Chapter 1 Introduction. The magnetic field lines that emerge from the polar regions extend to great distances from the earth. The auroral zone closely approximate the boundary between those field lines that are closed within the magnetosphere and those that form the geomagnetic tail. the field lines int he tail may be open or possibly joined with the interplanetary field. this introduces considerable coupling between the polar ionosphere and the distant regions of the earth's atmosphere. High energy charged particles from the sun and disturbances in the magnetosphere, therefore cause large changes in the polar ionosphere, with auroral displays and regions of increased or irregular ionisation. Increasing attention is therefore, being paid to studies of the polar ionosphere to gain some insight into the changes occurring at great heights.

Work began in March 1967 with the design and construction of the fixed interferometer (described in Chapter 2) for measuring the elevation angle of arrival of 20MHz signals from the satellite Beacon-B. Also during this first year most of the computing was completed for the theoretical calculations on ray paths presented in Chapter 5; these results along with some previously obtained experimental results form the basis of a paper accepted by Radio Science. Records were obtained from the interferometer from April 1968 to the end of the transmitting life of Beacon-B in January 1970. The analysis of the phase traces from the two aperture interferometer was complicated by the automatic antenna switching procedures; each transit had to be annotated and the useful chart delineated manually before the analysts recorded the phase at intervals of a few seconds on a semi-automatic digital recording system. The antenna switching was designed to save electronics and one channel on the chart recorder, but lead to a computer programming effort which may have been more costly in time and lost transits than the saving achieved by avoiding two separate interferometers (Chapter 2). While this programming and analysis were going on, the computing delays on the University’s overworked IBM 1130 gave time to follow up the idea of recording the fast Faraday fading on 20 MHz signals from a satellite near to or even below the horizon. This project was simplified by the availability of an easily converted 20 MHz receiver and a digital recording system. The report on this project is given in Chapter 4 and also in a short paper. The elevation angle measurements from the interferometer were converted to virtual height increment versus equivalent vertical frequency plots and thence to electron density profiles (Chapter 3, Part I). This analysis was developed from ideas given originally by Titheridge (1964). The interpretation of the resulting values of the scale height at the peak (Chapter 3, Part II) in terms of ionosphere morphology depended heavily on the total content hourly values maintained on computer disk by Dr Titheridge. The results and discussion in Chapter 3 will be presented as a separated paper. Chapter 6 is a review of the effects of the ionosphere on transmitted satellite signals and in particular gives a wider view of Faraday fading than is normally taken. Because of its general nature Chapter 6 can serve as an introduction to satellite radio propagation techniques; it appears at the end of this thesis as common ground after the diversions of Chapters 4 and 5. Since this work falls into three separate projects of ray elevation angle measurements, fast Faraday fading, and second order Faraday rotation calculations, the reports on each have been written with minimal cross referencing; this should facilitate reading but has resulted in a small amount of repetition.

The single-polynomial method for ionogram analysis is adapted to give a least-squares procedure in which the number of scaled virtual heights is greater than the number of terms in the real-height polynomial. The general principles are described in detail and the procedure is applied to the valley problem in bottomside ionogram analysis. It is shown that only a single parameter, the integrated valley ionisation, is obtainable from typical ionograms. The least-squares technique is then applied to the problem of topside ionogram analysis where the facility for using any mixture of ordinary and extraordinary ray virtual depth data is very useful. The method is shown to offer many advantages over the more traditional methods. The effects of horizontal ionisation gradients on bottomside and topside ionograms are extensively investigated by a new technique for synthesising ionograms corresponding to a given model of a moving disturbance in the ionosphere. A number of interesting and important ionogram characteristics are identified and explained. Finally, the specific problem of a large disturbance seen on total electron content records during summer nights is briefly re-examined using topside ionogram data. It is suggested that the disturbance is not primarily a topside phenomenon as originally supposed.

Chapter 1 Introduction. The magnetic field lines that emerge from the polar regions extend to great distances from the earth. The auroral zone closely approximate the boundary between those field lines that are closed within the magnetosphere and those that form the geomagnetic tail. the field lines int he tail may be open or possibly joined with the interplanetary field. this introduces considerable coupling between the polar ionosphere and the distant regions of the earth's atmosphere. High energy charged particles from the sun and disturbances in the magnetosphere, therefore cause large changes in the polar ionosphere, with auroral displays and regions of increased or irregular ionisation. Increasing attention is therefore, being paid to studies of the polar ionosphere to gain some insight into the changes occurring at great heights.

Work began in March 1967 with the design and construction of the fixed interferometer (described in Chapter 2) for measuring the elevation angle of arrival of 20MHz signals from the satellite Beacon-B. Also during this first year most of the computing was completed for the theoretical calculations on ray paths presented in Chapter 5; these results along with some previously obtained experimental results form the basis of a paper accepted by Radio Science. Records were obtained from the interferometer from April 1968 to the end of the transmitting life of Beacon-B in January 1970. The analysis of the phase traces from the two aperture interferometer was complicated by the automatic antenna switching procedures; each transit had to be annotated and the useful chart delineated manually before the analysts recorded the phase at intervals of a few seconds on a semi-automatic digital recording system. The antenna switching was designed to save electronics and one channel on the chart recorder, but lead to a computer programming effort which may have been more costly in time and lost transits than the saving achieved by avoiding two separate interferometers (Chapter 2). While this programming and analysis were going on, the computing delays on the University’s overworked IBM 1130 gave time to follow up the idea of recording the fast Faraday fading on 20 MHz signals from a satellite near to or even below the horizon. This project was simplified by the availability of an easily converted 20 MHz receiver and a digital recording system. The report on this project is given in Chapter 4 and also in a short paper. The elevation angle measurements from the interferometer were converted to virtual height increment versus equivalent vertical frequency plots and thence to electron density profiles (Chapter 3, Part I). This analysis was developed from ideas given originally by Titheridge (1964). The interpretation of the resulting values of the scale height at the peak (Chapter 3, Part II) in terms of ionosphere morphology depended heavily on the total content hourly values maintained on computer disk by Dr Titheridge. The results and discussion in Chapter 3 will be presented as a separated paper. Chapter 6 is a review of the effects of the ionosphere on transmitted satellite signals and in particular gives a wider view of Faraday fading than is normally taken. Because of its general nature Chapter 6 can serve as an introduction to satellite radio propagation techniques; it appears at the end of this thesis as common ground after the diversions of Chapters 4 and 5. Since this work falls into three separate projects of ray elevation angle measurements, fast Faraday fading, and second order Faraday rotation calculations, the reports on each have been written with minimal cross referencing; this should facilitate reading but has resulted in a small amount of repetition.

The single-polynomial method for ionogram analysis is adapted to give a least-squares procedure in which the number of scaled virtual heights is greater than the number of terms in the real-height polynomial. The general principles are described in detail and the procedure is applied to the valley problem in bottomside ionogram analysis. It is shown that only a single parameter, the integrated valley ionisation, is obtainable from typical ionograms. The least-squares technique is then applied to the problem of topside ionogram analysis where the facility for using any mixture of ordinary and extraordinary ray virtual depth data is very useful. The method is shown to offer many advantages over the more traditional methods. The effects of horizontal ionisation gradients on bottomside and topside ionograms are extensively investigated by a new technique for synthesising ionograms corresponding to a given model of a moving disturbance in the ionosphere. A number of interesting and important ionogram characteristics are identified and explained. Finally, the specific problem of a large disturbance seen on total electron content records during summer nights is briefly re-examined using topside ionogram data. It is suggested that the disturbance is not primarily a topside phenomenon as originally supposed.

Thesis (Ph.D.(Curriculum studies))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται μια ιστορική μελέτη της εξέλιξης των θεωριών για το πώς ο μαθητής κατακτά το στόχο της μάθησης, αναπτύσσεται η χρησιμότητα των Τεχνολογιών Πληροφορικής και Επικοινωνιών στην Εκπαίδευση καθώς και ο ρόλος του εκπαιδευτικού σεναρίου και της εκπαιδευτικής δραστηριότητας στην οργάνωση της διδασκαλίας. Επίσης, επιχειρείται η αξιολόγηση εκπαιδευτικών δρασατηριοτήτων που οργανώθηκαν από εκπαιδευτικούς της Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης για την υποστήριξη της διδασκαλίας των Μαθηματικών. / This paper presents a historical study of the evolution of theories about how the student wins the goal of learning, growing usefulness of ICT in Education and the role of the educational scenario and educational activity in the organization of teaching. Also, attempts to evaluate educational drasatiriotiton organized by teachers of Primary Education to support the teaching of mathematics.

Orientador: Silvio Henrique Fiscarelli / Banca: Maria Iolanda Monteiro / Banca: Marcia Cristina Argenti Perez / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a contribuição do uso de games educacionais, na superação de dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentadas por crianças em processo de alfabetização. Para alcançar esse objetivo desenvolvemos um conjunto de atividades com crianças selecionadas pelo CENPE (Centro de Pesquisas da Infância e da Adolescência "Dante Moreira Leite"), localizado na UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista). A avaliação das dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentadas pelas crianças e sua evolução até o final da pesquisa, foi realizada por meio de observações e avaliações escritas, baseadas nos níveis de alfabetização apresentados pelos estudos de Emília Ferreiro. Os referenciais teórico-metodológico empregados na pesquisa são predominantemente qualitativos, consistindo em um estudo de caso, no qual serão empregadas técnicas de entrevista, observação e registros das atividades dos alunos. Os resultados gerais do projeto apontam aumento quantitativo e qualitativo no domínio dos conteúdos de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática. Também foi possível observar que ao longo do processo as crianças apresentaram um aumento da autonomia intelectual, ou seja, melhora na capacidade de realizar autonomamente as atividades propostas e aumento da autoconfiança durante o andamento dos trabalhos. / Abstract: The present research aimed to investigate the contribution of the use of educational games, in overcoming learning difficulties presented by children in the literacy process. To achieve this goal, we developed a set of activities with children selected by CENPE (Center for Child and Adolescent Research "Dante Moreira Leite"), located at UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista). The evaluation of the learning difficulties presented by the children and their evolution until the end of the research was carried out by means of observations and written evaluations, based on the levels of literacy presented by the studies of Emília Ferreiro. The theoretical-methodological references used in the research are predominantly qualitative, consisting of a case study, in which interview techniques, observation and records of students' activities will be used. The overall results of the project indicate a quantitative and qualitative increase in the Portuguese Language and Mathematics contents. It was also possible to observe that throughout the process the children presented an increase in the intellectual autonomy, that is, an improvement in the ability to autonomously carry out the proposed activities and increase the self-confidence during the progress of the work. / Mestre

Orientador: Vânia Cristina Pires Nogueira Valente / Banca: Vânia Cristina Pires Nogueira Valente / Banca: João Pedro Albino / Banca: Priscila Gambary Freire Garcia / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa interdisciplinar que abrange Tecnologia Digital, Ciências Humanas, Sociais e Educação. De natureza básica, qualitativa, exploratória, bibliográfica e documental, que averiguou audiovisuais disponíveis no YouTube, objetos e jogos digitais de aprendizagem disponíveis nos repositórios do MEC, no Banco Internacional de Objetos de Aprendizagem, trinta e seis jogos digitais de aprendizagem em espanhol, que abordam a notação e percepção musical, instrumentos musicais, História da Música, compositores e repertório, Ópera, entre outros; e no Rived, o objeto de aprendizagem "Zorelha", em língua portuguesa, que trabalha a percepção musical, sendo aportes para utilização das Tecnologias Midiáticas como estratégias de apoio, para auxiliar os professores de Arte polivalentes e alunos, ao acesso a conhecimentos de conteúdos diversos, pertinentes à Educação Musical, de forma democrática e viável nos diferentes ciclos da Educação Básica. A internet, por meio da Web 2.0, abre os horizontes propulsores para exploração de novas ferramentas educacionais. Novos meios, novas relações com a informação, com o conhecimento e diversão oportunizam, na atualidade, ambientes instrucionais dinâmicos, motivadores, eficientes e lúdicos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de novas práticas, apresentando uma alternativa para o Ensino da Música, sendo aplicados por Arte Educadores e Educadores Musicais, principalmente nas Unidades Escolares da Rede Estadual Paulista p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work consists of an interdisciplinary research that covers Digital Technology, Humanities, Sociel Sciences and Education. It has a basic, qualitative, exploratory, bibliographic and documentary nature, which has investigated audiovisuals available on Youtube, objects and digital learning games available in the MEC (Ministry of Education and Culture) resositories, in the International Banck of Learning Objects, thirty six digital learning games in Spanhish, which deal with musical notation and perception, musical instruments, History of Music, composers and repertoire, Opera, among others; and in the Rived (virtual Interactive Education Network), the learning object "Zorelha", in Portuguese language, that works musical perception, being inputs for the use of Media Technologies as support strategies, to help multipurpose teachers of Art and students, in acessing knowledge of diverse contents, pertinent to Music Education, in a democratic and viable way in the different Basic Education cycles. The Internet, through Web 2.0, opens the propellant horizons for exploring new educational tools. New media, new relationships with information, with knowledge and fun, offer nowadays dynamic, motivational, efficient and playful instructional environments that contribute to the development of new practices, presenting an alternative to the teaching of music, being applied by Art Educators and Music Educators, mainly in the School Units of the São Paulo State Netweork through the "rooms of access" / Mestre