Simbiose é a associação permanente entre dois ou mais organismos de espécies distintas, pelo menos durante uma parte do ciclo de vida. Existe uma grande diversidade de casos de simbiose, os quais são frequentemente classificados de acordo com os benefícios ou deficits no valor adaptativo do hospedeiro, i.e., mutualismo, comensalismo ou parasitismo. Outras características importantes são a localização, a dependência e o modo de transmissão dos simbiontes. O conjunto de organismos selecionado para este trabalho consiste de 58 bactérias que foram agrupadas segundo características das associações simbióticas que elas estabelecem. A análise comparativa das redes metabólicas foi realizada de forma sistêmica, analisando toda a rede sem fazer a partição em vias metabólicas selecionadas a priori. Duas maneiras de comparação foram utilizadas: (i) análise dos conjuntos de compostos e de reações, e (ii) análise da topologia das redes metabólicas modeladas como grafos de compostos. Como fruto dessas análises foi possível observar o contraste entre a conservação de um núcleo metabólico nas bactérias extracelulares, de vida livre e associadas à célula, e a ausência de partes comuns da rede metabólica nas intracelulares estritas. Nota-se que o grupo das mutualistas (MIV) foi o que especialmente contribuiu para os valores baixos de interseção para os conjuntos de compostos e de reações. Esses endocitobiontes apresentam uma proporção maior dos seus genomas dedicada ao metabolismo. Além disso, partes distintas do metabolismo foram conservadas em diferentes subconjuntos dessas bactérias intracelulares mutualistas. / Symbiosis is the permanent association between two or more organisms that are distinct, at least during a part of the life cycle. Cases of symbiosis are widely diverse and are often classified based on the benefits or the deficits on the host fitness, e.g., mutualism, commensalism or parasitism. Location, type of dependency and transmission of the symbionts are also important features. The data set is composed of 58 bacteria which were grouped according to the features of the symbiotic associations established by them. The metabolic network comparison was carried out in a systematic way, taking into account the whole network without previously selecting metabolic pathways. The comparison was performed by analysing: (i) the sets of compounds and reactions, and (ii) the topology of the metabolic networks modelled as compound graphs. A conserved metabolic core inside the groups of extracellular, free-living and cell-associated bacteria was observed, contrasting with the absence of common parts in the metabolic networks of the obligate intracellular bacteria. The group of mutualists (MIV) specially contributed to the low values of the intersections of sets of compounds and reactions. The portion of the genome dedicated to metabolism is higher in these endocytobionts and distinct parts of the metabolism were conserved in different subsets of the intracellular mutualist bacteria.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T17:28:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Marquez Belo - 2017.pdf: 1798546 bytes, checksum: 282d3d52376547bc8720134da0824f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-28T11:31:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Marquez Belo - 2017.pdf: 1798546 bytes, checksum: 282d3d52376547bc8720134da0824f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-28T11:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ana Paula Marquez Belo - 2017.pdf: 1798546 bytes, checksum: 282d3d52376547bc8720134da0824f01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / There is a Brazilian citriculture vulnerability, permeated by a small variability on the tangerines which are part of a comercialized group, with a lack of consumer market by a greater supply of this product. Linked to this fact, there is a divergence of quantitative information related to the market and the tangerine characterization making it difficult the public and private actions that provide to the planning and development of the production and trade. Based on these issues, it is aimed to develop a study of the evolution of price, the physico-chemical characterization and Ponkan tangerine sensory characteristics for fruits of early harvest, harvest and of harvest of Goiás State.The tangerines and the price data on trade were collected weekly during the months between March and August (season and off season) in 2015. Simultaneously with the collection of plant material, it was collected data related to market prices charged by tangerine distributors of Goiás State. Sensory analysis was performed, using hedonic scale and test purchase intent, determination of fresh mass, longitudinal and transverse directions diameters, number of seeds, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ratio, vitamin C levels and peeling color. The obtained data was submitted to descriptive statistics (measures of position - average) and variance analysis (F test, Tukey test) to assess the significance of the harvest period (harvest season, late harvest) in the tangerine chemical and physical attributes. It was also intended to do an organical analysis and compare the three varieties of citrus, Ponkan Tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco), the hybrids Clementina (Citrus Clementina Hort. eg. Tanaka) and the Murcote one (C. reticulata Blanco x C. Sinensis Osbeck) and tangerine Clementina sel. Palazelli (Citrus Clementina hort. eg. Tanaka) and compare the physico-chemical characteristics of a traditional variety of tangerine in Brazil, the Ponkan tangerine, with other varieties. Varieties were studied such as Hino Akebono, Oogui Wase, Ogata, Iwaki, Hybrid 21, Clementina x Murcote, Oota Poncan Nankan, 20, Clementina Palazelli, Ankou Tangor, Imazu Poncan, Cravo, Robson, Ortanique tangor, 'Poncan Embrapa, Tangor Nova, Hybrid 34, Ponkan, Clemenules, Organic Ponkan, BRS Page, Miyauti, Montenegrin, Clementina, Decopon, Tangor Lee, Kyomi Tangor, Ellendalle Tangor. A study was carried out on the physicochemical fruit characteristics, as fresh mass, longitudinal diameter and transverse directions, juice yield, number of seeds (SN), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, ratio (SS/TA), levels of vitamin C, and total extractable polyphenols (PFT), as well as the total antioxidant activity and the data of peel color. The organic compounds characterization was obtained from plant extracts analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS), using the electrospray ionization technique (ESI). The results were submitted to variance analysis, complemented by the Scott-Knott test. It was also aimed to evaluate the acceptability, the purchase intent and the preference for five tangerine varieties when compared to the variety ponkan, at the beginning and end of season and also to get to know the discussion between the convencional and organic ponkan. And during the study, some varieties were used such as Oogui Wase, Hino Akebono, Ogata, Lee and Kyomi Taylor, the commercial variety of Ponkan and organic ponkan. There was a preference and scale of attitude ranking test or purchase intention and preference test for paired comparison and acceptance with structured hedonic scale verbal. All tests had the presence of 50 evaluators, aged between 18 and 70 years. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics (average, relative frequency) and the significance of the treatments was estimated through the F test, and the average compared by the Tukey test. The attributes for the appearance, taste and purchase of all varieties were compiled for conducting multivariate analysis. They were used principal components analysis (via correlation matrix) and cluster analysis (UPGMA - Unweighted Pair Group Method sing Arithmetic Averages), using the euclidean distance as similarity coefficient. The main obtained conclusions in each study were: the evolution of Ponkan fruit price that are comercialized in Goiás State following a parabolic trend.The price depends on seasonal factors linked to the harvest period. The fruit which are sold during the season, show physical specific standard (greater mass and diameter) and chemical (less acid and with greater ratio), culminating in greater acceptability by people who judge it. The variety Ponkan, one of the favorite commercially , cannot be considered as a natural source with properties high antioxidants. The Miyauti tangerine is a very promising one for the consumer market due to their beneficial health phytochemistry composition. Oogui Wase is the one with higher similarities with Ponkan in relation to physical attributes, in addition to be seedless. Clementina Murcote x and Clementina Palazelli show chemical profiles that should be studied and can be used by science source. Frutos de Lee, Oogui, Hino and Ogata are not considered good to consumme because of the taste and appearance culminating in low purchase. Ponkan fruit from the beginning to the end of season are the favorite ones because of their appearance and taste superiority. The appearance is the main attribute to set the intention to purchase. Ponkan from conventional system are superior in appearance but below the flavor in relation to organic fruit in general. / Existe uma vulnerabilidade da citricultura brasileira, permeada por uma pequena variabilidade no grupo de tangerinas que são comercializadas com a carência do mercado consumidor por maior oferta de diversidade deste produto. Aliado a esse fato está a defazagem de informações quantitativas referentes ao mercado e a caracterização da tangerina comercializada dificultando ações públicas e privadas visando o planejamento e desenvolvimento de sua cadeia produtiva e comércio. Fundamentado nessas questões objetivou-se realizar um estudo da evolução de preço, caracterização fisico-química e sensorial de frutos de tangerina Ponkan produzidos no início de safra, safra e final de safra do Estado de Goiás. As tangerinas e os dados de preços de comércio foram coletadas semanalmente durante os meses de março a agosto (safra e entressafra) de 2015. Simultaneamente com a coleta do material vegetal foi realizada a coleta de dados referentes aos preços de mercado praticados pelos distribuidores de tangerinas do Estado. Foi realizada análise sensorial, utilizando escala hedônica e teste de intenção de compra, determinação da massa fresca, diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, número de sementes, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, pH, ratio, teores de vitamina C e dados de coloração da casca. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à estatística descritiva (medidas de posição - média) e análise de variância (Teste F, Teste de Tukey) para verificar a significância do período da safra (entressafra, safra, final de safra) nos atributos químicos e físicos de frutos. Também foi pretendido analisar organicamente e comparar a casca de três variedades de citros, tangerina Ponkan (C. reticulata Blanco), o híbridos Clementina (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka) x Murcote (C. reticulata Blanco X C. sinensis Osbeck) e tangerina Clementina sel. Palazelli (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka) e comparar as características físico-químicas de uma variedade tradicional de tangerina no Brasil, a Ponkan, com as demais variedades caracterizadas. Foram estudadas as variedades Hino Akebono, Oogui Wase, Ogata, Iwaki, Híbrido 21, Clementina x Murcote, Oota Poncan, Nankan 20, Clementina Palazelli, Ankou Tangor, Imazu Poncan, Cravo, Robson, Ortanique Tangor, ‘Poncan Embrapa, Tangor Nova, Híbrido 34, Ponkan, Clemenules, Ponkan Orgânica, BRS Page, Miyauti, Montenegrina, Clementina, Decopon, Tangor Lee, Kyomi Tangor, Ellendalle Tangor. Foi realizado estudo das características físico-químicas dos frutos, como massa fresca, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, rendimento em suco (Suco), número de sementes (NS), sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, ratio (SS/AT), teores de vitamina C, e de polifenóis extraíveis totais (PFT), assim como a atividade antioxidante total e os dados de coloração da casca. A caracterização dos compostos orgânicos foi obtida a partir de extratos analisados por espectrometria de massas (MS), utilizando a técnica de ionização por electrospray (ESI). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, complementada pelo teste de Scott-Knott. Buscou-se também avaliar a aceitabilidade, a intenção de compra e a preferência de cinco variedades de tangerinas quando comparadas à variedade Ponkan, no início e fim de safra e também conhecer a colação entre a Ponkan conevncional e orgânica. Foram utilizadas no estudo as variedades Oogui Wase, Hino Akebono, Ogata, Lee e Kyomi Taylor, a variedade comercial Ponkan e a Ponkan orgânica. Realizou-se teste de ordenação de preferência e escala de atitude ou intenção de compra e teste de preferência de comparação pareada e aceitação com escala hedônica estruturada verbal. Todos os testes ocorreram com a presença 50 avaliadores, com idade entre 18 e 70 anos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a estatística descritiva (média, frequência relativa) e a significância dos tratamentos foi estimada por meio do Teste F, sendo as médias comparadas pelo Teste de Tukey. Os atributos referentes a aparência, sabor e compra de todas as variedades foram compilados para condução de análise multivariada. Empregou-se Análise de Componentes Principais (via matriz de correlação) e Análise de Agrupamento (UPGMA – Unweighted Pair Group Method sing Arithmetic Averages), usando a distância euclidiana como coeficiente de similaridade. As principais conclusões obtidas em cada estudo foram: A evolução de preços de frutos de tangerina Ponkan comercializadas no Estado de Goiás segue uma tendência parabólica. O preço depende de fatores sazonais ligados ao período de safra. Frutos comercializados durante a safra exibem adequados padrões físicos (maior massa e diâmetro) e químicos (menos ácidos e com maior ratio) culminando em maior aceitabilidade pelos julgadores. A variedade Ponkan , comercialmente preferida , não pode ser considerada uma fonte natural com propreidades antioxidantes elevadas. A tangerina Miyauti é um material bastante promissor para o mercado consumidor devido à sua composição fitoquímica benéfica à saúde. O material Oogui Wase é o que possuí maior similitude com a variedade Ponkan em relação aos atributos físicos, além de não apresntar sementes. As tangerinas Clementina x Murcote e Clementina Palazelli apresentam em suas cascas perfis químicos que devem ser estudados e podem ter aproveitamento pelas ciências farmacológicas. Frutos de Lee, Oogui, Hino e Ogata não agradam devido ao sabor e aparência culminando em baixa intenção de compra. Frutos de Ponkan de inicio e final de safra são preferidos devido a superioridade em aparência e sabor. A aparência é o atributo majoritário para a definir a intenção de compra. Frutos de Ponkan oriundos de sistema convencional são superiores em aparência mas inferiores a sabor em relação a frutos orgânicos.

Attractiveness matters in business markets, because firms do not dedicate resources equally to all partners. Instead they invest more resources in partners with higher relational attractiveness. Firms need to become attractive in order to gain access to more resources or to be able to work with more skilled or reputable partners. This dissertation studies the construct of relational attractiveness of the customer (RAC), defined as the attractiveness of a business relationship with a particular customer in the eyes of the supplier. The research also investigates corporate online references (COR), because gaining powerful referrals is one of the driving forces behind creating attractiveness in business markets. The study is a three-stage research project drawing on an empirical investigation comprising two focus groups, 79 interviews, a survey of 107 suppliers and online referral data from 1002 companies. These studies investigate the conditions and configurations leading to high or low relational attractiveness, and the motivational conditions and structure of a specific corporate online referral network. Bearing in mind that attractiveness exists in the eyes of the beholder, Study I resolves the previously unclarified problem of how attractiveness can be achieved in different ways. Social Exchange Theory helps to identify conditions of RAC: Trust, Dependency, Financial, Non-Financial Rewards and Costs. In Study II conditions of Trust and Dependency are further developed into Relational Fit and the Comparison Level of Alternatives that address the mutuality and network perspectives of relationship development. The time perspective is introduced to the configurational analysis of RAC through the Maturity condition. As it is revealed in Study I and II, Nonfinancial Rewards are important in creating attractiveness and one of their essential forms is referrals that are addressed in more detail in Study III. This PhD research takes a configurational approach to attractiveness and explores different causal recipes in order to reach the same outcome. In order to investigate the relational complexity of attractiveness, fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) is applied throughout the three studies combined with some other methods, such as content analysis and Social Network Analysis (SNA). QCA is a data analytic strategy that combines within-case analysis and formalised cross-case studies in order to identify multiple configurations leading to the same outcome. Hence, QCA deals more efficiently with the equifinality of complex business problems compared with traditional data analysis methods. Equifinality means that there are various ways in the causal system of achieving the desired outcome. QCA is sufficient in handling methodological challenges such as multi-causality (an outcome of interest rarely has a single cause), interrelatedness (causes are usually not independent of one another) and asymmetry (a specific cause may have different effects on the outcome depending on the context). By challenging existing knowledge, the results show that there is no one best way to achieve relational attractiveness. It is achievable even if Trust and Financial Rewards are not present. Very high RAC was typically achieved in less mature relationships. During the initiation of referral relationships in the case of COR, the expected increase in the initiators` attractiveness in the eyes of potential future partners also plays a vital role. The generalizability of the findings has some limitations, especially regarding the qualitative study where the results are appropriate to falsify some theories (for example, the primary importance of Financial Rewards) but their impact is more related to theoretical development than to statistical generalizability.

Lina Axelsson Berg (2017). Bambi – en komparativ analys av Felix Saltens bok och Walt Disneys film. (Bambi – a comparative analysis of Felix Salten’s book and Walt Disney’s film). Independent project, Swedish, Specialization in Grades 4-6, Advanced Course, 15 credits. School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences. The aim of this study is to examine the changes that have occurred when Saltens novel Bambi was adapted to Disney’s Bambi. The specific elements that are examined are the scenes, some of the characters and the environment. This has been done through a comparative analysis. The results shows that the changes that has been done when Disney adapted Bambi is fairly small but the (for some) underlying meaning of Saltens Bambi, that it can be read as an allegory, is gone. There has been a change of characters, for Disney has chosen to ignore a couple of the significant characters in Salten and choose to add a couple of new characters which is a reason to why the underlying meaning of the story has changed. The study also examines if and how the story of Bambi (mostly Saltens) can be used in school subjects, primary when working with human values and how human treat animals. The result shows that the story can be used for that purpose but that the pedagogy who chooses to use is have to see to their own students and how they would react to a story like Saltens.

The purpose of this document is threefold. First, it demonstrates what Grieg contributes to the musical text compared with the original Peters edition, particularly, those additions that refer to expression, interpretation, and style. Second, this document focuses on presenting Grainger's changes that were approved by Grieg. Third, the document evaluates Grainger's own suggestions for pedaling, hand redistribution and fingering, addition of notes, tempo markings, and other performance guidelines.

This dissertation presents an analysis of Akrodha (1998), a multiple percussion solo in two movements, composed by Kevin Volans. The analysis is focused on the motivic content and subsequent iterations written within the tempos that provide the structural form of the piece. The structural tempos are supported by the presence of various motifs that serve as the tempos' characteristic traits, thereby giving the tempos more tangibility. As the work develops, these motifs reappear either as note-for-note reiterations or as variations that still maintain the unique qualities of the motifs. For comparison, similar analyses of Mr. Volans' other multiple percussion solos, She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket (1985) and Asanga (1997), are also presented to further explore Mr. Volans' use of motifs as they relate to structural tempos. In addition, a comprehensive performance practice of Akrodha is presented based on a synthesis of considerations and methods from individuals involved in the piece's development and early performances. These include Dr. Volans himself, Jonny Axelsson (for whom Akrodha was written), and Robyn Schulkowsky (for whom She Who Sleeps with a Small Blanket and Asanga were written), as well as the author's personal experiences. This dissertation provides a deeper understanding of Akrodha for the scholar and provides performance guidance for the performer to enhance the ability to replicate the musical spirit of Kevin Volans' compositional intentions.

This thesis seeks to understand which opportunities make excluded ethnic groups use nonviolence. The research question is: Under which conditions do politically-excluded ethnic groups initiate nonviolent resistance rather than violent resistance? The study challenges an existing assumption that ethnic exclusion creates opportunities for violence and hinders nonviolence, by exploring if constraints to violence favor nonviolence. I hypothesize that two opportunities from nonviolence theory – autocracy and mass participation – and two constraints to violence – the state having a powerful ally and high territorial outreach – constitute alternative pathways to nonviolence. I make a joint evaluation of these contrasting theoretical views with Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), using a comprehensive dataset of 79 campaigns initiated by excluded ethnic groups. The theory evaluation is complemented by three informative within-case studies: the Lithuanian Sajudis campaign (1988), the Druze resistance in Israel (1981) and the Malawian Anti-Banda campaign (1992). I find that opportunities from both theoretical strands work in combination. One pathway – mass participation in a state with high outreach and no powerful ally – leads to nonviolence in almost 71% of the cases occurring in that setting, and explains roughly 63% of all nonviolent campaigns initiated by excluded groups.

v anglickém jazyce This diploma thesis is focused on the Czech communal politics, which is viewed by a descriptive approach to the study of local democracy, an approach which is characterized by the fact that it focuses on specific political phenomena in selected areas. The selected area in this diploma thesis is the Central Bohemia Region. Czech communal politics is characterized by its fragmentation and diversity, and therefore there is a high proportion of non-party actors, non- competitive systems and other specific features. Three theoretical approaches are used to analyze these specifics: the theory of political coalition of Stanislav Balík, the typology of local democracy models by Václav Bubeníček, and the concept of the kernels as unitary actors in the municipal politics of Petr Jüptner. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The first - the theoretical - part is focused on detailed analysis of theoretical approaches, their criteria, assumptions and models. At the end of the first part there is a critical evaluation of these approaches, there are presented the problematic aspects of these approaches, as well as their contribution to the study of Czech communal politics. The empirical part of this diploma thesis provides detailed information on the examined problems in 58 selected...

Christopher Rouse (b. 1949), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for his Trombone Concerto (1993) and a Grammy award for his Concerto de Gaudi (1999), has come to the forefront as one of America's most prominent orchestral composers. Several of Rouse's works feature quotations of and strong allusions to other composers' works that are used both rhetorically and structurally. These borrowings range from a variety of different genres and styles of works, from Claudio Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea to Jay Ferguson's "Thunder Island." Due to the more accessible filtering and funneling methods of musical borrowings (proliferation of mass media), the weighty discourses attached to them, and their variety of functions (critiquing canons, engaging in an allusive tradition, etc.), quotation has become elevated to the most prominent of musical actors that trigger narrative listening strategies, which in turn have a stronger role in the formation of narratives about music as well as narratives of music. The primary aim of this study is to adapt and apply more recent methodological narrativity frameworks to selected instrumental compositions by Rouse containing quotations, suggesting that their manner of insertion, their method of disclosure, and their referential potential can benefit from being examined through various narrative lenses as well as reveal their participation in certain roles of narrative functions. For this study, I have chosen six instrumental works by Rouse for examination - the Violoncello Concerto, Symphony No. 1, Iscariot, String Quartet No. 2, Seeing, and Thunderstuck. On a more specific level, the aim of this study is to investigate the manner, meaning, and motive of the quoted material in a select group of Rouse's compositions through various narratological lenses. To accomplish this, I intend 1) to establish a context for understanding the musical borrowing procedures of Rouse; 2) to explore how works containing quotations can be examined through various narrativity frameworks; 3) to inspect the ways in which borrowings can enhance or clarify the structural design and stylistic musical features for which he is known; 4) to investigate the various meanings that are generated from his borrowings; 5) to consider the extent to which Rouse's musical borrowings comment on various discourses, and 6) to examine the psychological needs of certain narratives triggered by quotation and the various questions they pose. This study does not attempt to systematically unify the works of Rouse that contain borrowings under a kind of "grand theory" in narrativity or borrowing studies, but rather to examine each work individually, noting the particular roles that borrowings play in regards to narratives of and about music. Fundamentally, I claim that narrativizing about music is a foundational psychological and social impulse, aiding to serve our curiosities about music's otherness qualities. Using both narratives of and about music to frame analyses, I hope to make a small contribution to the growing methodological frameworks of narrativity by featuring works containing borrowings by one individual composer, suggesting that other comprehensive approaches in borrowing studies can used for future composers.

Rights and responsibilities are enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. These rights are the basic rights of every human being. This study focuses on the rights and responsibilities of Grade 3 learners across diverse school settings; I identified five significant aims. The main aim of this research was to use the findings gained to assist and guide educators and all adults working with children in all school contexts and in all grade levels to transform education related to rights and responsibilities to empower children. The aim of the study was to understand the experiences of Grade 3 learners regarding their rights and responsibilities across diverse settings. My objectives were firstly to investigate whether children were educated and informed about their rights and responsibilities as child citizens. Secondly, to explore possible gaps in the knowledge of children’s experience and understanding of their rights and responsibilities. Thirdly, to give children an opportunity to use their voices through participating in this study. Fourthly, to identify the similarities and differences through comparison of the of Grade 3 learners’ experiences of their rights and responsibilities across the three diverse school settings. The comparison of data sets highlighted challenges and gaps in children’s education and their experiences of rights and responsibilities. It enabled me to draw conclusions that assisted me in making recommendations to supplement and improve children’s understanding of their rights and responsibilities. I believe that the findings from my study contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding rights and responsibilities education as a strong focus in the Life Skills programme – locally and globally _ and to improving the education of the young child. Through the comparison of the experiences of the participating children across the three school settings, similarities and differences arose that deepened insight into the main findings. The first finding is that education improves children’s understanding and experience of their rights and responsibilities. Secondly, basic needs have a substantial impact on children’s experience of their rights and responsibilities. Thirdly, the participating children understood that people have needs and rights, and that those rights must be acknowledged to ensure a good quality of life. I further found that children can be empowered through using their voices and in gaining positive experiences and understanding, which ultimately contributes to raising strong well-adjusted adults. This research was qualitative in nature using a multiple case study design. The themes and sub-themes that emerged from the data analysis of three diverse schools were then compared. Data gathering occurred through interviews, observation, documents, field notes and visual artefacts. The artefacts consisted of collages, drawings and writings made by the participating children and formed a large part of the data collection and analysis. Data collection took place in the Grade 3 classrooms and school venues made available by the diverse schools where data was collected. The ninety-six (n = 96) participating children contributed the data for this study and I analysed the data to understand how Grade 3 children understood their rights and responsibilities. Grade 3 learners were from three school settings where the participants had diverse backgrounds regarding language, capability, socio-economic circumstances, race, belief and religion. Children were typically between nine and ten years of age in Grade 3. An emerging conceptual framework created through combining existing theories was utilised for explaining children’s experiences of their rights and responsibilities across the diverse settings. The theories employed were the sociology of childhood, empowerment theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the framework is the arch of human rights. To empower young children with their rights and responsibilities, adults should listen, educate, communicate, and encourage decision making, accountability and responsibility so that young children will understand their rights and responsibilities as active citizens in their country. This would benefit children to modify and adjust the world they live in. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Early Childhood Education / PhD / Unrestricted