Based on the upcoming 2010 World Expo of Shanghai. According to 'moving out' policy of Shanghai government, a large percentage of residents from Shanghai's old downtown area are being moved out to a district on the outskirts of the municipality. In the context of moving out policy and shifting community space of 'Longtang' residents, my research explores how water can be used to forge a new typology for the Xinji residential area in developing Shanghai. The new typology of residential area is defined by a new type of community space. Water, edge and corridor are examined as three main concepts to create this kind of new community space, where residents can be provided with diverse spatial experience and various spatial effects through spatial transformations in and between private and public and diverse programs in a residential area. 'Longtang' is one of the key precedents I am looking at for the purpose of studying water edge conditions and corridor conditions, and to deduce a way to best design hybrid community in the Xinji residential area, which is selected as my research site. It is identified as one of the peripheral node for the moving out policy by Shanghai government? My research, therefore, tries to explore a new typology of Xinji residential area, which can provide both existing residents and 'Longtang' residents with diverse water based community space in the residential area and its context.

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Louis Kahn, the master of modern architecture, said, "Even a brick wants to be something " the phrase explained how important it is to respect the properties and materials, each material has a structure or form that can be the most beautiful to express its essence. The reason that he taught the essence of materials by using "brick" as an example among numerous materials the characteristics of bricks are very simple and clear. The essence of the brick lies in 'stacking'. The stone and metal panels which can be found as common as bricks, the surface forms are smooth, but it held by various types of material. The surface materials require separate devices to overcome gravity instead of forming a large surface at a time. Architecture is the site where human technology overcomes the providence of nature. However, brick is not 'attached' material, its 'stacked' material. A piece of brick is placed and laid on, depending on gravity. The nature of bricks goes hand in hand with the history of mankind and is loved a lot. "Architecture is a poem written in light and brick," and brick can be a material that makes use of the essence of architecture: practicality and art. In fact, that the most common building around us is a brick building is evidence that the brick is imprinted with familiar and reliable materials for everyone. Moreover, the bricks are an inexpensive and fast-producing material. In this thesis, I 'd like to propose the housing for elderly residents on the Robinson North Terminal at the Potomac waterfront in Alexandria Virginia. Also I tried to understand and study the material properties of bricks, and to realize mix-used architecture that can conform to Alexandra's unique order and maximize the potential of only sites / Master of Architecture / Aging and Elderly As medical technology develops and demography changes, the demand for more resources. In addition, as the elderly population grows, total support costs (infant and elderly population / productive population) continue to increase. In the past 30 years, the United States has grown at an age-old population five times faster than France and the United Kingdom, twice as many as Germany. Older people's participation in economic activities and their support are emerging as important topics. Older retirees can be good mentors for young adults based on their skills and business operations experience. Economic activity of older people can also reduce conflict among generations. In fact, startups / entrepreneurs accounted for more than 50s over 20-30s. As consumers, people in their 50s have a great presence. Not only do they account for more than 50% of the total US consumption, but consumer dispositions also vary. Likewise, the elderly can be a great help in revitalizing the economy if they are consumers with high demand and maximize their potential as producers. Abandoned land of Alexandria waterfront Robinson terminal North Robinson Terminal North was built in the early 1730's west's point. It was an important marine settlement in the 18th century for marine ships. This site, which is now threadbare, has a lot of historical importance and has a great potential. Robinson Terminal North, which is owned by the Washington Post, is halved by Union Street and currently made up warehouses, a nearly 40,000 square foot pier, and the terminates of a rail line. Redevelopment of the site has been planned for scores of years. In keeping up with the goals of this Plan to encourage public access and delight of the waterfront, land uses in the renewal Robinson Terminal North should be active and productive place.

The purpose of the study is to: (1) examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are being empowered to participate in familial decision-making around the management of income and expenditures like food, children’s education, dowry and teenage marriages; and (2) to examine women borrowers’ engagement in community activities such as the degree of freedom women are granted to visit public places like schools, local councils, banks and markets. In particular, the study explores the role of the Grameen Bank (GB) in women’s empowerment through the Sixteen Decisions, an educational program designed to empower women in the family and community. This study used a mixed-methods research design that included 61 GB women borrowers selected through purposive sampling. The data suggest that the participants have assumed leadership roles within their families: more than 80% of the study’s participants led decision making within their family; more than 90% supported their children’s education financially; 91% reported that they worked together with family members to manage day-to-day expenses; 80% reported that they manage their family incomes; 98% reported they do not like dowry marriages and teenage marriages; and 33% view male-dominant values as a hindrance to women’s development. The findings indicated that 98% of GB women borrower participants are engaged in community organizations and 94% do not face problems with this engagement. In the 2009 UpZilla (Municipal Sub-district) Election, out of 481 seats, 114 Female Chairs (25% of the total) were elected from the GB women borrowers and their families (Grameen Bank, 2009). In addition, the number of women borrowers serving as councilors has increased from 1,572 in 1997 to 1,950 in 2003; these data indicate that the number of women borrowers acting in formal leadership roles is increasing (Grameen Bank, 2009). The study finds the GB program has had a positive impact upon the borrowers’ relations in the family and community. In spite of these developments, one-fifth of GB women borrowers’ husbands control their wives’ loan money, an indication of the strength of patriarchy in Bangladesh. Although GB’s Sixteen Decisions have included economic issues and other social issues, none directly discusses gender inequality, which the study findings suggest is important. Hence a revision of the Sixteen Decisions is suggested.

The purpose of the study is to: (1) examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are being empowered to participate in familial decision-making around the management of income and expenditures like food, children’s education, dowry and teenage marriages; and (2) to examine women borrowers’ engagement in community activities such as the degree of freedom women are granted to visit public places like schools, local councils, banks and markets. In particular, the study explores the role of the Grameen Bank (GB) in women’s empowerment through the Sixteen Decisions, an educational program designed to empower women in the family and community. This study used a mixed-methods research design that included 61 GB women borrowers selected through purposive sampling. The data suggest that the participants have assumed leadership roles within their families: more than 80% of the study’s participants led decision making within their family; more than 90% supported their children’s education financially; 91% reported that they worked together with family members to manage day-to-day expenses; 80% reported that they manage their family incomes; 98% reported they do not like dowry marriages and teenage marriages; and 33% view male-dominant values as a hindrance to women’s development. The findings indicated that 98% of GB women borrower participants are engaged in community organizations and 94% do not face problems with this engagement. In the 2009 UpZilla (Municipal Sub-district) Election, out of 481 seats, 114 Female Chairs (25% of the total) were elected from the GB women borrowers and their families (Grameen Bank, 2009). In addition, the number of women borrowers serving as councilors has increased from 1,572 in 1997 to 1,950 in 2003; these data indicate that the number of women borrowers acting in formal leadership roles is increasing (Grameen Bank, 2009). The study finds the GB program has had a positive impact upon the borrowers’ relations in the family and community. In spite of these developments, one-fifth of GB women borrowers’ husbands control their wives’ loan money, an indication of the strength of patriarchy in Bangladesh. Although GB’s Sixteen Decisions have included economic issues and other social issues, none directly discusses gender inequality, which the study findings suggest is important. Hence a revision of the Sixteen Decisions is suggested.

This thesis represents a speculation for the improvement of the Alianza Market located in the city of Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico. Torreon is part of a tri-city entity with a population of 1.2 million residents. The Alianza market was the first marketplace in the city, founded about 100 years ago. The site is located in an area with a high level of poverty across the entire district. Due to corruption and negligence on the part of the government, the social and economic standing of the market has suffered a tremendous decline in the past 30 years. Through the careful study of the existing site, this thesis proposes the reorganization of the market to improve its spatial qualities. The market represents the social and economic heart of its community which is kept alive solely by its members. By proposing the design of a public open square within the market site I intend to provide a space for the celebration of public life. Reviving the market will help to create economic life as well as improve street level life in the surrounding community.

El presente documento tiene como finalidad desarrollar el proyecto de un Colegio Público en Villa María del Triunfo. Este busca responder a la problemática actual de esta zona, la cual consiste en la ausencia de infraestructura educativa, con condiciones ideales de escala, programa y equipamiento que además de servir a los alumnos, también contribuye con la población mediante el uso de espacios comunitarios diseñados. El proyecto permite no solamente los alumnos sino también las personas de la comunidad tengan la posibilidad de realizar actividades recreativos y culturales. La investigación está dividida en 6 capítulos: Presentación del Tema, Proyectos Referenciales, Programación Arquitectónica, Estudio del Terreno, Conclusiones y El Proyecto. / The purpose of this document is to develop the project of a Public School in Villa María del Triunfo. This seeks to respond to the current problem of this area, which consists in the absence of educational infrastructure, with ideal conditions of scale, program and equipment that in addition to serving students, also contributes to the population with designed community spaces. The project allows not only students but also people in the community to have recreational and cultural activities. The research is divided into 6 chapters: Presentation of the Theme, Reference Projects, Architectural Programming, Field Study, Conclusions and The Project. / Tesis

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This research aims to analyse the experiences of residents of communities located in the surroundings of the conservation area ―Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco‖, in Capela/ Sergipe. The method consists in four stages: encoding of the actual situation and its conditions; projection of the representation of the acquired knowledge; experience of distancing, which reflects a critical way to decode the objectified reality and, the decoding of knowledge, which establishes a critical/reflexive level. Five analysis had an integrated approach in which the reports are relevant to the expansion memory and the spatialization of knowledge through four thematic areas: interaction, participation, strength and will. It was possible to realize that various contexts asked about the experience of co-authors with wide the "Mata" form a wide organization that converge in economic, social, political, physical and personnel factors. These themes fit into the framework of individual memory that served as the basis for the general construction of ethnoknowledge. Such memories, on its reports, demonstrated environmental knowledge, in which respondents are considered co-authors for being leaders and carriers of notorious knowledge. The human relations, through the leaders, show the exercise and experience of living in the vicinity of "RVS Mata do Junco". In the limited space, the relationships are the result of a set of historical realities involving respect for the environment, preservation of environmental resources and expressions of social movements, such as the most striking one, "Movimento Sem-Terra (MST)". Evaluating the reality experienced in the surroundings of "Mata do Junco", the results present the reports, the memory and the spaces of environmental experiences, considering the ethnoknowledge. It is concluded that the environmental experiences and ethnoknowledge are directly linked to the coauthors' reality of this research and that the exercise of ethnoknowledge may occur by the consciousness of man in his current position, through the reorganization of individual memories. / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consiste em analisar as vivências dos moradores das comunidades do entorno da Unidade de Conservação Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Mata do Junco, Capela/SE. O método consiste nas quatro etapas seguintes: codificação da situação e condições reais; projeção da representação dos conhecimentos adquiridos; experiência da distanciação, refletindo de modo crítico, para descodificar a realidade objetivada; e, descodificação do conhecimento, estabelecendo nível crítico-reflexivo. Cinco análises apresentam uma abordagem integrada na qual os relatos da memória são pertinentes à expansão e a espacialização do conhecimento, através de quatro eixos temáticos: interação, participação, força e vontade. Foi possível perceber que vários contextos questionados sobre a vivência dos coautores com a Mata formam ampla tessitura que convergem nos fatores: econômico, social, político e físico/pessoal. Estas temáticas se integram no enquadramento da memória individual que serviu de base para a construção geral do etnoconhecimento. Tais memórias, em seus relatos, apresentam saberes ambientais, em que os entrevistados são considerados coautores por serem líderes e portadores de conhecimentos notórios. As relações humanas, através dos líderes, mostram o exercício e experiência da vivência no entorno do RVS Mata do Junco. No espaço limitado, as relações resultam de um conjunto de realidades históricas que envolveram respeito pelo meio ambiente, preservação dos recursos ambientais e a manifestação de movimentos sociais, sendo o mais marcante, o movimento sem terra - MST. Avaliando-se da realidade vivenciada no entorno da Mata do Junco, os resultados revelam os relatos, a memória e os espaços das vivências ambientais, considerando o etnoconhecimento. Conclui-se que as vivências ambientais e o etnoconhecimento estão diretamente ligados e aprofundados a realidade dos coautores dessa pesquisa e que o exercício do etnoconhecimento pode ocorrer pela consciência do homem em sua posição atual, por meio da rearticulação de memórias individuais.

I mitten av 1900-talet skedde en radikal förändring av bostadsutvecklingen i Sverige. Förändringen kom att kallas miljonprogrammet där en miljon nya och moderniserade bostäder och bostadsområden uppfördes under en tioårsperiod. Många av dessa bostadsområden upplevs som otrygga, nedgångna och flera av dessa områden är idag segregerade. Syftet med studien är att genom förändring av miljonprogramsområdens gårdsmiljö skapa möjlighet att kunna påverka segregationen i ett område med hänsyn till bostadsområdets kvalitéer. Målet är att studera hur gårdsmiljön i ett miljonprogramsområde kan påverka segregation genom utveckling och säkerställande av utomhusmiljöns värden. Syftet och målet nås genom litteraturstudier, fältstudier och intervjuer. Resultaten från de tillämpade metoderna visar att områdena är slitna, ovårdade och torftiga. Förslag presenteras även för potentiella åtgärder. Undersökningens slutsats beskriver vikten av omsorgsfull skötsel, zonering och avskärmning i miljonprogramsområdens gårdsmiljö när integration ska möjliggöras för de boende. Dock påverkas även segregationen och integrationen av fler andra samhällsenliga aspekter och åtgärder som bör beaktas vid planerad förändring av ett segregerat område. / In the middle of 20th Century, there was a significant change in the development of housing in Sweden. The change came to be called the Million house programme, where one million new and modernized houses and residential areas were erected over a ten-year period. Many of these residential areas are perceived as insecure, run down and several are today segregated. The purpose of this study is by development of a million house programme external environment affect segregation, with reference to the quality of the residential area. The goal is to study how the external spaces in a million house programme area can affect segregation through the development and ensuring of the outdoor environment values. The purpose and goal is achieved through literature studies, field studies and interviews. The results from the applied methods notes that the areas are worn, unkempt and scanty. Suggestions are also presented for action. In conclusion, the importance of careful management, zoning and foreclosure in the million house programme areas external spaces have an impact on segregation. However, the affects of segregation and integration depends also on other societal aspects and measures that should all be considered in the planned change of a segregated area.