Zugl.: Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008

Submitted by GIVANILDO DONIZETI DE MELO null (givadonimelo@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-12T02:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dis. Mestrado.pdf: 1055550 bytes, checksum: 47636418da76c9ad7d114b45ea3e96c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-13T16:57:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_gd_me_sjrp.pdf: 1055550 bytes, checksum: 47636418da76c9ad7d114b45ea3e96c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-13T16:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_gd_me_sjrp.pdf: 1055550 bytes, checksum: 47636418da76c9ad7d114b45ea3e96c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho nós estudamos o seguinte resultado: para um espaço métrico compacto X, de dimensão n, o subespaço dos mergulhos de X em R2n é denso no espaço das funções contínuas de X em R2n se, e somente se, dim(X x X)<2n. A demonstração apresentada é aquela dada por J. Krasinkiewicz e por S. Spiez. / In this work we study the following result: given a compact metric space X of dimension n, the subspace consisting of all embeddings of X into R2n is dense in the space of all continuous maps of X into R2n if and only if dim(X x X)<2n. The presented proof is the one given by J. Krasinkiewicz e por S. Spiez.

In the indoor environment, multipath fading causes the received signal amplitude to fluctuate rapidly over space and frequency. Multiple-in multiple-out (MIMO) systems overcome this phenomenon through the use of multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. This establishes multiple independent MIMO sub-channels between antenna pairs, which allows a theoretical increase in capacity which is linear with the number of antennas, while requiring no additional power or bandwidth expenditure. The capacity increase is reliant upon MIMO sub-channels being well decorrelated. Decorrelation may be achieved by separating antennas in space. On devices where space is limited, an alternative approach is to use antennas with orthogonal polarisations, which may be positioned closer together. Existing literature states that the performance of polarisation MIMO systems is typically inferior to that of spatial MIMO systems under diversity applications, but can be superior in multiplexing applications. These statements are based on the analysis of a statistical channel model, using channel conditions assumed to be typical of an ideal polarisation MIMO system. There is little existing literature which examines how close these assumptions are to a practical polarisation MIMO channel, or whether the above statements remain true of practical systems. This thesis presents a novel end-to-end, predominantly deterministic approach to the modelling of polarisation MIMO systems. A bespoke MIMO channel model is used to estimate capacity and error rate under diversity and spatial multiplexing applications in the indoor environment. The parameters of the channel model are obtained deterministically from a ray launching propagation model, using antenna patterns of orthogonally polarised small antenna systems positioned in the indoor environment. The individual differences in the channel gains and K-factors of each sub-channel are accounted for. Correlation is accounted for using a full correlation matrix, rather than the Kronecker model. Particular attention is paid to mutual coupling of closely spaced antennas. Using this analysis, it is shown that for practical antennas and systems conditions of the polarisation MIMO channel may differ from those assumed in literature. The effect of this in terms of channel capacity and system bit error rate is directly determined and presented. Performance of polarisation MIMO systems, using co-located and spatially separate orthogonally polarised antennas, is compared to that of spatial MIMO systems, which use co-polar antennas with limited spatial separation. Additionally, comparison is made between compact polarisation MIMO systems which use orthogonal linear polarised antennas and those using orthogonal circular polarised antennas. Further analysis examines the significant effect of objects in the antenna near-field regions. The effects of the presence of a metal case on antenna performance are presented, before its impact on the channel conditions and ultimately the resultant MIMO performance is shown.

Low-temperature energy systems are processes that operate below ambient temperatures and make use of refrigeration cycles, where the main energy consumption is due to the shaft work required to drive the compressors. Very-low-temperature energy systems, also known as cryogenic processes, operate at around -150°C and below. Due to increasing demand of products from cryogenic processes and tighter environmental regulations, existing plants need to be revamped to increase their energy efficiency or adapt to new processing capacities. So, accurate models of the performance of cryogenic processes are needed in order to optimise their operation. The present work proposes a new approach for optimising the operating conditions of existing refrigeration cycles in cryogenic processes, using pure refrigerants, for different plant operating conditions. In this work, the process conditions are considered as given and not considered as variables during the optimisation. The operational optimisation is achieved by integrating models for the part-load performance of centrifugal compressors and models for the simulation of plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHEs), into a single optimisation approach. An optimisation approach similar to the one proposed in this work was not found in the open literature. The optimisation approach varies the refrigerant evaporation temperatures, flow rates and cooling duties, minimum temperature difference in PFHEs, and rotational speed of compressors. The objective function seeks to minimise shaft work demand and the constraints consider the operational limitations of centrifugal compressors (minimum and maximum flow rates) and PFHEs (no temperature crosses and meeting the target temperatures of the process streams). In order to explore the solution space that is generated by the complex interactions between the variables and find an approximation to a global optimum, a multistart optimisation algorithm is implemented. The part-load centrifugal compressor model implemented in this work uses regressed data from their performance curves together with the fan laws. The proposed simulation model of PFHEs represents these units as a ‘fictitious’ heat exchanger network of two-stream matches. The simulation model accounts for single and two-phase streams and for the temperature-dependent physical properties of pure refrigerants (e.g. viscosity, heat capacity, etc.). In addition to the simulation model, design and rating models for PFHEs with single and two-phase streams are also proposed. The examples presented in this work for the design, simulation and rating of single and two-phase streams in PFHEs show that the models proposed can find feasible designs, and can predict the outlet temperature of the process streams within ±3°C for different inlet conditions. The example presented in this work for the operational optimisation of refrigeration cycles shows that savings of around 3% in shaft work consumption (up to £0.86 million per year), for different process throughput, can be achieved using the proposed methodology.

Physical-spatial and social configuration at neighborhood level, the Raval (Barcelona), an urban evaluation according with the Compact City Model Edwin Javier Azofeifa Valverde ABSTRACT In urban areas, economic development and efforts for improving the quality of citizens' lives, instead of complementing each other and contributing to the advancement of the city, both of them generate and accentuate the processes of physical and social fragmentation in cities. This thesis describes and evaluates the physical-spatial and social configuration in the neighbourhood of Raval in Barcelona, with a particular focus on the role played in that configuration by the immigrant population. The aim is to identify how those processes in which social inequality and a lack of access to certain services and facilities manifest themselves. In order to illustrate this reality and understand the configuration of Raval, population data and information regarding services, facilities, and urban furniture were gathered. The concept of compact urban development (the compact city model) was used in order to interpret the potential weaknesses in the neighbourhood, which hinder its functionality. The main drawbacks are the predominance of population groups occupying certain spaces hindering their potential integration in the...

Detta examensarbete är ett samarbete med Ellos Home där examensarbete och praktik har kombinerats. Arbetets huvudsakliga syfte har varit att ta fram en möbel till Ellos Homes sortiment utifrån ett compact living perspektiv. Examensarbetet handlar om hur jag gick från idé till första framställda prototyp ifrån fabrik. I fortsätta arbetet och i verkligheten krävs det ofta ändringar av produkten efter att den första prototypen har framställts men det är något som inte rymdes inom tidsramen för detta examensarbete. Idag flyttar fler och fler in till storstäder, bopriset ökar och kvadratmetrarna minskar. 37,7% av svenska befolkningen lever i singelbostäder (Johansson 2014) och enligt FNs prognos väntas befolkningen i städerna växa med 2.4 miljarder fram till 2050 (Moström 2013). Detta leder till att det byggs mer små bostäder vilket i sin tur leder till att vi bor på små ytor och får ett större behov av kvadratsmart inredning som optimerar vår boyta. Arbetet har drivits av en designprocess där research, enkäter, intervjuer, marknadsanalyser och observationer har gjorts för att identifiera ett behov hos användaren. I enkäten och intervjusvaren framkom det olika behov som efterfrågades, bland annat extra sittplatser, extra sovplatser, kunna spara pågående arbete och avgränsa ytor. Utifrån insamlad data i analysfasen utformades fyra olika lösningar ut efter de kartlagda behoven. Koncepten utvärderades efter vilka behov som uppfylldes, efter ytterligare intervjuer med användarna och i samråd med Ellos Home designteam för att sedan landa i ett valt koncept. Konceptutvecklingen skedde i en loopande process med återkoppling mot användaren som sedan resultera i en utdragbar fåtölj. Prototypen är en multimöbel som man kan använda som en vanlig fåtölj eller i utdraget läge som en extra sovplats. En bäddfåtölj! Slutgiltiga ritningar sammanställdes och skickades till fabrik för att få bäddfåtöljen tillverkad.

Nesta dissertação estudamos uma versão do Teorema de Trotter-Kato que estabelece uma equivalência entre a continuidade, relativamente a um parâmetro, de operadores resolvente e a continuidade dos semigrupos lineares associados. Os operadores ilimitados envolvidos (geradores de semigrupos analíticos) estão definidos em espaços que variam com o parâmetro e isto nos leva a ter que comparar elementos de espaços de Banach diferentes. Este resultado é aplicado a um problema de Neumann em um domínio fino com fronteira altamente oscilante e que se degenera a um intervalo quando o parâmetro varia. Nesta aplicação, utilizamos o método das múltiplas escalas (comum em teoria de homogeneização) para obter formalmente o problema limite (veja [17]) e, em seguida, provamos a convergência compacta dos operadores resolventes utilizando as funções teste oscilantes de Tartar [15], [16] (veja também Cioranescu e Saint Jean Paulin [12]), obtidas através de um problema auxiliar, juntamente com operadores de extensão / In this work we study a version of Trotter-Katos Theorem that establishes an equivalence between the continuity, with respect to a parameter, of the resolvent operators and the continuity of the associated linear semigroups. The unbounded operators involved (generators of analytic semigroups) are defined spaces that vary with the parameter leading us to introduce methods to compare vectors in different Banach spaces. We apply this theorem to an elliptic boundary value problem with Neumann boundary condition in a highly oscillating thin domain that degenerates to a line segment as the parameter varies. In this application we use the multiple scale method (frequently used in the homogenization theory) to obtain, formally, the limiting problem (see [17]) and, in the sequel, we prove the compact convergence of resolvent operators using the oscillating test functions of Tartar [15] (see also [16] and Cioranescu and Saint Jean Paulin [12]) defined with the aid of an auxiliary problem as well as extension operators

We develop a theory of unbounded derived categories of quasi-coherent sheaves on algebraic stacks. In particular, we show that these categories are compactly generated by perfect complexes for stacks that either have finite stabilizers or are local quotient stacks. We also extend Toën and Antieau–Gepner’s results on derived Azumaya algebras and compact generation of sheaves on linear categories from derived schemes to derived Deligne–Mumford stacks. These are all consequences of our main theorem: compact generation of a presheaf of triangulated categories on an algebraic stack is local for the quasi-finite flat topology.

W. D. Munn proved that a finite dimensional representation of an inverse semigroup is equivalent to a ⋆-representation if and only if it is bounded. The first goal of this thesis will be to give new analytic proof that every finite dimensional representation of a compact inverse semigroup is equivalent to a ⋆-representation. The second goal is to parameterize all finite dimensional irreducible representations of a compact inverse semigroup in terms of maximal subgroups and order theoretic properties of the idempotent set. As a consequence, we obtain a new and simpler proof of the following theorem of Shneperman: a compact inverse semigroup has enough finite dimensional irreducible representations to separate points if and only if its idempotent set is totally disconnected. Our last theorem is the following: every norm continuous irreducible ∗-representation of a compact inverse semigroup on a Hilbert space is finite dimensional.

Cette thèse présente de nouveaux développements pour de petites antennes en cavité. L'objectif principal de la thèse est l'analyse de la performance de la bande passante de ces antennes pour des tailles d'ouverture qui sont petites par rapport à la longueur d'onde en espace libre. Des cavités de formes rectangulaires et circulaires intégrées dans un plan de masse infini et dans des plans de masse de dimensions latérales finies sont examinées en détail. Jusqu'à présent, dans la littérature, le choix pour ces antennes en cavités portait sur des antennes imprimées microruban (patch). L'objet de la thèse est de déterminer si les performances d'antennes en cavité de petite taille peuvent être améliorées et si oui, de quelle façon. A cet effet, nous avons tout d'abord étudié théoriquement, la limite supérieure de la bande passante pour cette configuration particulière en cavité. Nous en avons conclu que les antennes microruban intégrées dans une cavité n'atteignent pas la limite de la bande passante, ce qui est l'un des principaux résultats de la thèse. Les antennes intégrées dans une cavité avec un plan de masse infini ou fini sont ensuite analysées à l'aide de plusieurs modèles de ligne de transmission simples. Le deuxième résultat clé de la thèse un modèle de ligne de transmission spécifique et original qui montre que cette limite sur la bande passante est réellement atteignable. Par conséquent, ce modèle de ligne de transmission devient la base d'une nouvelle conception pour l'antenne en cavité. Enfin, le résultat le plus important de la thèse est la conception concrète de nouvelles antennes en cavité capables d'atteindre la performance maximale en bande passante. D'autres sujets sont abordés sont: i) la comparaison avec des structures à base d'éléments empilés en termes de bande passante, de facilité de fabrication et de coût, ii) l'extension de la limite grâce à l'inclusion de matériaux magnétiques idéaux et conducteurs magnétiques; iii) l'utilisation de la nouvelle structure d'antenne pour la constitution d'un réseau d'antennes compact; iv) les avantages de la nouvelle structure pour la réalisation d'antennes en cavité de tailles vraiment petites pour lesquelles les méthodes classiques ne permettent pas la réalisation d'antennes. / This thesis presents new developments in cavity type antennas. The main objective of the thesis is bandwidth performance analysis of antennas in cavities with aperture sizes which are small compared to the free space wavelength. Cavities of rectangular and circular shapes in an infinite and finite ground plane are investigated in detail. So far in the literature, microstrip patch antennas were the antenna of choice for cavity type antennas. The intention of the thesis is to determine if cavity type antennas can be improved and how. To this end, the bound on bandwidth for cavity antennas is investigated theoretically. It is concluded that patch antennas, in fact, do not reach the bound for cavity antennas, which is one of the key results of the thesis. Infinite and finite sized ground plane cavity antennas are further analyzed using several simple transmission line models. The second key result of the thesis is a demonstration that a special transmission line model corresponds to antennas that reach the bound on bandwidth. This transmission line model is the basis to a new cavity antenna design. Finally, the most important result is a practical, physical, design of novel cavity antennas capable of reaching the bandwidth bound. Furthermore, several additional topics are explored; i) A comparison with stacked patches design in terms of bandwidth, ease of fabrication, and cost; ii) The extension of the bound with the inclusion of ideal magnetic materials and magnetic conductors; iii) The new antenna design use in constructing a compact antenna array; iv) The benefits of the new design for constructing small cavity antennas previously not feasible with the classical design.