform for the society's different ministries. Founded in 1875 in a very insecure time for the Bulgarian people, the BES managed to survive several wars and various internal problems until it was dissolved in 1958 by the Communist Regime, along with other non-governmental organizations. The history of the BES to a large extent reflects the development of the Bulgarian evangelical movement as a whole in its qualities and characteristics, its successes and in its internal and external challenges. As an interdenominational organisation and because it had the broad support of a large part of the evangelical leaders as well as many church members, the BES played an important role in the development of Protestantism in Bulgaria. In the past, the early Protestant history of Bulgaria frequently has been portrayed as the missionary work of American missionaries. With the newly rediscovered annual reports of the BES and other primary sources it has now become possible to uncover the significant role of this almost forgotten initiative of the early Bulgarian evangelical movement. In doing so, this study contributes both to history of missions and to the history of the Protestant Church in Bulgaria. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

German text / Die Bulgarische Evangelische Gesellschaft (BEG) ist die erste organisierte Eigeninitiative bulgarischer evangelischer Christen, die dem Ziel verpflichtet war, zur Evangelisation der Bulgaren beizutragen. Neben der Literaturarbeit und der finanziellen Unterstützung von Predigern und Pastoren gehörte die Förderung von Einheit unter den evangelischen Christen zu den wichtigsten Arbeitsbereichen der BEG. Letzteres wurde vor allem auch in den Jahresversammlungen verwirklicht, die allgemein eine wichtige Plattform für die verschiedenen Arbeitszweige darstellten. 1875 in einer äußerst unsicheren Zeit gegründet, überstand die BEG mehrere Kriege wie auch interne Probleme, bis sie (wie andere Vereine) 1958 vom kommunistischen Regime aufgelöst wurde. Ihre Geschichte spiegelt in weiten Teilen die Entwicklung der bulgarischen evangelischen Bewegung wider – deren Beschaffenheit und Besonderheiten, deren Erfolge sowie interne und externe Herausforderungen. Als interdenominationelle Organisation und mit der breiten Unterstützung durch einen Großteil der evangelischen Leiter wie auch durch viele Gemeindemitglieder nahm die BEG in der sich entwickelnden protestantischen Landschaft Bulgariens eine prägende Rolle ein. Bis dato ist die frühe protestantische Geschichte Bulgariens hauptsächlich aus dem Blickwinkel der Missionsarbeit der amerikanischen Missionen behandelt worden. Anhand der neu aufgefundenen Jahresberichte der BEG und anderer Primärquellen kann nun das Augenmerk auf diese heute fast vergessene Eigeninitiative der noch jungen evangelischen Bewegung Bulgariens gerichtet werden. Diese Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur evangelischen Kirchen- und Missionsgeschichtsschreibung in Bulgarien. / The Bulgarian Evangelical Society (BES) was the first organized initiative by Bulgarian evangelical Christians to evangelize Bulgarian people. In addition to publishing Christian literature and providing financial help for preachers and pastors, one of its major activities was to work towards unity among evangelical Christians. This was mostly realized at the annual meetings of the membership of the BES, which provided an important platform for the society's different ministries. Founded in 1875 in a very insecure time for the Bulgarian people, the BES managed to survive several wars and various internal problems until it was dissolved in 1958 by the Communist Regime, along with other non-governmental organizations. The history of the BES to a large extent reflects the development of the Bulgarian evangelical movement as a whole in its qualities and characteristics, its successes and in its internal and external challenges. As an interdenominational organisation and because it had the broad support of a large part of the evangelical leaders as well as many church members, the BES played an important role in the development of Protestantism in Bulgaria. In the past, the early Protestant history of Bulgaria frequently has been portrayed as the missionary work of American missionaries. With the newly rediscovered annual reports of the BES and other primary sources it has now become possible to uncover the significant role of this almost forgotten initiative of the early Bulgarian evangelical movement. In doing so, this study contributes both to history of missions and to the history of the Protestant Church in Bulgaria. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)