<p>Denna slutrapport beskriver projektarbetet <em>Funktionsbeskrivning av Brandlarms-styrningen av Ventilationssystemet ombord Korvett av Göteborgsklass</em> som beställdes av divisionsingenjören vid 41.korvettdivisionen. Bakgrunden till projektets beställning var att fartygens dokumentation över ventilationssystemets funktion vid brand var bristfällig vilket försvårade underhåll, felsökning och utbildning av och på systemet. Den ofullständiga dokumentationen var ett resultat av att individerna i fartygs­klassen modifierats i flera olika omgångar utan att dokumentationen uppdaterats på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Det hade även framkommit att det fanns olikheter i konfigurationen av fartygsindividernas system.</p><p>Projektet genomfördes dels genom studier av den befintliga dokumentation som fanns att tillgå ombord och på divisionen, dels genom praktiska under­sökningar ombord på fartygen. Under de praktiska undersökningarna framkom behov av ytterligare utredningar än de som ursprungligen framgick av det erhållna uppdraget.</p><p>Projektet påvisade skillnader mellan fartygens system, vissa förmodat felaktiga styr­ningar av fläktar och spjäll samt fastställde att dokumentationen var bristfällig. Projektet resulterade i ett antal beskrivande dokument som sammanställdes i en pärm för respektive fartyg. Dessa uppfyller det givna uppdraget och målen med projektet.</p><p>En större modifiering av fartygen i klassen med syfte att förlänga deras operativa livslängd är under planeringsstadiet. Under modifieringen skall bland annat fartygens dokumen­tation uppdateras, något som resultaten från detta projekt kommer underlätta.</p> / <p>This is the final report regarding the project <em>A Functional Description of the Fire Alarm Con­trol in the Ventilation System aboard the Swedish Navy’s Gothenburg-class Corvettes,</em> wh­­ich was commissioned by the Senior Marine Engineer Officer of the 41st Corvette Sq­­ua­d­ron of the 4th Naval Warfare Flotilla. The reason for the commission was that the set of documentation concerning the function of the ventilation system in case of a fire was insufficient. This caused problems, both during maintenance work done to en­­­su­re that the system was operating in accordance with the design parameters, as well as when trouble-shooting the system. The insufficient set of documentation was a result of a number of upgrades done to the ships over the ye­ars without any corr­e­s­p­on­ding up­date of the documentation. During the project it has also been made clear that there were non-documented differences existing be­­tween the ships in the class.</p><p>The project was fulfilled by a combination of studies of the existing set of do­cumen­tation and practical surveys aboard the ships. During the surveys, more short­comings in the existing set of documentation became evident.</p><p>The project demonstrated differences between the individual ships, assumed inaccuracies in the control of fans and dampers and determined the shortage in the set of documentation. The project has resulted in a number of describing documents that are collected in one unique file for each ship. These documents fulfil the commission and the objectives of the project.</p><p>A major upgrade of the ships in the class with the purpose of extending their operational lifetime is now being planned. The ships’ set of documentation will be simultaneously updated, a task that will be simplified with the support of the results of this project.</p>

Pharmacometric modelling is an increasingly used method for analysing the outcome from clinical trials in drug development. The model building process is complex and involves testing, evaluating and diagnosing a range of plausible models aiming to make an adequate inference from the observed data and predictions for future studies and therapy. The aim of this thesis was to advance the approaches used in pharmacometrics by introducing improved models and methods for application in essential parts of model building procedure: (i) structural model development, (ii) stochastic model development and (iii) model diagnostics. As a contribution to the structural model development, a novel flexible structural model for drug absorption, a transit compartment model, was introduced and evaluated. This model is capable of describing various drug absorption profiles and yet simple enough to be estimable from data available from a typical trial. As a contribution to the stochastic model development, three novel methods for parameter distribution estimation were developed and evaluated; a default NONMEM nonparametric method, an extended grid method and a semiparametric method with estimated shape parameters. All these methods are useful in circumstances when standard assumptions of parameter distributions in the population do not hold. The new methods provide less biased parameter estimates, better description of variability and better simulation properties of the model. As a contribution to model diagnostics, the most commonly used diagnostics were evaluated for their usefulness. In particular, diagnostics based on individual parameter estimates were systematically investigated and circumstances which are likely to misguide modelers towards making erroneous decisions in model development, relating to choice of structural, covariate and stochastic model components were identified. In conclusion, novel approaches, insights and models have been provided to the pharmacometrics community. Implementation of these advances to make model building more efficient and robust has been facilitated by development of diagnostic tools and automated routines.

No description available.

Engineered timber products are becoming increasingly popular in the construction industry due to their attractive aesthetic and sustainability credentials. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is one such engineered timber product, formed of multiple layers of timber planks glued together with adjacent layers perpendicular to each other. Unlike traditional building materials such as steel and concrete, the timber structural elements can ignite and burn when exposed to fire, and thus this risk must be explicitly addressed during design. Current design guidance focusses on the structural response of engineered timber, with the flammability risk typically addressed by encapsulation of any structural timber elements with the intention of preventing their involvement in a fire. Exposed structural timber elements may act as an additional fuel load, and this risk must be adequately quantified to satisfy the intent of the building regulations in that the structure does not continue burning. This can be achieved through timber’s natural capacity to auto-extinguish when the external heat source is removed or sufficiently reduced. To address these issues, a fundamental understanding of auto-extinction and the conditions necessary to achieve it in real fire scenarios is needed. Bench-scale flammability studies were undertaken in the Fire Propagation Apparatus to explore the conditions under which auto-extinction will occur. Critical conditions were determined experimentally as a mass loss rate of 3.48 ± 0.31 g/m2s, or an incident heat flux of ~30 kW/m2. Mass loss rate was identified as the better criterion, as critical heat flux was shown by comparison with literature data to be heavily dependent on apparatus. Subsequently, full-scale compartment fire experiments with exposed timber surfaces were performed to determine if auto-extinction could be achieved in real fire scenarios. It was demonstrated that auto-extinction could be achieved in a compartment fire scenario, but only if significant delamination of the engineered timber product could be prevented. A full-scale compartment fire experiment with an exposed back wall and ceiling achieved auto-extinction after around 21 minutes, at which point no significant delamination of the first lamella had been observed. Experiments with an exposed back and side wall, and experiments with an exposed back wall, side wall, and ceiling underwent sustained burning due to repeated delamination, and an increased quantity of exposed timber respectively. Firepoint theory was used to predict the mass loss rate as a function of external heat flux and heat losses, and was successfully applied to the bench-scale experiments. This approach was then extended to the full-scale compartment fire experiment which achieved auto-extinction. A simplified approach based on experimentally obtained internal temperature fields was able to predict auto-extinction if delamination had not occurred – predicting an extinction time of 20-21 minutes. This demonstrates that the critical mass loss rate of 3.48 ± 0.31 g/m2s determined from bench-scale experiments was valid for application to full-scale compartment fire experiments. This was further explored through a series of reduced-scale compartment fire experiments, demonstrating that auto-extinction can only reliably be achieved if burnout of the compartment fuel load is achieved before significant delamination of the outer lamella takes place. The quantification of the auto-extinction phenomena and their applicability to full-scale compartment fires explored herein thus allows greater understanding of the effects of exposed timber surfaces on compartment fire dynamics.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Inspired by the knowledge that limnological variables in damned bodies of water are a reflection of physical characteristics and from usage and occupation of the land surrounding the water system, and so establishing on the spectral response of the water typical features of optically active components. This study has as a goal to comprehend the behavior from limnological variables making use of remote sensing in the aquatic compartments at Passo Cuê and São Francisco Verdadeiro, located both in the Itaipu reservoir. And as specific goals (i) to comparatively analyze the chlorophyll a spatial limnological distribution, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, hydrogenionic potential (pH), suspended solids and water transparency in the observed aquatic compartments; (ii) to verify the influence of optically active components in the spectral response of the water in both aquatic compartments; (iii) to examine whether the spectral response of the bands 3 and 4 of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor from the Landsat 8 satellite and the ratio of bands have 3/4 asustains any relation to the optically active components of the aquatic compartment at Passo Cuê. The limnological variables are spatialized use of the weighted average interpolation, and afterwards categories are sliced, in thematic format. The analysis of the behavior of the limnological variables on the main channel was done through the identification and measurement of the distance between sample points placed at the area of the main channel in the two aquatic compartments. In order to study the spectral data, collected in situ, the techniques of analysis of spectral reflectance, smoothing of the spectral and derived curve were used. The image from the Landsat 8 satellite, dated to August 22nd, 2014, which covers Passo Cuê aquatic compartment is obtained as requested on the USGS site in reflectance with geometric and atmospheric accuracy. The limnological variables present a uniform behavior at Passo Cuê aquatic compartment, fact that does not occur at São Francisco Verdadeiro aquatic compartment. In addition to that, the behavior of limnological variables allows the characterization of aquatic compartment zones. The limnological variables with exception of the dissolved oxygen, have the tendency to present in the lake zone of the aquatic compartments quite similar concentration values, which shows the standardization of the water from the aquatic compartment to the rest of the reservoir. The usage of the derived technique highlights the presence of the chlorophyll pigment a in the fluvial zone of São Francisco Verdadeiro aquatic compartment. At Passo Cuê aquatic compartment, it was noticed, after using the images from Landsat 8 satellite that the uniform behavior and the low concentration of optically active components have a small influence on the spectral response of the water, fact that can be understood by the low values of associations obtained between the limnological and spectral variables gathered in situ in the aquatic compartment. / A partir do conhecimento que as variáveis limnológicas dos corpos d água represados são um reflexo das características físicas e do uso e ocupação da terra do entorno do sistema hídrico, e que imprimem na resposta espectral da água feições típicas da presença dos constituentes opticamente ativos. O estudo possui como objetivo compreender o comportamento das variáveis limnológicas com o uso do sensoriamento remoto nos compartimentos aquáticos Passo Cuê e São Francisco Verdadeiro, localizados no reservatório Itaipu. E como objetivos específicos, (i) analisar comparativamente a distribuição espacial das variáveis limnológicas clorofila a, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), sólidos em suspensão e transparência da água dos compartimentos aquáticos analisados; (ii) verificar a influência dos constituentes opticamente ativos na resposta espectral da água dos dois compartimentos aquáticos; (iii) averiguar se a resposta espectral das bandas 3 e 4 do sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI) do satélite Landsat 8 e a razão das bandas 3/4 possuem relação com a concentração dos constituentes opticamente ativos do compartimento aquático Passo Cuê. As variáveis limnológicas foram espacializadas com o uso do interpolador média ponderada, e o fatiamento das classes, em formato temático. A análise do comportamento das variáveis limnológicas no canal principal se fez por meio da identificação e medição das distâncias dos pontos amostrais localizados na área do canal principal dos dois compartimentos aquáticos. Para os dados espectrais, obtidos in situ, aplicou-se as técnicas de análise dos espectros de reflectância suavização da curva espectral e derivada. A cena do satélite Landsat 8, da data de 22 de agosto de 2014, que abrange o compartimento aquático Passo Cuê foi obtida por demanda no site da USGS em reflectância com correção geométrica e atmosférica. As variáveis limnológicas apresentaram comportamento mais homogêneo no compartimento aquático Passo Cuê, fato que não ocorre no compartimento aquático São Francisco Verdadeiro, além disto, o comportamento das variáveis limnológicas permite caracterizar as zonas dos compartimentos aquáticos. As variáveis limnológicas com exceção do oxigênio dissolvido possuem a tendência em apresentar na zona lacustre dos compartimentos aquáticos valores de concentração próximos, o que demonstra a uniformização da água dos compartimentos aquáticos com a do restante do reservatório. A utilização da técnica da derivada destacou a presença do pigmento de clorofila a na zona fluvial do compartimento aquático São Francisco Verdadeiro. No compartimento aquático Passo Cuê, constatou-se ao utilizar a imagem de satélite Landsat 8, que o comportamento homogêneo e as baixas concentrações dos constituentes opticamente ativos pouco influenciam na resposta espectral da água, e que pode ser constatado pelos baixos valores de associações obtidos entre as variáveis limnológicas e espectrais coletas in situ no compartimento aquático.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é uma complicação frequente da cirurgia de controle de dano, podendo ocorrer em até 33% dos casos. A medida da pressão intra-abdominal para diagnóstico da SCA é avaliada através da pressão intravesical. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, através de modelo experimental, as repercussões da colocação de compressas sobre a pressão intravesical e em diferentes regiões do abdome. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 10 porcos machos, entre 45 e 60 dias, com peso entre 15 e 18 kg, submetidos a laparotomia exploradora para colocação de compressas e avaliação de medidas de pressão no espaço supra-hepático (Psh), espaço infra-hepático (Pih), espaço subfrênico esquerdo (Psfe), veia cava inferior (Pvci), veia porta (Pvp) e bexiga (Pv). Foi também avaliada a pressão arterial média (PAM) e o débito cardíaco. As diferentes medidas de pressão foram comparadas no mesmo animal com diferentes tipos de fechamento da parede abdominal: bolsa de Bogotá (CCB), total da aponeurose (CCAF), pele (CCPF) e total da pele e aponeurose (CF). Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre as medidas de PAM em todas as fases de fechamento do abdome. A pressão de veia cava inferior e a pressão intravesical foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre os grupos CF e CCAF. Psfe, Psfd e Psh foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre CF e CCB, CF e CCPF e CF e CCAF. Foram diferentes (p<0,05) Pv e Psfd, Pv e Psh e Psfe e Psfd nos grupos CCB, CCPF e CCAF. No grupo CCAF ainda foram diferentes (p<0,05) Pv e Psfe e Psh e Psfd. A avaliação de Pvp mostrou-se diferente (p<0,05) em relação ao grupo controle (CF) nos grupos CCB, CCPF e CCAF, e ainda entre CCB e CCAF. CONCLUSÃO: A pressão intra-abdominal não é uniforme quando são colocadas compressas na cavidade peritoneal. A pressão vesical é menor que em outras regiões da cavidade peritoneal. As pressões não ultrapassaram níveis de Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal. / INTRODUCTION: Abdominal compartment syndrome is a frequent complication of damage control surgery and can occur in approximately 33% of cases. Diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome depends on measurement of abdominal pressure which is usually assessed through intravesical pressure. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the consequences of liver packing with sponges to the intravesical pressure and to pressures in different sites of the abdomen in an animal experimental model. METHODS: 10 adult male pigs, aged 45 to 60 days, weighing 15 to 18 kg, underwent laparotomies for liver packing and evaluation of pressures in suprahepatic space (Psh), infrahepatic space (Pih), left subphrenic space (Psfe), inferior vena cava (Pvci), portal vein (Pvp) and bladder (Pv). Other variables such as mean arterial pressure and cardiac output, were also measured. Different pressure measurements were compared in the same animal with different types of closures of the abdominal wall: Bogota bag (CCB), total closure of aponeurosis (CCAF), skin closure (CCPF) and total skin and aponeurosis closure (CF). Results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There was no difference (p>0,05) between mean arterial blood pressure in all phases of abdominal closure. Pressure in inferior vena cava and intravesical pressure were different (p<0,05) in groups CF and CCAF. Psfe, Psfd and Psh were different (p<0,05) between CF vs CCB, CF vs CCPF and CF vs CCAF. Pv vs Psfd, Pv vs Psh and Psfe vs Psfd were different (p<0,05) in groups CCB, CCPF and CCAF. In group CCAF, Pv vs Psfe and Psh vs Psfd were also different (p<0,05). Evaluation of Pvp has shown to be different (p<0,05) when compared to control group (p<0,05) in groups CCB, CCPF and CCAF, and also between CCB and CCAF. CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal pressure is not uniform when sponges are placed in the abdomen. Intravesical pressure is lower than pressures in other sites of the peritoneal cavity. No pressure measurement reached levels of abdominal compartment syndrome.

The Dissertation treats the exacting wards of the zoological gardens - Colobus guereza, Colobus angolensis and Colobus polykomos. The first part summarizes the knowledge of breeding especially in our zoological gardens. Special attention is payed to feeding which is considered as a limiting factor of breeding. The following part compares morphology of the digestive tract of the Colobinae with the other herbivores and with the other monkeys, especially from the point of view of morphology. In the end of the Disseration, an informative experimental observation of cellulose (roughage) digestion is described. Key words: Multiple-compartment stomach, Angolan colobus, Artiodactyls, Digestive system, Cellulose digestion

The Dissertation treats the exacting wards of the zoological gardens - Colobus guereza, Colobus angolensis and Colobus polykomos. The first part summarizes the knowledge of breeding especially in our zoological gardens. Special attention is payed to feeding which is considered as a limiting factor of breeding. The following part compares morphology of the digestive tract of the Colobinae with the other herbivores and with the other monkeys, especially from the point of view of morphology. In the end of the Disseration, an informative experimental observation of cellulose (roughage) digestion is described. Key words: multiple-compartment stomach, Angolan colobus, artiodactyls, digestive system, cellulose digestion

This thesis is devoted to heat transfer and fire dynamics in enclosures. It consists of a main part which summarizes and discusses the theory of heat transfer, conservation of energy, fire dynamics and specific fire scenarios that have been studied. In the second part of this thesis, the reader will find an Appendix containing seven scientific publications in this field. In particular, one- and two-zone compartment fire models have been studied. A new way of calculating fire temperatures of pre- and post-flashover compartment fires is presented. Three levels of solution techniques are presented including closed form analytical expressions, spread-sheet calculations and solutions involving general finite element temperature calculations. Validations with experiments have shown good accuracy of the calculation models and that the thermal properties of the surrounding structures have a great impact on the fire temperature development. In addition, the importance of the choice of measurement techniques in fire engineering has been studied. Based on the conclusions from these studies, the best techniques have been used in further experimental studies of different fire scenarios. / Denna avhandling behandlar problem kopplade till värmeöverföring och branddynamik i slutna utrymmen med tonvikt på värmeöverföring mellan gaser och utsatta konstruktioner. Avhandlingen består av en huvuddel och ett appendix innehållande sju vetenskapliga artiklar. I huvuddelen sammanfattas och diskuteras grundläggande teorier och principer inom värmeöverföring och branddynamik samt studier av ett antal specialfall av brandscenarion som baseras på dessa teorier. I de avslutande bilagorna (Artiklar A1-A3 och Artiklar B1-B2) finns sju vetenskapliga artiklar som grundligare beskriver de ovan nämnda specialfallen. Huvudfokus i avhandlingen ligger på temperaturutveckling vid brand i slutna utrymmen. I avhandlingen studeras i synnerhet en- och två-zonsmodeller för brand i slutna utrymmen, och en ny metod för att beräkna brandgastemperaturer före och efter övertändning i rumsbränder är framtagen. Validering av dessa modeller med experiment visar att deras noggrannhet är bra. Modellerna visar också att de termiska egenskaperna hos de omgivande ytorna har stor inverkan på brandtemperatursutvecklingen. I tillägg studeras i denna avhandling betydelsen av val av mätmetoder i brandtekniska tillämpningar. På grundval av slutsatserna från dessa studier har de främsta mätteknikerna använts i ytterligare experimentella studier av olika brandscenarier.

L'imagerie pondérée en diffusion est un type d'acquisition IRM spécifique basé sur la direction de diffusion des molécules d'eau dans le cerveau. Cela permet, au moyen de plusieurs acquisitions, de modéliser la microstructure du cerveau, comme la matière blanche qui à une taille très inférieur à la résolution du voxel. L'obtention d'un grand nombre d'images nécessite, pour un usage clinique, des techniques d'acquisition ultra rapide tel que l'imagerie parallèle. Malheureusement, ces images sont entachées de large distorsions. Nous proposons une méthode de recalage par blocs basée sur l'acquisition d'images avec des directions de phase d'encodage opposées. Cette technique spécialement conçue pour des images écho planaires, mais qui peut être générique, corrige les images de façon robuste tout en fournissant un champs de déformation. Cette transformation est applicable à une série entière d'image de diffusion à partir d'une seule image b 0 renversée, ce qui permet de faire de la correction de distorsion avec un temps d'acquisition supplémentaire minimal. Cet algorithme de recalage, qui a été validé à la fois sur des données synthétiques et cliniques, est disponible avec notre programme de traitement d'images Anima. A partir de ces images de diffusion, nous sommes capable de construire des modèles de diffusion multi-compartiment qui représentent la microstructure complexe du cerveau. Pour pouvoir produire des analyses statistiques sur ces modèles, nous devons être capable de faire du recalage, du moyennage, ou encore de créer un atlas d'images. Nous proposons une méthode générale pour interpoler des modèles multi-compartiment comme un problème de simplification basé sur le partitionnement spectral. Cette technique qui est adaptable pour n'importe quel modèle, a été validé à la fois sur des données synthétiques et réelles. Ensuite à partir d'une base de données recalée, nous faisons des analyses statistiques en extrayant des paramètres au niveau du voxel. Une tractographie, spécifiquement conçue pour les modèles multi-compartiment, est aussi utilisée pour faire des analyses en suivant les fibres de matière blanche. Ces outils sont conçus et appliqués à des données réelles pour contribuer à la recherche de biomarqueurs pour les pathologies cérébrales. / Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a specific type of MRI acquisition based on the direction of diffusion of the brain water molecule. Its allow, through several acquisitions, to model brain microstructure, as white matter, which are significantly smaller than the voxel-resolution. To acquire a large number of images in a clinical use, very-fast acquisition technique are required as single-shot imaging, however these acquisitions suffer local large distortions. We propose a Block-Matching registration method based on a the acquisition of images with opposite phase-encoding directions (PED). This technique specially designs for Echo-Planar Images (EPI), but which could be generic, robustly correct images and provide a deformation field. This field is applicable to an entire DWI series from only one reversed b 0 allowing distortion correction with a minimal time acquisition cost. This registration algorithm has been validated both on a phantom data set and on in-vivo data and is available in our source medical image processing toolbox Anima. From these diffusion images, we are able to construct multi-compartments models (MCM) which could represented complex brain microstructure. We need to do registration, average, create atlas on these MCM to be able to make studies and produce statistic analysis. We propose a general method to interpolate MCM as a simplification problem based on spectral clustering. This technique, which is adaptable for any MCM, has been validated for both synthetic and real data. Then, from a registered dataset, we made analysis at a voxel-level doing statistic on MCM parameters. Specifically design tractography can also be perform to make analysis, following tracks, based on individual compartment. All these tools are designed and used on real data and contribute to the search of biomakers for brain diseases.