Diss. Stockholm : Univ., 2004.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Rhode Island, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-113).

La mammographie est une technique d’imagerie par rayons x, considérée comme la technique actuelle la plus efficace pour dépister le cancer du sein à un stade précoce. A cause des risques de carcinogenèse induite par les rayonnements associés à l’examen par rayons x, il est donc essentiel de réaliser un étalonnage précis du faisceau de rayonnements afin de réduire au maximum la dose de rayonnement délivrée au sein du patient et d’obtenir la meilleure qualité d’image possible. L’étalonnage du faisceau de rayons x est effectué avec des chambres d’ionisation, instruments du commerce qui doivent être préalablement étalonnées dans des laboratoires d’étalonnage de référence, de préférence dans le même type de faisceaux de rayonnements que celui utilisé pour le diagnostic.Dans un pays donné, les laboratoires d’étalonnage de référence en dosimétrie des rayonnements sont généralement rattachés au laboratoire national de métrologie ; ce sont des laboratoires de référence primaires ou secondaires de dosimétrie. Les laboratoires primaires vérifient l’exactitude de leurs mesures conduites avec des étalons primaires en participant à des comparaisons internationales alors que les laboratoires secondaires, détenteurs d’étalons secondaires, doivent procéder à la caractérisation de leurs instruments de référence.Afin de répondre aux besoins des laboratoires nationaux de métrologie le Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) maintient des étalons de référence stables pour la dosimétrie des rayonnements ionisants et met à disposition de ses États Membres des équipements internationaux pour la comparaison des étalons primaires et la caractérisation des étalons nationaux secondaires afin d’assurer l’unification mondiale des mesures et leur traçabilité au Système international d’unités (SI).Le Département des rayonnements ionisants du BIPM a effectué les premières comparaisons internationales dans des faisceaux de rayons x aux basses énergies en 1966 et, en 2001, les Instituts nationaux de métrologie (INM) ont pour la première fois proposé que le BIPM étende ses activités à la mammographie.Une description du travail que j’ai entrepris au BIPM pour répondre aux besoins des laboratoires nationaux de métrologie en matière de comparaisons et d’étalonnages dans ce domaine est présentée dans cette thèse et distribuée en quatre parties : l’établissement de sept faisceaux de rayonnement en utilisant un tube à rayons x à anode en tungstène et filtre en molybdène (faisceau W/Mo); l’installation d’un tube à rayons x à anode en molybdène avec filtre en molybdène et l’établissement de quatre faisceaux de rayonnement (faisceau Mo/Mo); conception et fabrication d’un nouvel étalon primaire pour la dosimétrie dans les faisceaux mammographiques. la création d’une nouvelle série de comparaisons en continu du BIPM, identifiées dans la base de données du BIPM sur les comparaisons clés KCDB sous la référence BIPM.RI(I)-K7 et un programme pour l’étalonnage des étalons nationaux secondaires qui inclut le nouveau dispositif expérimental dans le système managérial de la qualité du département des rayonnements ionisants (RI) du BIPM.L’expertise acquise lors de ce travail est maintenant transféré aux INM pour les aider dans le développement de leurs propres étalons primaires et à améliorer leurs dispositifs expérimentaux existants. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui 6 comparaisons ont été menées à bien dans le nouveau dispositif expérimental établi au BIPM ; la participation à la nouvelle comparaison–clé continue permet aux INM de soutenir leurs capacités d’étalonnages et de mesures (CMC). La caractérisation et l’étalonnage des étalons nationaux secondaires ont été réalisés pour l’heure pour 5 INM. / Mammography is an x-ray examination of the breast, considered to be the most sensitive technique currently available for early detection of breast cancer. Because of risks of radiation-induced carcinogenesis associated with the use of x rays, accurate calibration of the x-ray unit is essential in order to minimize the radiation dose delivered to the patient breast but having a good image quality. The beam calibration is made using ionization chambers, commercial instruments that need to be characterized at standard reference dosimetry laboratories in well-defined x-ray beams similar to those used in the diagnostic institutes.Standard reference laboratories for radiation dosimetry are usually part of the National Metrology Institute of each country; they can either be Primary or Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories. Primary Laboratories verify the accuracy of their measurements using the primary standards by taking part in international comparisons while the Secondary Laboratories, holding secondary standards, need the characterization of their reference instruments. In order to fulfil these requirements of the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) maintains stable reference standards for radiation dosimetry and provides to the its Member States an international facility for comparisons of primary standards and characterization of secondary standards to ensure world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).The Ionizing Radiation Department of the BIPM started international comparisons and characterizations in low-energy x-ray beams in 1966 and in 2001, the NMIs required the BIPM to extend these activities to mammography beams. A description of the work I carried out at the BIPM to provide an international facility for comparisons and calibrations in the mammography field is presented in this thesis, divided into four stages:  establishment of seven reference radiation beams using the combination tungsten-anode x-ray tube and molybdenum filtration (W/Mo beams);  installation of a molybdenum-anode x-ray tube with molybdenum filtration and establishment of four reference radiation beams (Mo/Mo beams);  design and construction of a new primary standard free-air chamber for the dosimetry of the mammography beams;  establishment of a new ongoing international comparison in the new reference mammography beams, registered in the BIPM key comparison database KCDB as BIPM.RI(I)-K7 and a programme for the calibration of national secondary standards by including the new facility in the quality management system of the Ionizing Radiation (IR) Department of the BIPM.The experience obtained during this work is now transferred to the NMIs to help them in the development of primary standards and to improve their existing facilities.To date, six successfully comparisons have been carried out in the new facility established at the BIPM; the participation in the new ongoing key comparison allow the NMIs to support their calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs). Characterization and calibration of national secondary standards have been done for five NMIs.

Deux écrivaines méridionales, insulaires et de même génération, Marie Susini et Maria Giacobbe, ont écrit à l’étranger au sujet de leur île : la Corse et la Sardaigne. Chaque auteure s’est réapproprié, par sa plume et son imaginaire exacerbé par l’éloignement, l’Ithaque natale qu’elle a quittée. L’étude des conditions de la genèse de l’écriture, ainsi que l’analyse des formes et des thématiques des écrits liées au fait de “revisiter” constamment l’île, constituent les enjeux principaux de cette recherche. Si le comparatisme poussera plus loin ses investigations, par des confrontations avec les critères de Margherita Marras et des comparaisons avec des textes d’autres auteurs insulaires et non insulaires, le questionnement concernant le parcours identitaire des écrivaines toutefois demeure. Qu’est-ce qu’un écrivain insulaire ? Qu’est-ce que l’écriture de l’île ? / Marie Susini and Maria Giacobbe, two female writers who were born in two islands of the Mediterranean - Corsica and Sardinia - and belonged to the same generation, have written about their native islands while they were abroad. Through her imagination exacerbated by the distance, each of them has recaptured her native Ithaca. The main object of this research is to study the genesis of their writing, the analysis of forms and themes connected to their constant interior “revisitation”. A comparative approach will further examine the text through the critical standards of Margherita Marras, and comparisons with the texts of other authors, whether they are insular or not. What is basically at stake is the question of identity: what is an insular writer? What does writing about an island consist in?

A segurança dos empreendimentos civis tem se tornado fator preponderante na viabilidade econômica das obras, uma vez que impacta o preço dos seguros cobrados. Dentro deste contexto, um dos aspectos importantes a serem considerados na elaboração de um projeto, notadamente no de grandes estruturas, é a instrumentação. Assim, ao se tratar com grandes barragens, a concatenação da instrumentação civil com a geodésica se faz necessária. Um dos métodos geodésicos utilizados para a verificação da estabilidade de uma estrutura é a ressecção, que consiste na medição das distâncias entre as estações de referência, com coordenadas conhecidas e estáveis, e os alvos. Esta medição pressupõe, também, a intervisibilidade entre as estações de referência e entre conjuntos estações de referência-alvos. Assim, as estações devem ser instaladas nas proximidades da barragem e sobre rocha sã, fora do polígono de deformação previsto para o substrato rochoso, o que nem sempre é possível. Dessa forma, a metodologia GNSS, por não necessitar de intervisibilidade entre quaisquer estações, é aplicável mesmo que a ocorrência de rocha aflorada e sã seja afastada da barragem, não importando se a montante ou a jusante. A pesquisa pretende provar a compatibilidade entre as medições realizadas por ressecção e GNSS; provando, assim, a viabilidade da utilização do GNSS para o monitoramento de barragens, independentemente da solução estrutural adotada / The security of the civil undertakings has become predominant factor in the economical viability of the enterprises, because it impacts the price of the collected insurances. Inside this context, one of the important aspects that are being considered in the preparation of a project, especially in that of great structures, is the instrumentation. So, while negotiating with great dams, the concatenation of the civil instrumentation with the geodetic one is made necessary. One of the geodetic methods used for the checking of the stability of a structure is the resection, which consists of the measurement of the distances between the stations of reference, with known and stable coordinates, and the targets. This measurement presupposes, also, the intervisibility between the stations of reference and between sets stations of white-reference. So, the stations must be installed in the proximities of the dam and on healthy rock, out of the polygon of deformation predicted for the rocky substrate, which not always is possible. In this form, because of not needing intervisibility between any stations, the methodology GNSS is applicable same that the incident of emerged and healthy rock is removed of the dam, not mattering if to amount or downstream. The inquiry intends to prove the compatibility between the measurements carried out by resection and GNSS; proving, so, the viability of the use of the GNSS for the monitorament of dams, independently of the structural adopted solution

abstract: A simulation study was conducted to explore the influence of partial loading invariance and partial intercept invariance on the latent mean comparison of the second-order factor within a higher-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model. Noninvariant loadings or intercepts were generated to be at one of the two levels or both levels for a second-order CFA model. The numbers and directions of differences in noninvariant loadings or intercepts were also manipulated, along with total sample size and effect size of the second-order factor mean difference. Data were analyzed using correct and incorrect specifications of noninvariant loadings and intercepts. Results summarized across the 5,000 replications in each condition included Type I error rates and powers for the chi-square difference test and the Wald test of the second-order factor mean difference, estimation bias and efficiency for this latent mean difference, and means of the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). When the model was correctly specified, no obvious estimation bias was observed; when the model was misspecified by constraining noninvariant loadings or intercepts to be equal, the latent mean difference was overestimated if the direction of the difference in loadings or intercepts of was consistent with the direction of the latent mean difference, and vice versa. Increasing the number of noninvariant loadings or intercepts resulted in larger estimation bias if these noninvariant loadings or intercepts were constrained to be equal. Power to detect the latent mean difference was influenced by estimation bias and the estimated variance of the difference in the second-order factor mean, in addition to sample size and effect size. Constraining more parameters to be equal between groups—even when unequal in the population—led to a decrease in the variance of the estimated latent mean difference, which increased power somewhat. Finally, RMSEA was very sensitive for detecting misspecification due to improper equality constraints in all conditions in the current scenario, including the nonzero latent mean difference, but SRMR did not increase as expected when noninvariant parameters were constrained. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Educational Psychology 2016

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:24:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A segurança dos empreendimentos civis tem se tornado fator preponderante na viabilidade econômica das obras, uma vez que impacta o preço dos seguros cobrados. Dentro deste contexto, um dos aspectos importantes a serem considerados na elaboração de um projeto, notadamente no de grandes estruturas, é a instrumentação. Assim, ao se tratar com grandes barragens, a concatenação da instrumentação civil com a geodésica se faz necessária. Um dos métodos geodésicos utilizados para a verificação da estabilidade de uma estrutura é a ressecção, que consiste na medição das distâncias entre as estações de referência, com coordenadas conhecidas e estáveis, e os alvos. Esta medição pressupõe, também, a intervisibilidade entre as estações de referência e entre conjuntos estações de referência-alvos. Assim, as estações devem ser instaladas nas proximidades da barragem e sobre rocha sã, fora do polígono de deformação previsto para o substrato rochoso, o que nem sempre é possível. Dessa forma, a metodologia GNSS, por não necessitar de intervisibilidade entre quaisquer estações, é aplicável mesmo que a ocorrência de rocha aflorada e sã seja afastada da barragem, não importando se a montante ou a jusante. A pesquisa pretende provar a compatibilidade entre as medições realizadas por ressecção e GNSS; provando, assim, a viabilidade da utilização do GNSS para o monitoramento de barragens, independentemente da solução estrutural adotada / The security of the civil undertakings has become predominant factor in the economical viability of the enterprises, because it impacts the price of the collected insurances. Inside this context, one of the important aspects that are being considered in the preparation of a project, especially in that of great structures, is the instrumentation. So, while negotiating with great dams, the concatenation of the civil instrumentation with the geodetic one is made necessary. One of the geodetic methods used for the checking of the stability of a structure is the resection, which consists of the measurement of the distances between the stations of reference, with known and stable coordinates, and the targets. This measurement presupposes, also, the intervisibility between the stations of reference and between sets stations of white-reference. So, the stations must be installed in the proximities of the dam and on healthy rock, out of the polygon of deformation predicted for the rocky substrate, which not always is possible. In this form, because of not needing intervisibility between any stations, the methodology GNSS is applicable same that the incident of emerged and healthy rock is removed of the dam, not mattering if to amount or downstream. The inquiry intends to prove the compatibility between the measurements carried out by resection and GNSS; proving, so, the viability of the use of the GNSS for the monitorament of dams, independently of the structural adopted solution

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:24:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O teste de frequência de micronúcleos (FMN) in vitro é uma das metodologias de escolha no desenvolvimento de testes de segurança toxicológica. Para o seu desenvolvimento no trabalho foram realizadas modificações da técnica convencional, relativas ao substrato de cultivo das células e à sua coloração. As culturas celulares foram desenvolvidas diretamente nas lâminas e a coloração foi realizada com laranja de acridina (AO) ao invés da coloração segundo Giemsa. Foram utilizados controles positivos com potenciais clastogênico (mitomicina C, benzo[a]pireno) e aneugênico (colchicina), recomendados pela OCDE (Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico). Como moléculas-teste, foram utilizados compostos cuja associação a isótopos radioativos compõem radiofármacos produzidos pelo IPEN. DOTATATO e Ubiquicidina foram testados em diferentes concentrações proporcionais às concentrações máximas utilizadas em pacientes adultos. Para tanto, foram realizadas diluições correspondentes às concentrações 0,1X, 1X e 10X e culturas de células CHO-KI foram expostas a estas concentrações para ensaios de citotoxicidade e FMN. Nenhuma das concentrações induziu citotoxicidade significativa. Para análise de FMN, foram contabilizadas todas as células mononucleadas e multinucleadas até atingir a contagem de 1000 células binucleadas, com ou sem micronúcleos. Desta maneira foi possível analisar a frequência de micronúcleos e o índice de proliferação (CBPI). As concentrações dos fármacos em teste (0,1X, 1X e 10X) não induziram agressão às células. Nenhuma das concentrações revelou citotoxicidade ou genotoxicidade, ou ainda qualquer alteração no ciclo celular em comparação aos controles, comprovando sua segurança conforme os parâmetros exigidos pelas normas internacionais. Os resultados mostraram também uma boa concordância entre a comparação das leituras realizadas por analistas independentes, com pequenas discrepâncias discutíveis, e boa correlação com resultados obtidos com a coloração convencional. Desta maneira as modificações realizadas na técnica de FMN mostraram potencial para cumprir todos os quesitos como teste pré-clínico. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP