The Constitution of South Africa, 1996, requires local government to be democratic and accountable to local communities. Municipalities are also constitutionally bound to encourage the involvement of the communities in the affairs of local government. Section 152 of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996, sets out the rights of communities to be involved in the affairs of local government.Participation is not only about communicating information and addressing the needs of the community. Participation is also about building partnerships with the community, being accountable to the community, allowing the community to take part in policy decisions, capacitating the community to understand their rights and obligations as citizens, and allowing the community to participate actively in social, political and economic affairs. Local government as a sphere of government closest to the peopleplays a critical role in advancing the participation of the community. Chapter 4 of the Municipal Structures Act of 1998 requires that municipalities should establish ward committees in order to enhance participatory democracy. Ward committees were therefore established, as community structures, to play a role in advocating needs, aspirations, potentials and problems of the community. However, studies appear to be critical on the functionality of ward committees and argue that most ward committees are not functioning as intended. The purpose of the study is to establish whether MatlosanaLocal Municipality has created the environment for active participation through the ward committee system in order to enhance participatory democracy. Thestudy further investigates whether the ward committees are functioning as intended and according to what the law requires. The researcher used a qualitative method to determine how Matlosana Local Municipality uses the ward committee system to enhance participatory democracy. The investigation revealed a number of challenges facing the ward committees which hinder their effectiveness. However, recommendations are recommended to assist the management of the municipality in making the system more effective. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The Constitution of South Africa, 1996, requires local government to be democratic and accountable to local communities. Municipalities are also constitutionally bound to encourage the involvement of the communities in the affairs of local government. Section 152 of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996, sets out the rights of communities to be involved in the affairs of local government.Participation is not only about communicating information and addressing the needs of the community. Participation is also about building partnerships with the community, being accountable to the community, allowing the community to take part in policy decisions, capacitating the community to understand their rights and obligations as citizens, and allowing the community to participate actively in social, political and economic affairs. Local government as a sphere of government closest to the peopleplays a critical role in advancing the participation of the community. Chapter 4 of the Municipal Structures Act of 1998 requires that municipalities should establish ward committees in order to enhance participatory democracy. Ward committees were therefore established, as community structures, to play a role in advocating needs, aspirations, potentials and problems of the community. However, studies appear to be critical on the functionality of ward committees and argue that most ward committees are not functioning as intended. The purpose of the study is to establish whether MatlosanaLocal Municipality has created the environment for active participation through the ward committee system in order to enhance participatory democracy. Thestudy further investigates whether the ward committees are functioning as intended and according to what the law requires. The researcher used a qualitative method to determine how Matlosana Local Municipality uses the ward committee system to enhance participatory democracy. The investigation revealed a number of challenges facing the ward committees which hinder their effectiveness. However, recommendations are recommended to assist the management of the municipality in making the system more effective. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Australia�s policy on Quality Use of Medicines (QUM) aims to achieve appropriate use of medicines and improved health outcomes. Drug and Therapeutics Committees (DTCs) are educators, policy makers as well as financial gatekeepers in matters relating to medicine use. Increasingly, DTCs are also involved in risk management and clinical governance. As such, DTCs could be considered to be QUM advocates in the institutions in which they function. In a health care arena where there are escalating demands on high standards of clinical practice, quality assessment and improvement is essential in ensuring safe and effective patient care. Given the role DTCs play in safeguarding the interests of the stakeholders of the health care system, research into ways in which DTC performance could be enhanced is required. Although indicators specific to DTCs exist, the literature does not seem to provide straightforward answers to the question of what is currently being done in terms of quality assessment and quality improvement of DTCs. In the absence of such data, an opportunity for research is clearly identified. The first aim of this research project was to gain insight into the current activities undertaken by, and challenges facing Australian DTCs. Following this, the second aim was to explore ways in which DTC performance could be augmented. In addressing the first aim of this project, a national survey of Australian DTCs was conducted. These findings reinforce the evidence in the literature about the roles, structure and stakeholder expectations of DTCs. Our research also documents DTCs� quality improvement initiatives and barriers to DTC activities. It appears that there is little support available to Australian DTCs. Further, a case study was undertaken in order to gain an understanding of the depth and detail of DTC operations. An audit of a DTC in an Australian hospital was conducted. This study revealed that DTC decisions are being implemented in an ad hoc manner. In fact, there were no strategies (or action) planned to implement the majority of their decisions. This could have an impact on DTC performance. In view of this finding, qualitative methods were used to explore stakeholder opinions regarding the implementation of DTC decisions and policies. Stakeholders believed that strategies used to implement DTC policies should be targeted (to the audience as well as the type of decision/policy being implemented), timely, and delivered at the point of care. Face-to-face strategies were perceived to be more effective than printed materials, particularly when an influence on clinical practice was desired. Stakeholders also felt that the lack of resources was a significant barrier to DTC performance augmentation. This probably contributed to a lack of follow-up (or review) of implemented policies. According to stakeholders, other barriers to policy implementation include a lack of ownership of policies, low DTC profile, and an over-reliance on pharmacy to implement DTC decisions. Stakeholders felt one of the ways in which DTC performance could be improved was to prioritise DTC decisions for implementation. In pursuit of a method to prioritise DTC decisions, a survey was conducted. Stakeholders identified patient safety, cost, and the practice of evidence-based medicine as domains of important DTC decisions. The results also suggest that stakeholders recognise the need for the prioritisation of DTC decisions for implementation. Stakeholders implied that higher priority would be assigned to DTC decisions considered to be important. In a follow-up survey, stakeholders (including doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and DTC members) seemed to have agreement of the primary domains of DTC decisions. Higher levels of importance and higher priority were assigned to decisions involving the primary domains of patient safety and cost. However, level of importance and priority assignment were not consistently correlated. The work presented in this thesis suggests that there are ways to improve DTC performance. Although conducted primarily on hospital-based DTCs, it is anticipated that the lessons learnt could be applied to state-based, or even, Area Health-based DTCs. In conclusion, this research found that there was a range of views regarding �importance� and prioritisation for implementation. Social, organisational, as well as environmental factors may contribute to this. Future research should examine other possible factors contributing to the importance and priority of DTC decisions, so that DTC policy could be appropriately implemented into practice.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Université René Descartes-Paris V, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [475]-480) and index.

Thesis (M.A.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1994. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-154).

No description available.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar ao lógicas que orientam o recrutamento para as Comissões Permanentes da Câmara de Deputados nas Legislaturas de 1991/1994 e 1995/1999. A hipótese principal é a de que o pertencimento à aliança eleitoral do Presidente da República induz os partidos políticos a realizarem um recrutamento baseado em critérios de lealdade política para as comissões estratégicas para a agenda do executivo. Já os partidos de oposição, segundo a hipótese, são obrigados a buscarem no próprio legislativo, ou nos governos estaduais, as fontes de recursos para suas bases eleitorais, implicando assim, num recrutamento baseado em critérios de especialização ou auto-seletivo. O quadro teórico utilizado combina elementos do neoinstitucionalismo e teoria dos jogos, e visa compreender, a partir do conjunto das instituições políticas brasileiras, as estratégias utilizadas por partidos e parlamentares no recrutamento para as comissões. / The objective of this research is to verify to the logics that you guide the recruitment for the Permanent Committees of the Camera of Deputies in the Legislatures of 1991/1994 and 1995/1999. The main hypothesis is the that the participation in the President electoral alliance induces the political parties accomplish it a recruitment based on criteria of political loyalty for the strategic committees for the executive's agenda. Already the opposition parties, according to the hypothesis, they are forced her look for in the own legislative, or in the state governments, the sources of resources for their electoral bases, implicating like this, in a recruitment based on specialization criteria, or selfselective. The used theoretical structure combines elements of the newinstitutionalism and theory of the games, and he seeks to understand, starting from the group of the Brazilian political institutions, the strategies used by parties and parliamentary in the recruitment for the committees.

This study focuses on the effectiveness of audit committees in public entities, specifically schedule 3A entities, which are governed by the PFMA. It is clear that the audit committee cannot operate on its own if it wishes to be effective. Management, Internal Audit and External Audit (Auditor General of South Africa) all play significant roles in the effectiveness of the audit committee. Internal Audit and the Auditor General are assurance providers for the audit committee and therefore play an even bigger role in its effectiveness. The independence of these assurance providers is vital, as the audit committee relies on them to obtain an independent view of the effectiveness of controls within the entities. / Graduate School of Business Leadership

Business Management / D. B. L.

L’entreprise en difficulté est une terre de conflit entre plusieurs intérêts. L’étude du perfectionnement des règles substantielles permet de déterminer les intérêts protégés en droit et en fait. Ces derniers ressortent du contenu et de la fonction de la notion de l’intérêt de l’entreprise. L’équilibre est trouvé entre la rationalité économique et la rationalité juridique. Il se heurte, néanmoins, aux dispositions du licenciement inadaptées à la situation des entreprises en cessation des paiements. De fait, son absence dans la procédure de sauvegarde ne porte pas préjudice à son efficacité d’autant qu’elle s’inscrit dans un mouvement d’anticipation et de contractualisation. Le droit judiciaire des entreprises en difficulté renvoie aux règles régissant le droit processuel et la répartition des pouvoirs entre les intervenants. Si la situation du débiteur s’est améliorée, la place faite aux créanciers, particulièrement dans la procédure des comités, n’est pas audacieuse. La consultation de droit commun reprend au moindre incident. Tout un mal pour rien ! Notre étude ne se justifie pas seulement en raison du contexte économique et social, mais aussi en raison de la spécificité du droit processuel. Après les dernières réformes, un état des lieux s’est imposé. / A company in distress is a ground for conflict between different interests. Studies on the development of legal rules allow determining the interests protected in law and fact. The latter emerge from the content and function of the notion of the company’s interests. The equilibrium is found between economic rationality and legal rationality. However, it faces the provisions of the laws of layoffs inappropriate to the situation of companies in insolvency. In fact, the absence of this scheme in the backup procedure does not affect its effectiveness especially as it is part of a movement of anticipation and contracting. The judicial law of firms-in-difficulty refers to the judicial rules governing procedural law and the distribution of power among stakeholders. If the debtor's situation has improved, the place given to creditors, particularly in the procedure involving creditors’ committees, is not audacious. Consultations of common law resumes at the slightest incident. Much trouble for nothing! Our study is not only justified by the economic and social context, but also because of the specificity of procedural laws. After the latest reforms, an inventory was necessary.