This thesis analyzes how a decrease in the commuting time affects the region’s productivity and accessibility on the targeted area Jönköping, Vaggeryd and Värnamo. Numerous municipalities that surround the railway, within a one-hour time range have been included to determine whether an investment on the railway is efficient. The potential growth effects and productivity are measured in wages, and the accessibility is measured as population accessibility. The accessibility is calculated with an accessibility measure, also known The Potential of Opportunities. Additionally, the study includes four control variables. Out of these, four of the six variables proved to significantly influence the regions accessibility and productivity whereas multicollinearity is present in the remaining two. The study differentiates from other similar reports in such way that it investigates a brand new area, different municipalities and finally through the control variables that have not been explicitly used for this specific purpose. The investment is shown to have a substantial effect on the municipalities, especially the smaller ones close to the railway. Shorter time distances, better accessibility and increased productivity all contribute to economic growth and agglomeration.

This dissertation focuses on two main research questions related to the effect of a factor in a local labor market. Both relate to a finding of Black et al. (2014) that married women are less likely to work in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with more traffic congestion. The first essay evaluates the appropriateness of an MSA as a geographical entity in estimating the effect of congestion on labor supply of married women. One concern with such aggregated data is that they do not take into account within-city variation in congestion. In order to address this issue, I replicate the works by Black et al. (2014) at smaller geographical levels. Once the coefficient on commute time at each level is estimated, I compare the coefficients from smaller geographical entities with one from the MSA to examine if they are statistically similar. I find that an MSA is a geographically proper unity when the effect of commute time on the LFP of married women is examined. Additionally, I explore whether commuting time has also a significant effect on other related to labor market issues. First, I find longer commuting time is associated with shorter weekly working time of high school educated women. Secondly, fewer married women are self-employed in the area with longer commuting time. The second essay begins with the possibility of correlation between congestion and the error term in the estimation equation by Black et al. (2014). The coefficient on congestion in their equation might be biased due to the endogeneity problem. I employ a structural approach with a multinomial logit in order to deal with the endogeneity issue. By examining the effect of congestion and its interaction term on city-specific fixed effects that can be estimated using a discrete-choice model of residential decision, I find that the negative relationship between congestion and labor supply of married women discovered by Black et al. (2014) is partially true. The effect of congestion is statistically uncertain or depends on the model specifications, with the exception of a finding that married women with children are especially responsive to the effect of traffic congestion on their willingness to work.

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-208).

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-27T13:35:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Economia_Marina Barbosa_2015.pdf: 1173994 bytes, checksum: 56ba2ed2359e0d8717bcb98803a45d70 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T13:35:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Economia_Marina Barbosa_2015.pdf: 1173994 bytes, checksum: 56ba2ed2359e0d8717bcb98803a45d70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / FACEPE / A despeito de sua relevância para vida urbana brasileira, há um número bastante reduzido de estudos que tratam dos determinantes do tempo de commuting no Brasil, e ainda menos para a RMRs. Este trabalho fornece, pois,evidênciasa respeito dos condicionantes da mobilidade urbana nos municípios da Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR), através do estudo do tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho dos ocupados (tempo de commuting). Para tal, utiliza o instrumental fornecido pela Econometria Espacial aplicado a dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 do IBGE, com corte para Áreas de Ponderação. Considerando a forte dependência espacial associada ao deslocamento nos centros urbanos, foram considerados o Spatial Durbin Model(SDM), que fornece estimativas para dados que apresentam dependência espacial na variável dependente e nas variáveis explicativas, através da inclusão de um termo de defasagem espacial e o Spatial Error Model (SEM), que considera situações em que há autocorrelação espacial no termo de erro. A análise dos testes de dependência espacial mostrou que para a região estudada a dependência espacial ocorre via resíduos e não via defasagem espacial, de modo que os resultados considerados são os do modelo SEM. As evidências obtidas indicam que a distância ao centro e a densidade populacional exercem influência positiva no tempo de commuting, enquanto a renda domiciliar per capita e o percentual de imóveis alugados de cada área têm influência negativa. / Despite its relevance for the brazilian urban life, there are only a few studies which deal with the determinants of the commuting time in Brazil, and even fewer for the metropolitan region of Recife. The present work provides, then, evidence about the urban mobility conditioning for the municipalities of the metropolitan region of Recife (RMR), by studying the homework translation time of the employed (commuting time). To accomplish that, it uses a spatial econometrics framework applied to data provided by the 2010 IBGE Demographic Census, focused on weighting areas. Considering the strong spatial dependence related to the translation in urban centers, we considered the Spatial Durbing Model (SDM), which provides estimates for data that present spatial dependence in the dependent and explanatory variables, through the inclusion of a spatial lag term and the Spatial Error model (SEM), which considers situations in which there are spatial autocorrelation in the error term. The analysis of the spatial dependence tests showed that for the studied region the spatial dependence occurs through the disturbances and not through spatial lag, so that the presented results are from the SEM Model. The evidences obtained indicate that the distance to downtown and the population density positively influence the commuting time, while the median household income and the rented property percentage in each area has a negative influence.

Le choix résidentiel s’articule autour d’un certain nombre de contraintes : qu’elles soient internes au ménage ou résultant de la distorsion du marché, ces contraintes modifient fondamentalement l’ensemble de choix des ménages. La première partie de la thèse porte les contraintes que le ménage subit et qui repose sur une de ses caractéristiques. La littérature a étudié en détail la question de la discrimination à l’accès au logement en mettant en évidence un accès limité et tacite aux ménages immigrés, mais aucune étude ne s’est penché sur la mise en évidence d’une potentielle discrimination résidentielle par les prix. Dans cet article, nous étudions les écarts de loyers effectifs entre les français et les immigrés, à l’aide de la décomposition proposée par Oaxaca & Blinder (1973). Nous cherchons à expliquer ces différentiels de loyers en une part imputable à des différences de choix individuels et en une part relevant d'une discrimination sur le marché du logement sur des données de l’enquête logement de 1996. Bien qu’aucune discrimination par les prix ne soit mise clairement en évidence, certains caractéristiques du logement semblent, toutefois, plus onéreuses pour les immigrés. La seconde partie de cette thèse porte sur sur les contraintes internes au ménage. Le travail de cette première partie s’inscrit dans la continuité des travaux effectués sur l’économie de la famille et celle de la prise de décision concernant leur mobilité. La première contrainte que nous présentons est celle de logements qu’occupent les agents avant de se mettre en ménage. La littérature a étudié en profondeur les choix de mobilité résidentielle des couples à travers la plupart des étapes du cycle de vie, sans se pencher sur celui de la mise en ménage. Cela permettrait pourtant de prendre en compte la pluralité des décideurs au sein du ménage. Ce chapitre présente un modèle collectif de mise en ménage, mesurant la probabilité qu’un couple occupe, ensemble, le logement que l’homme occupe seul, celui que la femme occupe seule, par rapport au fait de les refuser tous deux, basé sur un modèle d’estimation logit multinomal. Nous travaillons sur des données de l’enquête nationale logement de 2002 qui nous permet de retracer l’ensemble des parcours de mobilité des deux agents. Nous nous choix du premier logement du couple au sens de son occupation initiale. L’élaboration du modèle théorique, basé sur un modèle de type collectif, où les agents opèrent une négociation, inclue la situation où les deux agents peuvent ne pas être amenés à quitter leur logement dans les points de menace du couple. Nous proposons un enrichissement du modèle où nous faisons valoir le fait que la décision du logement commun peut impliquer une inefficacité dans les décisions futures du couple. Bien que le logement de l’homme semble un choix avéré, l’inégalité salariale entre les hommes et les femmes, ainsi que la différence d’âge au sein du couple semblent influencer significativement le choix des couples. Ensuite, le choix d’un logement, pour un couple, doit prendre en compte les temps de trajet domicile-travail quotidiens. Les agents, ayant un emploi localisé, choisissent un logement qui répond à leurs besoins dans une région dont l’occupation de l’espace est fortement hétérogène et dont l’offre de logement n’est pas distribuée de façon uniforme. L’idée de l’article est de mesurer l’impact des caractéristiques individuelles des agents sur la décision jointe des temps de trajet du ménage, ainsi que la façon dont les agents se répartissent ces déplacements. Les données sur lesquelles nous travaillons sont celles du recensement de la population de 1999, enrichies de données communales et des temps de trajet des agents. Nous mettons en évidence une distinction des comportements hommes/femmes basée sur l’attraction aux pôles d’emplois et à la stabilité de l’emploi. / The residential choice depends to a certain number of constraints: whether internal to the household or resulting from market distortion, these constraints change considerably the choices set of the households. The first part of the thesis is about the internal constraints to the household. The resulting work is a continuation of the work realized on the family economy and that of decision-making depending on their mobility. The first constraint presented is about the discrimination on the prices in the housing market. The literature has studied in detail the question of the discrimination in access to the housing highlighting a restricted and tacit access to the immigrant households, but no study has ever considered the highlighting of a potential residential discrimination by prices. In this article, we study the effective rent differences between French natives and immigrants, using the decomposition proposed by Oaxaca & Blinder (1973). We search to explain theses rent differentials by a part attributable to individual choices differences and another due to a discrimination on the housing market based on the data of the 1996 housing survey. Although no discrimination by price has clearly been shown, however some housing characteristics seem more expensive for immigrants. The second part of the thesis presents two constraints intra-households. The first of that is housing occupied by agents before they merge in order to create a household. The literature has deeply studied the residential mobility choices of couples through most of the stages of the life cycle, without including that of the household formation. However, this would allow taking into account the plurality of decision makers inside the household. This chapter offer a collective model of the household formation, measuring the probability that a couple, together, occupies the dwelling occupied by the man single, the one occupied by the woman single, compared to the fact of refuse them both, based on the estimations of a multinomial logit model. We work on the data housing national survey of 2002 which allow us to trace the totality the mobility paths of two agents. We studie the choice of the first household housing in the sense of its initial occupation. The elaboration of the theoretical model, based on a collective type model, where agents realized a negotiation, including the situation where the two may not have to leave the respective homes, in the couple threat points. We propose an enhanced version of the model where we argue that the decision of the collective housing can implied an inefficiency in the futures couple decisions. Although the man housing seems to be a proven choice, wage inequality between men and women, as well as the age difference within the couple tend to significantly influence the couples choice. Then, the housing choice, for a couple, has to take into account the daily travel time between home and workplace. The agents, having a localized job, choose a housing which meets their needs in a region where space occupation is strongly heterogeneous and housing supply is not uniformly distributed. The idea of this article is to measure the impact of agents individual characteristics on the attached decision of the household travel times, as well as how the agents allocated theses movements. The data are these of the French 1999 census of the population, enhanced with communal data and agents travel times. We show that a distinction can be realized between men and women on the attraction to the employment poles and the job stability.

The geographical distance between home and workplace is present and increases within modern society. Along with changing economic structures and technological developments it has increased the spatial division of labour and changed the pressure on global, regional and local markets. Regional development strategies today emphasize on more mobile, flexible and larger geographical labour markets to improve matchmaking between jobs and labour force to reach and obtain development. Commuting has therefore increased and is often promoted as a positive solution for involved individuals and the regional society at large. Although, the notion and benefits of such regional development strategies have been questioned as commuting involves a consideration between economic and social circumstances and effects on all involved household members. The social and economic effects on commuting households in Umeå enlarged local labour market region have therefore been studied in and investigated in this thesis. Empirical data has been collected through qualitative interviews with four commuting households with different home-work locations and commuting situations. Results of this study goes in line with previous studies and pictures how commuting is a strategy to obtain or maintain desired living conditions within desired location when the local labour opportunities are limited. Commuting households therefore gain “quality of life” and labour opportunities. But, the economic benefits are reduced by transport costs and reduction of labour hours, and the social consequences of reduced time in the home environment effects relations between family members and the division of household responsibilities’. This study have also broaden the understanding of commuting effects and showed that shorter commuting distance also hold social and economic implications for commuting households.

In the modern industrialized society, a long commuting time is becoming more and more common. However, commuting results in a number of different costs, for example, external costs such as congestion and pollution as well as internal costs such as individual time consumption. On the other hand, increased commuting opportunities offer welfare gains, for example via larger local labor markets. The length of the commute that is acceptable to the workers is determined by the workers' preferences and the compensation opportunities in the labor market. In this thesis the value of travel time or commuting time changes, has been empirically analyzed in four self-contained essays. First, a large set of register data on the Swedish labor market is used to analyze the commuting time changes that follow residential relocations and job relocations. The average commuting time is longer after relocation than before, regardless of the type of relocation. The commuting time change after relocation is found to differ substantially with socio-economic characteristics and these effects also depend on where the distribution of commuting time changes is evaluated. The same data set is used in the second essay to estimate the value of commuting time (VOCT). Here, VOCT is estimated as the trade-off between wage and commuting time, based on the effects wage and commuting time have on the probability of changing jobs. The estimated VOCT is found to be relatively large, in fact about 1.8 times the net wage rate. In the third essay, the VOCT is estimated on a different type of data, namely data from a stated preference survey. Spouses of two-earner households are asked to individually make trade-offs between commuting time and wage. The subjects are making choices both with regard to their own commuting time and wage only, as well as when both their own commuting time and wage and their spouse's commuting time and wage are simultaneously changed. The results show relatively high VOCT compared to other studies. Also, there is a tendency for both spouses to value the commuting time of the wife highest. Finally, the presence of hypothetical bias in a value of time experiment without scheduling constraints is tested. The results show a positive but not significant hypothetical bias. By taking preference certainty into account, positive hypothetical bias is found for the non-certain subjects.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la réconciliation entre le défi mondial du changement climatique et les solutions locales et sectorielles qu'il convient de bien articuler pour contribuer, efficacement, équitablement et de la manière la plus acceptable, à la réduction des émissions de CO2. Plus précisément, nous étudions les conditions pour une mise en place réussie de la politique climatique à l'échelle de la mobilité urbaine des personnes. / This PhD thesis deals with the reconciliation of the global challenge that is climate change and the local and sectoral solutions that need to be accurately designed to remedy to it the most efficiently, equitably and acceptably possible. More specifically, we investigate the conditions for a successful implementation of climate policy at the scale of the urban mobility of passengers.