Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pre-textuais.pdf: 73538 bytes, checksum: 312651a50c92e3fa74c571281d3cdc0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During the last years the Compacted Graphite Iron CGI has acquired a growing placein the automobilist industry. It is used to manufacture several automotive parts, such as disk brakes, exhaust manifolds and, mainly, engine cylinder heads and blocks. Its higher strength, compared to grey cast iron, makes possible the manufacturing of cylinder blocks with higher pressure in the combustion chamber, therefore, more efficient and less pollutant. Lighter engines can be manufactured because of the thinner walls required. On the other hand, the Compacted Graphite Iron brings technological challenges for obtaining cast parts and also to machine them, because they normally reduce the tool lives during machining. This work s objective is to research the machinability of different compositions in order to obtain and alloy that can be used as a feasible alternative for manufacturing cylinder heads. The work consists, fundamentally, in the machinability evaluation of three cast iron alloys, Compacted Graphite Iron classes 450 and 350, and Grey Cast Iron class 300, through drilling tests. The machinability criterion used is the tool wear. / Nos últimos anos o ferro fundido vermicular tem conquistado um crescente espaço na indústria automobilística. Destina-se à fabricação de diversas peças automotivas, tais como discos de freio, coletores de escapamento e, principalmente, cabeçotes e blocos para motores. Sua maior resistência mecânica, em relação ao ferro fundido cinzento, possibilita a fabricação de motores com maiores pressões na câmara de combustão, portanto, mais eficientes e menos poluentes. Motores mais leves podem ser fabricados, em função das menores espessuras de parede necessárias. Por outro lado, o ferro fundido vermicular traz consigo desafios tecnológicos tanto para a obtenção da peça fundida quanto para a usinagem, uma vez que, normalmente, provoca redução da vida das ferramentas de usinagem. O presente trabalho objetiva pesquisar a usinabilidade de diferentes composições a fim de obter uma liga que possa ser utilizada como uma alternativa viável para a fabricação de cabeçotes de motor. O trabalho consiste, fundamentalmente, na avaliação da usinabilidade de três ligas de ferro fundido, sendo o vermicular da classe 450, da classe 350 e o cinzento da classe 300, e para tanto foram utilizados ensaios de furação de longa duração. Como critério de usinabilidade considerado foi utilizado o desgaste da ferramenta.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T20:50:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO FERNANDES DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2017.pdf: 2028190 bytes, checksum: 54afe9db3986c5fc9afbadce4f2e7f1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T20:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THIAGO FERNANDES DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2017.pdf: 2028190 bytes, checksum: 54afe9db3986c5fc9afbadce4f2e7f1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08 / Capes / Os aterros sanitários representam a alternativa mais utilizada em todo mundo para disposição ambientalmente adequada de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), sendo sua camada de base (liners) um dos principais componentes. A ausência de cuidados com essas camadas podem gerar danos ambientais imensuráveis, como a infiltração de lixiviado para corpos hídricos superficiais e lençóis freáticos próximos, além de contaminação do solo. O coeficiente de permeabilidade à água é a principal variável utilizada para verificar a eficiência das liners. Dentro desse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo obter uma composição adequada de solos para camada de base de aterro sanitário atendendo às exigências de permeabilidade à água de acordo com padrões nacionais e internacionais. O campo experimental para esta pesquisa foi o aterro sanitário no município de Campina Grande – PB, que utiliza uma composição entre dois tipos de solos para camada em estudo. Inicialmente, foram realizadas caracterizações geotécnicas, físico-químicas e mineralógicas desses dois tipos de solos, sendo denominados de Solo 1 aquele obtido na área do empreendimento e Solo 2 obtidos em jazidas no município de Boa Vista – PB. Aplicou-se a técnica do planejamento fatorial na qual foram avaliadas as variáveis da mistura: energia de compactação, umidade e porcentagem de Solo 2. Com isso, foi possível otimizar o processo de interação entre as variáveis de controle e reduzir o número de ensaios realizados. Foram utilizados os delineamentos composto central (modelo plano) e composto central rotacional (modelo com curvatura). Para determinação da permeabilidade à água, foi selecionado o modelo que apresentou melhor ajuste, de acordo com o Critério de Akaike (AiC), a Soma dos Quadrados dos Resíduos (SQR) e o Coeficiente de Determinação (R²). O valor de K admissível foi determinado de acordo exigências da Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) e da Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana (EPA). O Solo 1 é uma areia mal graduada argilosa e o Solo 2 é um material com presença argilominerais esmectíticos, apresentando Índice de Plasticidade (IP) de 124%. O modelo que apresentou melhor ajuste foi o plano. Foram obtidos valores de K: energia de compactação de 0,476 MN.m/m³, umidade de 8,285% e porcentagem de Solo 2 de 29,685%. Como o Solo 1 apresenta percentual granulométrico de areia elevado (89,67%), a porcentagem de Solo 2 obtida para a mistura é necessária para preencher os interstícios do Solo 1, com umidade suficiente para lubrificar as partículas e energia de compactação suficiente para fornecer a acomodação destas partículas. Com isso, foi possível obter uma camada de base adequada para o aterro sanitário em estudo atendendo às exigências de permeabilidade à água de acordo com padrões nacionais e internacionais, permitindo que este estudo seja aplicado também a aterros com características semelhantes, podendo ainda, com esses resultados, ser sugerido o redirecionamento na operação destes aterros. / Landfills represent the most widely used worldwide alternative for the environmentally sound disposal of Urban Solid Waste (RSU), with its liners being one of the main components. Lack of care with these layers can generate immeasurable environmental damage, such as leachate infiltration to nearby surface water bodies and groundwater, in addition to soil contamination. The water permeability coefficient is the main variable used to verify liners efficiency. Within this context, this work aims to obtain an adequate composition of soils for the base layer of landfill, meeting the water permeability requirements according to national and international standards. The experimental field for this research was the sanitary landfill in the city of Campina Grande - PB, which uses a composition between two types of soils for the study layer. Initially, geotechnical, physical-chemical and mineralogical characterizations of these two types of soils were carried out, being called of Soil 1 that obtained in the area of the project and Soil 2 obtained in deposits in the municipality of Boa Vista - PB. The technique of factorial planning was applied in which the variables of the mixture were evaluated: energy of compaction, humidity and percentage of Soil 2. With this, it was possible to optimize the interaction process between the control variables and to reduce the number of tests performed . The central composite (plane model) and rotational central composite (curvature model) were used. To determine the permeability to water, the model that presented the best fit was selected according to the Akaike criterion (AiC), the sum of squares of the residuals (SQR) and the coefficient of determination (R²). The admissible K value was determined in accordance with requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) and the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Soil 1 is a clayey poorly graded sand and Soil 2 is a material with smectite clayey minerals, with a Plasticity Index (PI) of 124%. The model that presented the best fit was the plan. K values were obtained: compaction energy of 0.476 MN.m / m³, humidity of 8.285% and Soil 2 percentage of 29.685%. Since Soil 1 has a high sand particle size (89.67%), the percentage of Soil 2 obtained for the mixture is required to fill the interstices of Soil 1, with sufficient moisture to lubricate the particles and sufficient compaction energy to provide the accommodation of these particles. With this, it was possible to obtain a suitable base layer for the sanitary landfill under study, meeting the requirements of water permeability according to national and international standards, allowing this study to be applied also to landfills with similar characteristics. redirecting the operation of these landfills.

Cette thèse présente un ensemble de résultats expérimentaux sur une argile remaniée non saturée proche de la saturation, dont le degré de saturation est généralement supérieur à 70%.Après une série d’essais de caractérisation physique et mécanique du matériau, plusieurs méthodes expérimentales ont été utilisées pour étudier le comportement et certaines pathologies du sol compacté telles que l’orniérage et le matelassage.Une étude systématique du comportement du sol compacté sur chemins de drainage-humidification dans différents états initiaux a été effectuée, complétée par des mesures de succion par papier filtre et psychromètre. Les essais de porosimétrie par intrusion de mercure ont apporté un éclairage sur la microstructure du sol.La thèse a également permis d’étudier les variations de pression interstitielle du sol compacté sur chemin triaxial non drainé en utilisant la technique de translation d’axes, où quelques améliorations et modifications du montage ont été proposées. / This thesis present an experimental study of an unsaturated clayey soil close to saturation, whose degree of saturation is generally above 70%.After characterizing the physical and mechanical properties of the material, several experimental methods were used to study the behaviour and some pathologies of the compacted soil, such as rutting and quilting.A systematic study of the behaviour of the compacted soil on drying-wetting paths starting from different initial states was carried out, completed by suction measurements using filter-paper and psychrometer. Mercury intrusion porosimetry tests gave an insight of the soil microstructure.The thesis also addressed the question of the pore pressure variations of the compacted soil on undrained triaxial path using the axis-translation technique, where some improvements and modifications of the testing device were proposed.

Orientador: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:43:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leme_MarianeAlvesdeGodoy_M.pdf: 3780913 bytes, checksum: 46059021b9d22c4aa2a0858bb94151e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A geração dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) é uma ocorrência diária que deve ser gerenciada. Os aterros sanitários são os empreendimentos para disposição adequada desses resíduos. Dentre os constituintes estruturais dos aterros sanitários, há as barreiras impermeabilizantes de base, que podem ser de vários tipos, sendo as constituídas por solo argiloso compactado amplamente utilizadas. Este trabalho objetivou-se caracterizar o solo utilizado como camada mineral compactada no sistema de barreira impermeabilizante de base de uma célula experimental de RSU, no Aterro Delta A, em Campinas/SP. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em uma jazida localizada nas proximidades do aterro e caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos, mineralógicos, geotécnicos e papel filtro para determinação das curvas de retenção do solo à água e ao lixiviado. Acompanhou-se a execução da camada mineral compactada em campo, obtendo-se grau de compactação de 100% e desvio de umidade de -3,8%. O solo apresentou resultados potenciais para ser utilizado como camada mineral compactada do sistema de barreira impermeabilizante de base de aterros sanitários, visto sua classificação pelo SUCS como CL, porcentagem de fração de finos maior que 30% e IP entre 10 e 30%, os quais atendem aos valores sugeridos pela literatura como requisitos a proporcionar valores de coeficientes de permeabilidade inferiores a 10-9 m/s, exigidos para solos utilizados com esta finalidade. Além da predominância à adsorção de cátions devido seu pH em estado natural encontrar-se acima do valor de Ponto de Carga Zero e sua fração sólida mineral apresentar argilominerais que oferecem propriedades coloidais como afinidade pelo lixiviado e elementos químicos nele dissolvidos. Da análise comparativa das curvas de retenção à água destilada e ao lixiviado, tem-se que o lixiviado provoca uma redução do valor da sucção para a umidade de campo, aumentando o coeficiente de permeabilidade da barreira impermeabilizante de base. Assim, a sucção osmótica foi um fator importante nas diferenças de comportamento dessas curvas / Abstract: The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a daily occurrence that must be managed. Sanitary landfills are the enterprises for proper disposal of MSW. Among the structural constituents of sanitary landfill, are the liners, which can be made of different kinds, being the compacted clay liner widely used. This study aimed to characterize the soil used as mineral compacted layer at a liner of an experimental cell of MSW, located in Sanitary Landfill called Delta A, in Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in a field reservoir located near the sanitary landfill, previously prepared and characterized by physic, chemical, mineralogical, geotechnical and filter paper tests, this latter test to determinate soil water (and leachate too) retention curves. The liner construction in field was followed, obtaining 100% of compaction degree of the soil and gravimetric moisture content of 3.8% below optimum. The soil presented potential to use as mineral compacted layer of sanitary landfill, since it was classified as CL by USCS, fine fraction percentage value greater than 30% and PI value between 10 and 30%, fitting with the values suggested by literature technical, as requirements to provide coefficient permeability values less than 10-9 m/s, which are required for soils used as sanitary landfill liners. Inn addition to the cations adsorption the soil presented predominance because of the natural pH value above the Load Point Zero value and the presence of clay minerals on solid fraction of the soil, showing colloidal properties that offer affinity for leachate and chemical elements dissolved in it. A comparative analysis of the retention curve to distilled water and leachate showed that leachate causes a reduction of the amount of suction at moisture field, increasing the permeability coefficient of the liner for leachate. Thus, the osmotic suction was one of the main factors responsible for the retention curves differences behavior / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

The geological repository for final storage of spent nuclear fuel, envisioned by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Management Company (SKB), relies on several barriers: copper canisters deposited in holes in the floor of underground tunnels in deep bedrock, embedded in a buffer of compacted bentonite. The initially unsaturated buffer would take up water from the surrounding rock mass and swell to seal any potential gap. This initial two-phase (gas and liquid) regime with two components (air and water) may impact the final density, swelling pressure and biogeochemical conditions in the buffer. A main objective of this work is to identify factors and mechanisms that govern deposition hole inflow and bentonite wetting under the prevailing two-phase flow conditions in sparsely fractured bedrock. For this purpose, we use the numerical code TOUGH2 to perform two-phase flow simulations, conditioned by a companion field experiment (the Bentonite Rock Interaction Experiment or BRIE) performed in a 417 m deep tunnel of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in southeastern Sweden. The models predict a significant de-saturation of the rock wall, which was confirmed by field data. To predict the early buffer wetting rates and patterns, the position of local flowing fractures and estimates of local rock matrix permeability appear more important than the total open hole groundwater inflow. A global sensitivity analysis showed that the buffer wetting time and the persistence of unsaturated conditions over extended periods of time in the rock depend primarily on the local fracture positions, rock matrix permeability, ventilation conditions in the tunnel and pressure far in the rock. Dismantling photographs from BRIE were used to reconstruct a fine-scale snapshot of saturation at the bentonite/rock interface, showing tremendous spatial variability. The high level of heterogeneity in the rock generates complex two-phase flow phenomena (air trapping, dissolution), which need to be accounted for in buffer design and rock suitability criteria. In particular, results suggest that uncertainties regarding two-phase flow behavior are relatively high close to residual air saturation, which may also have important implications for other applications involving two-phase flows, such as geological storage of carbon dioxide. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

A good understanding of the solidification process of a cast material is essential to understand how the combination of alloy composition and the casting process variables combines into the solid cast component and its performance. The wrong combination may result in poor performance or casting defects. Spheroidal graphite has been well researched in ductile irons (SGI) where it is predominant. Spheroidal graphite is also present in smaller amounts in compacted graphite irons (CGI), but its nature and role in this material is less understood. Recent associations of spheroidal graphite in CGI with shrinkage porosity problems highlights the need for better understanding in this area. The importance of the dendritic austenite structure to the properties and solidification behaviour of cast irons has been highlighted in recent research. However, progress is to a degree limited by lack of practical means to characterize the structure. In the present work, the transition of a cast iron from SGI to CGI though remelting was studied. As the fraction of SG dropped, the tips of the compacted graphite tended to lose contact with the melt at a later stage. After this occurred, solidification appeared to be dominated by spheroidal graphite. Compacted and spheroidal graphite was found to solidify mostly segregated, and the increased recallescence induced by a higher fraction of compacted graphite displayed small influence on the size distribution of spheroidal graphite apart from the total number and fraction. The partitioning of Si, Mn and Cu in SGI and CGI was found to agree well with each other, as well as with theoretical predictions under the assumptions of zero diffusion of the elements in the solid. This shows that the proportions of spheroidal and compacted graphite has small or no influence on the evolution of these elements in the melt during solidification. A method for characterization of the dendritic austenite in quenched cast irons was introduced and evaluated. The method includes a technique for producing a visual contrast between the ledeburite matrix and the dendritic austenite, and a scheme for producing binary images from the resulting micrographs which are suitable for automatic image analysis. Measurements of the volume fraction and surface area per unit volume of the dendritic austenite structure using the introduced method was found to agree reasonably with traditional point counting and line intercept techniques. The difficulty in finding the exact boundary was proposed to be the major source of systematic disagreement. / En god förståelse för stelningsprocessen av ett gjutet material är väsentligt för att förstå hur kombinationen av legeringens kemiska sammansättning och gjutprocessens variabler resulterar i den stelnade komponenten och dess prestanda. Fel kombination kan resultera i sänkt prestanda eller gjutdefekter. Sfärisk grafit är väl studerad i segjärn (SGI) där grafitmorfologin är dominant. Mindre mängder sfärisk grafit är dock närvarande även i kompaktgrafit, där dess karaktär och roll är mindre känd. Samband mellan sfärisk grafit i kompaktgrafitjärn och krympporositet understryker behovet av bättre förståelse inom detta område. Dessutom har betydelsen av den tidiga dendritiska austenitstrukturen för senare delen av stelningen uppmärksammats. Utveckling inom detta område är dessvärre till en grad begränsad av bristen på kunskap om praktiska metoder för att karaktärisera dess struktur. I detta arbete studerades övergången från segjärn till kompaktgrafit genom omsmältning. Vid sänkt fraktion sfärisk grafit visade sig kompaktgrafiten tappa kontakten med smältan vid senare stadie av stelningen. Efter detta inträffade, dominerades stelningen till synes av tillväxt av sfärisk grafit. Kompaktgrafit och sfärisk grafit bildades i huvudsak segregerade. Ökad rekallesens till följd av ökad fraktion kompaktgrafit visade sig ha låg inverkan på storleksfördelningen av eutektisk sfärisk grafit bortsett från dess totala antal och fraktion. Omfördelningen av Si, Mn och Cu mellan stelnad matris och smälta i segjärn och kompaktgrafitjärn fanns stämma bra överens med varandra, samt med teoretiska värden med antagande om försumbar diffusion i stelnad matris. Detta visar att proportionerna av sfärisk och kompaktgrafit har liten eller ingen inverkan på halten av dessa ämnen i smältan under stelningen. En metod för karaktärisering av den dendritiska austenitstrukturen i släckt gjutjärn introducerades och utvärderades. Metoden inkluderar en teknik för att åstadkomma kontrast mellan ledeburitmatrisen och den dendritiska austeniten, och en teknik för att producera binära bilder från resulterande mikroskopbilder som är lämpliga för automatisk bildanalys. Mätningar av volymfraktion och yta per volymenhet av dendritstrukturen genom tillämpning av den introducerade metoden visade rimlig överensstämmelse med traditionella punktfraktion‐ och linjetekniker. Svårigheten att hitta den exakta gränslinjen mellan dendritisk struktur och ledeburit föreslogs vara den huvudsakliga källan till systematisk oöverensstämmelse.

Desiccation-induced soil cracking is of significant interest in several engineering disciplines, which include geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, mining engineering, and agriculture engineering. The hydraulic, mechanical, thermal and other physico-chemical properties of unsaturated soils can be predominantly influenced due to cracks. Reliable information of these properties is required for the rational design and maintenance of earth structures taking account of the influence the soil-atmosphere interactions (e.g., for expansive soil slopes, earth dams, and embankments). In spite of significant research studies published in the literature on the desiccation-induced cracks during the past century, the fundamental mechanism of crack initiation and propagation of soils induced by drying and shrinkage is still elusive. For this reason, the focus of this thesis is directed towards understanding the tensile strength of unsaturated soils which is associated with soil crack initiation criterion (i.e. maximum tensile stress criterion). Tensile strength is the key property of soils for interpreting the initiation of soil cracking from a macroscopic point of view. A semi-empirical model is proposed for predicting the tensile strength of unsaturated cohesionless soils taking into account the effect of both the negative pore-water pressure in saturated pores and the air-water interfacial surface tension in unsaturated pores. The proposed model is calibrated and validated by providing comparisons between the model predictions and the experimental measurements on 10 cohesionless soils (i.e. five sandy soils and five silty soils) published in the literature. The proposed model is simple and requires only the information of Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) and Grain Size Distribution curve (GSD), which can be obtained from conventional laboratory tests. To investigate the influence of microstructure, a practical and reliable estimation approach for predicting the evolution of the microstructural void ratio of compacted clayey soils subjected to wetting and drying paths is proposed. The microstructural evolution of 13 examined soils were investigated quantitatively using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results. The investigated soils include four high-plasticity clays, eight low-plasticity clays and a glacial till which is a relatively coarse-grained soil with some fines. Based on this study, a novel criterion has been developed for identifying different pore populations of compacted clayey soils. The “as-compacted state line” (ACSL) was proposed to estimate the initial microstructural void ratio based on the compaction water ratio. A constitutive stress is derived to interpret and predict the volumetric deformation of compacted clay aggregates. The linear elastic constitutive model is used for predicting the microstructural void ratio of the examined compacted soils following monotonic wetting and drying paths. The developed approach (i.e. the ACSL and the linear elastic constitutive model) is validated by providing comparisons between the predicted and interpreted microstructural void ratios for all the examined soils. In addition to the matric suction and microstructure, the confining pressure also influences the tensile strength of unsaturated compacted clayey soils. The tensile strength tests on a compacted clayey soil by both the direct method (i.e. triaxial tensile test) and the indirect method (i.e. Brazilian split test) were performed. It is found that the tensile strength increases as the compaction water content decreases for the range investigated in this study, which could be explained by the variation of the inter-aggregated capillary bonding force and the change in microstructure. The increase in the confining pressure has been found to induce the change in failure mode (i.e. from pure tensile failure mode to combined tensile-shear failure mode). In spite of limitations associated with the Brazilian split test, tensile strength is widely determined using this test due to the simple procedure of specimen preparation and wide availability of test equipment in conventional laboratories. However, the Brazilian tensile strength is found to overestimate the tensile strength of compacted specimens with water content greater than the plastic limit. This is due to the considerable plastic deformation associated with the ductile failure instead of brittle failure. In summary, this thesis is devoted to providing insight into the fundamental mechanisms associated with the desiccation-induced crack initiation by quantitatively investigating the various factors that influence the tensile strength of unsaturated soils, which include the matric suction, the microstructure, and the confining pressure from theoretical studies and laboratory investigations.

Over time the level of inoculant will decrease due to fading and this needs to be compensated bymore additions of inoculant. When casting CGI400 at Scania a one-step method is used, and the inoculant additions are based on the last ladle from the previous oven. Longer stops in production will result in the previous oven not being representable and more inoculant should be added. A method to establish the inoculation level of the base iron in the oven would make it easier to control the process. This study was about inoculation measurements with the help of thermo- analysis of the melt in the oven to get a better understanding how it fluctuates between ovens and changes over time. The study is also about how to implement this tool into production in a foundry. With the help of thermo- analytic measurements, the inoculation level of the melt was established, and the method was also used to see how the level of inoculant changed over. To establish the inoculation additions needed, the saturation point of inoculant was investigated. The results from the study shows that the starting level of inoculant is too low in the melt it also shows that the inoculation level fluctuates over time. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study is that thermos analysis can be used in production to establish the inoculation level, but moremeasurements needs to be conducted to determine its accuracy. / Över tid så minskar ympnivån i en smälta på grund av fading och detta måste kompenseras med mertillsatser av ymp. Vid gjutning av CGI400 på Scania används en en-stegs metod där man baserar ymptillsatsen i skänken på vad ympnivån var i sista skänken från den tidigare ugnen. Vid längre produktionsstopp kommer inte ympnivån från ugnen innan vara representativ utan mer ymp måste tillsättas. En metod för att bestämma ympnivån av basjärnet i ugnen skulle göra det lättare att styra processen. Denna studie handlar om ympmätning med hjälp av termisk analys i bas smälta för att få en bättre förståelse för hur den fluktuerar mellan ugnar och ändras över tid. Studien handlar också om hur man ska kunna applicera denna mätmetod i produktionen på ett gjuteri. Med hjälp av termo analytiska mätningar skulle grundnivån av ymp i smältan bestämmas och även för att se hur nivån ändrades över tiden. För att bestämma tillsatsen av ymp som borde tillföras undersöktes mättnadspunkten av ymp och hur den kunde tillsättas i skänk. Resultaten från studien visar att grundnivån av ymp är för låg och resultaten visar också att nivån av ymp fluktuerar både upp och ner ökar tid vilket inte var vad man hade förväntat sig och även det finns flera faktorer som kan påverka nivån. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att termisk analys kan användas i produktion för att bestämma ympnivån, men mer mätningar behövs för att bestämmadess noggrannhet.

No description available.

Compacted fill and rammed aggregate piers (RAPs) were separately installed adjacent to a 9-ft by 9-ft by 2.5-ft driven pile foundation founded in soft clay. The compacted fill used to laterally reinforce an area of 11 ft by 5 ft by 6 ft deep adjacent to the pile cap was clean concrete sand. The thirty-inch diameter RAPs were installed in three staggered rows to a depth of 12.5 ft below the ground surface adjacent to the pile cap to test the increase in lateral resistance afforded by their installation. The foundation was laterally loaded and load, displacement, and strain readings were recorded. The results of this testing were compared with similar tests performed with virgin soil conditions. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation increased by 5 percent or14 kips due to compacted fill placement against the face of the pile cap. The passive force acting only on the pile cap decreased from 54 kips in the virgin case to 30 kips after installation of the compacted fill, a decrease of about 45 percent. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation that was retrofit with RAPs was increased by 18 percent or 52 kips as compared to an identical pile cap in virgin clay. The passive force acting on the pile cap at 1.5 inches of pile cap displacement was determined to be approximately 50 kips, showing a slight decrease in passive resistance as compared to the tests performed on virgin soil. Both reinforcement techniques reduced pile head rotation and the bending moments in the shallow portions of the piles.