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Psykosyntesterapi (PST) är en integrativ terapiform rotad i transpersonell psykologi. PST utmärks av ett fokus på den terapeutiska relationen samt av att anpassning gentemot den individuella klienten hålls som viktigare än teknisk följsamhet. Trots att PST funnits i ett sekel är tidigare forskning begränsad, vilket kan bero på svårigheten att operationalisera en terapi som uppmuntrar till en pragmatisk öppenhet kring vilka tekniker som används. Syftet med denna studie var därför att formulera en forskningsdefinition av PST utifrån tre delstudier: en förstudie där en enkät utformades baserat på en genomgång av kärnlitteraturen, samt en kvantitativ respektive en kvalitativ   delstudie som genomfördes med ett gemensamt urval av svenska PST-terapeuter (N=53), där enkäten användes för datainsamling av självskattade terapeutiska inslag samt terapeuternas egna definitioner av PST. Resultat: kvantitativt presenteras förekomsten av terapeutiska inslag utifrån tre kategorier – gemensamma terapifaktorer (GF), psykosyntetiska syften (PS) samt specifika tekniker (ST). Kvalitativt presenteras en tematisk analys av terapeuternas PST-definitioner som utmynnar i fem teman: "specifik människosyn", "psykosyntesterapi som metod", "transpersonella perspektiv", "centrala processer i psykosyntesterapi" samt "den terapeutiska relationen", vilka huvudsakligen är i samklang med samt kompletterar de kvantitativa fynden. Sammantaget utmynnar studien i följande forskningsdefinition av PST: "en integrativ terapiform där ett fokus på gemensamma terapifaktorer kombineras med en mångfald av varierande tekniker som används för att uppnå ett begränsat antal specifika terapeutiska syften, förankrade i en integration av psykosyntesteori med klientens och terapeutens unika kontext".

Exponential smoothing algorithms are very attractive for the practical world such as in industry. When considering bivariate exponential smoothing methods, in addition to the properties of univariate methods, additional properties give insight to relationships between the two components of a process, and also to the overall structure of the model. It is important to study these properties, but even with the merits the bivariate exponential smoothing algorithms have, exponential smoothing algorithms are nonstatistical/nonstochastic and to study the properties within exponential smoothing may be worthless. As an alternative approach, the (bivariate) ARIMA and the structural models which are classes of statistical models, are shown to generalize the exponential smoothing algorithms. We study these properties within these classes as they will have implications on exponential smoothing algorithms. Forecast properties are studied using the state space model and the Kalman filter. Comparison of ARIMA and structural model completes the study. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)

Text in English / The inception of psychology as a practicing profession in 1938 brought with it a continuing scientific struggle geared towards cementing its place as a value-adding health service in the form of psychotherapy. Concepts such as Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs), Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs) and Evidence Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) arose out of research attempts to scientifically prove the efficacy of psychological treatment versus psychiatric medications or versus no treatment. This focus on evidence in psychotherapy partly stems from, but also influences public policy in the form of practice and training mandates as well as government and insurance funding policies for psychotherapy. At present ESTs, EBTs and EBPP are the source of polarisation among psychologists who argue for either sides of this controversy, raising questions on a practical/policy level as well as an epistemological level. This thesis differentiates between ESTs, EBTs and EBPP as well as the Common Factors approach and continues to critically investigate the advantages, practical/policy implications and epistemological critiques against these approaches. Some of the identified shortfalls resulting from unwarranted epistemological (empirical) assumptions are addressed by proposing a social constructionist model of therapeutic factors based on social constructionist- and eco-systemic theories. The proposed model allows therapists to employ EBT’s in conjunction with various other (excluded) approaches that are available in their arsenal of treatments. Clinical case studies are used to illustrate the model’s practical operation in therapeutic contexts. / Psychology / Ph.D. (Psychology)

Exponential smoothing algorithms are very attractive for the practical world such as in industry. When considering bivariate exponential smoothing methods, in addition to the properties of univariate methods, additional properties give insight to relationships between the two components of a process, and also to the overall structure of the model. It is important to study these properties, but even with the merits the bivariate exponential smoothing algorithms have, exponential smoothing algorithms are nonstatistical/nonstochastic and to study the properties within exponential smoothing may be worthless. As an alternative approach, the (bivariate) ARIMA and the structural models which are classes of statistical models, are shown to generalize the exponential smoothing algorithms. We study these properties within these classes as they will have implications on exponential smoothing algorithms. Forecast properties are studied using the state space model and the Kalman filter. Comparison of ARIMA and structural model completes the study. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)

Text in English / The inception of psychology as a practicing profession in 1938 brought with it a continuing scientific struggle geared towards cementing its place as a value-adding health service in the form of psychotherapy. Concepts such as Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs), Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs) and Evidence Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP) arose out of research attempts to scientifically prove the efficacy of psychological treatment versus psychiatric medications or versus no treatment. This focus on evidence in psychotherapy partly stems from, but also influences public policy in the form of practice and training mandates as well as government and insurance funding policies for psychotherapy. At present ESTs, EBTs and EBPP are the source of polarisation among psychologists who argue for either sides of this controversy, raising questions on a practical/policy level as well as an epistemological level. This thesis differentiates between ESTs, EBTs and EBPP as well as the Common Factors approach and continues to critically investigate the advantages, practical/policy implications and epistemological critiques against these approaches. Some of the identified shortfalls resulting from unwarranted epistemological (empirical) assumptions are addressed by proposing a social constructionist model of therapeutic factors based on social constructionist- and eco-systemic theories. The proposed model allows therapists to employ EBT’s in conjunction with various other (excluded) approaches that are available in their arsenal of treatments. Clinical case studies are used to illustrate the model’s practical operation in therapeutic contexts. / Psychology / Ph.D. (Psychology)

[pt] Esta tese fornece uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a precificação de títulos corporativos ao redor do mundo. Estes títulos são mecanismos de financiamento essenciais para empresas do mundo inteiro e são primordiais para transferir recursos e fomentar o crescimento económico. O mercado de capitais é um mercado democrático e acessível, onde qualquer pessoa pode se tornar investidor, facilitando assim a criação de riqueza e dinamizando a economia. O processo de precificação de títulos de dívidas corporativas é o foco principal do trabalho, em que vai ser estudado quais são os fatores determinantes do preço desses títulos. Através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, a pesquisa elucida relações complexas entre a precificação dos títulos, classificações de crédito, indicadores macroeconômicos e características específicas das emissões. A maior contribuição do presente estudo é uma tabela final que categoriza os fatores de determinação do preço em: corporativos, da emissão, de liquidez e macroeconômico/de mercado. Essa categorização é importante para servir de guia para trabalhos futuros. A literatura existente carece de revisões abrangentes sobre os fatores que influenciam os preços dos títulos corporativos de dívida e há uma notável ausência de categorizações destes fatores. / [en] This thesis provides a systematic literature review on the pricing of corporate bonds worldwide. These securities are essential financing mechanisms for companies worldwide and are vital to transfer resources and catalyze economic growth. The democratizing potential of capital markets is highlighted, emphasizing that anyone can become an investor, thus facilitating wealth creation and boosting the national economy. The main exploration of the study is the bond pricing process in financial markets, focusing on the determinants of the price of these securities. Through a systematic review of selected literature, the research elucidates complex relationships between bond valuation, credit ratings, macroeconomic indicators, and specific bond characteristics. The greatest contribution is a final table that categorize the factors into corporate, issuance, liquidity and macroeconomic/market. This categorization is important to serve as a guide for future works. The existing literature lacks comprehensive reviews on the factors influencing corporate bond prices, and there is a notable absence of categorizations of these factors.

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