The environment is taking a larger part of the debate resulting in the creation of UN declarations, domestic and regional laws, public pressure on companies and politicians to take responsibility, and a greater awareness on our increasingly exploited planet. However, the people who are affected the most, poor and often indigenous people, find themselves in an increasingly dangerous position when they try to defend the planet. Previous research lack understanding on which features that facilitates deadly violence against environmentalists. In contemporary time, three environmentalists per week die when they try to defend the planet from environmental harm, making it more than twice as dangerous as being a journalist. This thesis tries to answer - what explains deadly violence against environmentalists in developing countries by using the method of structured focused comparison (SFC). Honduras is the deadliest country per capita for environmentalists and they will be compared with El Salvador, which does not experience a high degree of deadly violence against environmentalists. The attributes tested are chosen in accordance with the analytical framework of Limited Access Orders (LAO). LAOs are controlled by elites who create rents to maintain their power, hence decreasing elites power by enforcing open access orders (OAO) in LAO can result in increased violence. Honduras and El Salvador’s differences suggest that environmentalists have been subjected to enhanced dangerous circumstances in Honduras than environmentalists in El Salvador and historical conditions have resulted in the protection of the environment in El Salvador by the wider social movement. Earlier research in Honduras has pointed at the importance to decrease corruption in order to decrease violence against environmentalists. However, the theory of LAO suggests that attempts to abolish corruption, increase access, institute democracy or increase rule of law surge violence. In order to limit deadly violence against environmentalists, this study suggests that Honduras focus should be at: prevent expropriation, limit international corporations access on natural resources, attain consent from the local communities before starting projects, require corporations and organizations to publish public environmental assessment reports before projects starts that can degrade the environment and increase focus on the manufacturing sector instead of extraction of natural resources.

This master thesis is focused on fractions as a problematic area of mathematics education. The goal of the thesis is to find out which mistakes students make and which wrong strategies they adopt in dealing with fractions. Another aim is to study how the historical ways of dealing with fractions could help the students nowadays. The thesis consists of a theoretical part introduces the matematical thinking of the Ancient Mesopotomia and Egypt periods, as well as present day teaching of fractions, using analysis of the textbooks and a brief glimpse into Czech as well as international researches. The practical part is based on an investigation in three different seventh grade classes in two primary schools and one high school class of the prima grade. In total 73 students participated in the research which cotains a diagnostic test, a series of individual interviews and an educational experiment with historical tasks. The result of this thesis is the finding that most of the mistaken strategies are not connected with only one particular school, because they appear in all of the schools and the Ancient Egyptian methods could be helpful in teaching fractions today as well. For this reason I recommend to spend more time in the educational proces with unit fractions (fractions of the form 1 n ), which are...

The main objective of my thesis was to explain US GAAP to Czech public by comparing operations that are reported differently according to Czech accounting system and the US GAAP. Accounting of fixed assets of the Company was chosen as specific area of comparision due to its great significance in total assets and due to my personal experience in this area.

Os parabenos são conservantes utilizados em alimentos, fármacos, cosméticos e produtos de cuidado pessoal. Pertencem à família de ésteres do ácido p-hidróxibenzoico, distinguindo-se entre si pelo comprimento e ramificação da cadeia lateral alquílica. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal dessa tese foi avaliar os efeitos dos dois parabenos mais frequentemente utilizados (metilparabeno e propilparabeno) sobre diferentes espécies de ambientes aquáticos. Para isso, inicialmente, foram realizados testes de toxicidade de curta duração com cinco espécies de organismos de diferentes grupos taxonômicos e funcionais, sendo quatro delas de regiões tropicais (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Chironomus xanthus, Macrothrix flabelligera e Hydra viridissima) e uma pertencente às regiões temperadas (Hydra attenuata). Os resultados obtidos nesses testes foram comparados com os resultados de literatura aberta, mostraram que Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (MeP CE50=7,56 mgL e PrP, CE50=2,90 mgL) e Macrothrix flabelligera apresentaram-se mais sensíveis em comparação aos organismos padrão de clima temperado. Num segundo momento, foram realizados testes de toxicidade com sete espécies de fungos hifomicetos aquáticos (Articulospora tetracladia Ingold, Flagellospora curta Webster, Heliscus lugdunensis Sacc. & Thérry, Lemonniera aquatica Wildeman, Lemonniera pseudofloscula Dyko et al., Tetracladium apienses R.C. Sinclair & Eicker, Tetracladium marchalianum Wild.) expostas ao conservante propilparabeno, por possuir maior ação antifúngica. Lemonniera aquatica apresentou maior sensibilidade ao propilparabeno, sendo o mais sensível de todos os fungos testados, bem como dos demais organismos aquáticos reportados na literatura. Além de confirmarem que os parabenos representam risco ecológico potencial para os ambientes aquáticos, os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que há diferenças de sensibilidade entre as espécies tropicais e temperadas e, por isso, as espécies nativas são mais indicadas para se avaliar os efeitos tóxicos dos parabenos nos ambientes. Dada a presença e persistência dos compostos estudados por entrada contínua no ambiente, a magnitude das concentrações determinadas (ng L-1 e μg L-1), a carência de informações relativas à toxicidade e ao risco que representam para os ecossistemas tropicais, incluindo os do Brasil, sugere-se a implantação pelas agências reguladoras de medidas mais restritivas para o uso desses conservantes, visando uma melhor proteção da biota aquática. / Parabens are preservatives used in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care products. They belong to the family of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, distinguishing each other by the length and branching of the alkyl side chain. The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of the two most commonly used parabens, methylparaben and propylparaben, on aquatic species. For this purpose, short-term toxicity tests were initially carried out on five species of organisms from different taxonomic and functional groups: four of them from tropical regions, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Macrothrix flabelligera, Chironomus xanthus and Hydra viridissima, and one belonging to temperate regions, Hydra attenuata. The results obtained in these tests were compared with the results of the open literature, showing that Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (MeP, EC50 = 7.56 mg L-1 and PrP, EC50 = 2.90 mg L-1) and Macrothrix flabelligera (MeP, EC50 = 8.04 mg L-1 and PrP, EC50 = 3.85 mg L-1) were more sensitive compared to the standard organisms of temperate climate. Secondly, toxicity tests were performed with seven species of aquatic hyphomycetes fungi and only with the preservative propylparaben, because they have a higher antifungal action: Articulospora tetracladia Ingold, Flagellospora curta Webster, Heliscus lugdunensis Sacc. & Thérry, Lemonniera aquatica Wildeman, Lemonniera pseudofloscula Dyko et al., Tetracladium apienses R.C. Sinclair & Eicker, Tetracladium marchalianum Wild. Lemonniera aquatica showed greater sensitivity to propylparaben (EC50 = 1.63 mg L-1), being more sensitive than all fungi, as well as other aquatic organisms. Thus, the results obtained in the present thesis indicate that there is a difference in sensitivity between tropical and temperate species when exposed to parabens, with tropical native species being more sensitive to the effects of these compounds. Given the presence and persistence of the compounds studied by continuous entry into the environment, the magnitude of the concentrations determined (ng L-1 and μg L-1), the lack of toxicity and risk information for tropical ecosystems, including Brazil, it is suggested that regulatory agencies implement more restrictive measures for the use of these preservatives, aiming at a better protection of the aquatic biota.

Thesis describes models and usage of e-services to support e-commerce. Services are di-vided according to their areas of application. Their characteristics are described from both the business and from the integration point of view. The objectives of thesis are divided into two areas: The first area is the market analysis of selected e-services of third parties to support e-commerce business in the Czech Republic in area of SME that can be supported by web services. The second area is simplified case study of the real deployment of selected services for real e-commerce solution. The work summarizes integration of services and analyzing their impact on the business.

The final thesis deals with financial analysis of the company Telefónica O2 Czech republic a.s. for the period from 2003 to 2012. The aim of this thesis is to use the tools of financial analysis to evaluate economic performance. The theoretical part describes general importance, sources of information and indicators which can be used to assess the overall financial situation. The practical part is aimed on the calculation of ratios, their interpretation and about situation on the phone market in the Czech Republic. The last part is focused on results and summary of the company comparison. All the important information is summarized in the conclusion.

No description available.

No description available.

Os estudos internacionais sobre o hábito intestinal em populações aparentemente saudáveis, embora amplos e curiosos, revelam que aproximadamente 95% da população apresentam entre três evacuações por dia e três evacuações por semana. No Brasil, estudos semelhantes, considerando cultura, hábitos de vida e hábitos alimentares, entre outros, ainda são inexistentes. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar a adaptação transcultural do instrumento \"Bowel Function in the Community\" para a língua portuguesa e testar suas propriedades de medida, na versão traduzida para o português. Trata-se de um instrumento elaborado por Reilly e cols. (2000), composto de 70 questões agrupadas não em domínios mas em agrupamentos específicos: hábito intestinal geral; presença de incontinência anal: sintomas urinários; história de doenças anorretais e histórico cirúrgico; uso de serviços médicos e fatores de risco que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da incontinência anal. O processo de adaptação transcultural baseou-se preconizado por Beaton e cols (2002) e envolveu duas etapas: a tradução do instrumento para a língua portuguesa e a validação de suas propriedades de medida validade de conteúdo, confiabilidade inter-observadores e confiabilidade teste-reteste. A primeira etapa incluiu a tradução e a retro-tradução do instrumento - realizadas por profissionais de língua inglesa; a avaliação das versões original, traduzida e retro-traduzida por um comitê composto de cinco coloproctologistas fluentes na lingua inglesa; pré-teste (1), grupo focal, pré-teste (2), estes realizados com 30 sujeitos da população geral (10 em cada fase). Para testar as propriedades de medida da versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa, na segunda etapa, o instrumento foi aplicado, através da entrevista, em amostra aleatória de 356 indivíduos sadios, com idade acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos e diferentes níveis de escolaridade, que construíram duas sub-amostras para avaliação da confiabilidade inter-observadores (120 indivíduos) e da confiabilidade teste-reteste (120 indivíduos). Na primeira etapa após tradução, retrotradução e avaliação das mesmas pelo comitê de especialistas, obteve-se a versão traduzida, submetida ao pré-teste (1), grupo focal e pré-teste (2). A versão adaptada resultante da primeira etapa, avaliou alterações principalmente de ordem semântica e idiomática, tendo atestada a sua validade de conteúdo. A confiabilidade inter-observadores foi atestada, obtendo nível de concordância de 94% entre bom e excelente. A confiabilidade teste-reteste foi atestada, obtendo nível de concordância acima de 60% entre moderada e excelente. Conclui-se que o instrumento pode ser disponibilizado para novas aplicações visando aumentar o conhecimento do hábito intestinal de nossa população / International studies on the intestinal habits of apparently healthy populations, although broad and rigorous, have shown that approximately 95% of the people have between three bowel movements per day to three per month. In Brazil, similar studies which take into consideration culture, lifestyles and eating habits, are inexistent. The objective of this study was to make the transcultural adaptation of the \"Bowel Function in the Community\" instrument to the Portuguese language, and to test its adapted measuring properties. The original instrument, developed by Reilly et al. (2000), has 70 questions organized by a specific grouping criteria: general intestinal habit; anal incontinence; urinary symptoms; anorectal diseases and surgical history; use of medical services; ans risk factors, which could contribute to the development of anal incontinence. The transcultural adaptation was based on Beaton et al. (2002), and involved two phases: translation of the instrument to the Portuguese language, and the validation of the content valid measuring properties, inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The first phase of the study included the translation and the backtranslation of the instrument by English language professionals; the evaluation of the original versions, translated and backtranslated by a committee composed of 5 coloproctologists fluent in English; a pre-test (1); a focal group, and a pre-test (2), using 30 subjects from the general population (10 in each test). During the second phase of the study, a randomized sample of 356 healthy subjects, over 18, from both sexes, and from different levels of formal education were interviewed, to test the Portuguese adapted version of the measuring properties. They constituted two samples: one used for the inter-rather reliability (120 subjects), and the other used for the test-retest (120 subjects) reliability. The adapted version resulted from the first phase, evaluated mainly the semantics and idiomatic changes to test the instrument´s content vality. Inter-rater reliability was validated at a 94% level of agreement between good and excellent. Test-retest reability was validated at a 60% level of agreement between moderate and excellent. Results from the study have shown that the adapted instrument can be made available for new applications to get more information on the intestinal habits of our population

Os estudos internacionais sobre o hábito intestinal em populações aparentemente saudáveis, embora amplos e curiosos, revelam que aproximadamente 95% da população apresentam entre três evacuações por dia e três evacuações por semana. No Brasil, estudos semelhantes, considerando cultura, hábitos de vida e hábitos alimentares, entre outros, ainda são inexistentes. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar a adaptação transcultural do instrumento \"Bowel Function in the Community\" para a língua portuguesa e testar suas propriedades de medida, na versão traduzida para o português. Trata-se de um instrumento elaborado por Reilly e cols. (2000), composto de 70 questões agrupadas não em domínios mas em agrupamentos específicos: hábito intestinal geral; presença de incontinência anal: sintomas urinários; história de doenças anorretais e histórico cirúrgico; uso de serviços médicos e fatores de risco que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento da incontinência anal. O processo de adaptação transcultural baseou-se preconizado por Beaton e cols (2002) e envolveu duas etapas: a tradução do instrumento para a língua portuguesa e a validação de suas propriedades de medida validade de conteúdo, confiabilidade inter-observadores e confiabilidade teste-reteste. A primeira etapa incluiu a tradução e a retro-tradução do instrumento - realizadas por profissionais de língua inglesa; a avaliação das versões original, traduzida e retro-traduzida por um comitê composto de cinco coloproctologistas fluentes na lingua inglesa; pré-teste (1), grupo focal, pré-teste (2), estes realizados com 30 sujeitos da população geral (10 em cada fase). Para testar as propriedades de medida da versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa, na segunda etapa, o instrumento foi aplicado, através da entrevista, em amostra aleatória de 356 indivíduos sadios, com idade acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos e diferentes níveis de escolaridade, que construíram duas sub-amostras para avaliação da confiabilidade inter-observadores (120 indivíduos) e da confiabilidade teste-reteste (120 indivíduos). Na primeira etapa após tradução, retrotradução e avaliação das mesmas pelo comitê de especialistas, obteve-se a versão traduzida, submetida ao pré-teste (1), grupo focal e pré-teste (2). A versão adaptada resultante da primeira etapa, avaliou alterações principalmente de ordem semântica e idiomática, tendo atestada a sua validade de conteúdo. A confiabilidade inter-observadores foi atestada, obtendo nível de concordância de 94% entre bom e excelente. A confiabilidade teste-reteste foi atestada, obtendo nível de concordância acima de 60% entre moderada e excelente. Conclui-se que o instrumento pode ser disponibilizado para novas aplicações visando aumentar o conhecimento do hábito intestinal de nossa população / International studies on the intestinal habits of apparently healthy populations, although broad and rigorous, have shown that approximately 95% of the people have between three bowel movements per day to three per month. In Brazil, similar studies which take into consideration culture, lifestyles and eating habits, are inexistent. The objective of this study was to make the transcultural adaptation of the \"Bowel Function in the Community\" instrument to the Portuguese language, and to test its adapted measuring properties. The original instrument, developed by Reilly et al. (2000), has 70 questions organized by a specific grouping criteria: general intestinal habit; anal incontinence; urinary symptoms; anorectal diseases and surgical history; use of medical services; ans risk factors, which could contribute to the development of anal incontinence. The transcultural adaptation was based on Beaton et al. (2002), and involved two phases: translation of the instrument to the Portuguese language, and the validation of the content valid measuring properties, inter-rater and test-retest reliability. The first phase of the study included the translation and the backtranslation of the instrument by English language professionals; the evaluation of the original versions, translated and backtranslated by a committee composed of 5 coloproctologists fluent in English; a pre-test (1); a focal group, and a pre-test (2), using 30 subjects from the general population (10 in each test). During the second phase of the study, a randomized sample of 356 healthy subjects, over 18, from both sexes, and from different levels of formal education were interviewed, to test the Portuguese adapted version of the measuring properties. They constituted two samples: one used for the inter-rather reliability (120 subjects), and the other used for the test-retest (120 subjects) reliability. The adapted version resulted from the first phase, evaluated mainly the semantics and idiomatic changes to test the instrument´s content vality. Inter-rater reliability was validated at a 94% level of agreement between good and excellent. Test-retest reability was validated at a 60% level of agreement between moderate and excellent. Results from the study have shown that the adapted instrument can be made available for new applications to get more information on the intestinal habits of our population