Em um sistema came-seguidor a dinâmica do sistema seguidor faz com que o movimento final se desvie daquele especificado. Este efeito pode ser compensado considerando-se o modelo dinâmico inverso do sistema seguidor no projeto da lei de movimento do came. Considerando-se constante a velocidade do came, o sistema seguidor tem dinâmica linear. Entretanto, devido à razão de transmissão variável, e devido a outros efeitos não lineares, o sistema de acionamento como um todo é não linear, e procedimentos não lineares devem ser utilizados para se ajustar a lei de movimento do came. Uma análise teórica, suportada por simulações, mostra o potencial deste procedimento, ao menos no caso de uma dinâmica simples do sistema seguidor: uma considerável redução do erro de movimento, e uma boa robustez relativa a erros na freqüência de ressonância e razão de amortecimento estimadas. Experimentos com o acionamento por um servomotor sub-dimensionado, como é de se esperar, mostram resultados diferentes, devido à velocidade angular não constante. A flutuação observada na velocidade angular em torno do valor constante é então levada em consideração para o projeto da lei de movimento com nonlinear feedforward. / In a cam-follower system the dynamics of the follower-train mechanism cause an actual motion which deviates from the desired one. This effect can be compensated by taking into account the inverse dynamic model of the follower-train in the design of the cam motion law. By considering a constant cam velocity, the follower-train has linear dynamics. However, due to the varying transmission ratio, and due to other nonlinear effects, the whole drive train is a nonlinear system, and nonlinear procedures should be used to fit a motion law. A theoretical analysis with only the linear feed-forward compensation, supported by simulation results, has shown the potential of this approach, at least in the case of simple follower-train dynamics: a considerable reduction of the motion error, and a good robustness with respect to errors in the estimated resonance frequency and damping ratio of the follower-train. Experiments with a small driving servomotor, as expected, show differerit results, due to the non-constant angular velocity. The observed cam angular velocity ripple is then taken into account to design a complete nonlinear feedforward motion law.

This work takes place in the context of distribution power system protection and tries to improve the detection and location of earth faults. The protection problem is vast and many ideas emerge every year to enhance the reliability of the grid. The author has focused his energy into the compensated and isolated network protection in the specific case of single phase earth fault. This PhD thesis is divided in two main parts that might be considered as independent. The first part studies the detection of single phase earth fault and the second analyzes the fault location of such fault.<p><p>Pragmatism was asked during these three years because a product development was necessary especially regarding the fault detection problem. The first part of the thesis took 18 months of research and development to obtain a prototype of transient protection able to detect single phase earth fault in compensated and isolated network. The sensitivity of the algorithm has been emphasized regarding the fault impedance and to detect earth fault up to 5 kOhm depending on the network characteristic. The fault location problem has been much more theoretical although the problem links to the accuracy of the algorithm and its robustness regarding wrong fault location indication has been strongly considered.<p><p>Compensated networks and in some conditions isolated networks are distribution from 12 kV up to 110 kV mostly used in East and North Europe but also in China. Others areas also work with such networks but they also have others systems and they do not use them on all the territory. These networks have the particularity to obtain very small fault current in case of single phase earth fault. Low current means the difference between a faulty and a sound feeder is not significant. Therefore classic overcurrent protection is completely useless to protect the network, forcing the development of more complex algorithm. A possibility to overcome the problem of the small fault current is to develop a transient protection. The transient occurring at the beginning of the fault has strong information to distinguish a faulty from a sound feeder. In this work I have chosen to use not only the transient but also the steady state to get the best sensitivity.<p><p>Then the fault location has been investigated but the small information coming from the faulty feeder is not sufficient to have a precise enough position of the fault. Therefore, active system has been suggested to be implemented in the grid to increase the faulty current and have enough power for a precise location. Different existing algorithms based on the steady state at the nominal frequency are compared using a tool developed during this work. Recommendations are then made depending on the topology, the network parameters, the measurements precision, etc. Due to the complexities of the problem, a simulator has been coded in Matlab .The user of a possible fault location must then use this tool to understand and see the future fault location precision that he could obtain from different algorithm on his network. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Esta dissertação analisa o Instrumento de Comando e Controle da Política Ambiental do Estado do Mato Grosso - o SLAPR, através dos pilares da Economia Ecológica (escala, alocação e distribuição). O SLAPR: Sistema de Licenciamento Ambiental em Propriedades Rurais tem como um dos seus objetivos reduzir o desmatamento ilegal em propriedades particulares. Por meio de imagens de satélite e do uso de ferramenta do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), pôde-se concluir que este Instrumento não é eficaz. Este trabalho discute um instrumento Econômico - o Pagamento pelo Serviço Ecossistêmico (PSE) carbono, pelo desmatamento evitado dos biomas amazônicos no âmbito do Protocolo de Kyoto para os proprietários detentores de 80% ou mais de cobertura florestal em suas reservas legais. Ressalta-se que esta é uma política second best, visto que se propõe a tratar da problemática ambiental aliando Instrumentos de Comando e Controle (estimando-se a escala) com um Instrumento Econômico. O mecanismo de PSE para as reservas legais nos biomas amazônicos no estado do Mato Grosso tem como princípios: 1 -definição clara do serviço comercializado, 2-verificação da oferta e da demanda, 3-o desenvolvimento da valoração e pagamento deste serviço e 4- desenvolvimento de uma rede institucional onde haja uma instituição gestora, um seguro, uma agência reguladora e uma instituição certificadora e acreditadora. / The focus of this dissertation is the system adopted by the State of Mato Grosso [Brazil] for managing and taking command and control of its environmental policies through the pillars of Ecological Economics, i.e. scale, allocation and distribution. One of the goals of SLAPR [\"System for Environmental Licensing of Rural Properties\", for short] is to reduce illegal deforesting in private properties. However, the use of satellite images and the application of SIG - \"Geographic Information System\" have led to the conclusion that SLAPR is not an efficient tool. This essay therefore discusses a new economic tool: PSE -\"Payment for Eco-Systemic Service - Carbon\", in exchange for prevented deforesting of Amazonian Biomes, within the scope of the Kyoto Protocol. It should be emphasized that this is a \"second best\" policy, since its proposal is to deal with environmental issues by combining an \'Economic Instrument\' with \'Command-and-Control Instrument, in order to estimate the scale in question. The following are the principles of PSE mechanisms for legal forest reserves within the Amazonian Biomes of the State of Mato Grosso: 1) a clear definition of the ecosystem services rendered; 2) offer-and-demand verification; 3) development of improved value-and-payment procedures for rendered services; and 4) development of an institutional net that includes a managing agency, a regulating agency, a certifying agency and an accrediting agency.

The world today is constantly growing, creating a need of new roads and residential areas. New constructions lead to an increased load onto the soil, which can result in deformations when the soil layers underneath are compressed. To reduce the increased load on the soil, a compensated foundation can be used. This method is based on the principle that the load from the construction will be compensated by the excavated soil, often replaced by a lightweight material. As an example, this method can be used in areas with great clay layers and in sensitive projects where the rise of deformations can have undesirable consequences. It is of great importance to be able to understand the impact this method has on the soil and what long-term deformations that can be expected.GeoSuite Settlement is a tool for calculation of settlements and is frequently used in the Nordic industry of geotechnical engineering. In this study, the possibilities of modelling a compensated foundation in the software has been examined. Additionally, an analysis of parameters has been conducted in the aim of evaluating the importance of the parameters in the modelling process and the final results. Three different projects have been used as a basis, where one of them is a made-up case, based on the test site of Lilla Mellösa, and two actual cases designed by Structor Geoteknik Stockholm AB. Only one of these two projects have been completed, enabling post-construction measuring to be able to compare the calculated deformations with measured data, just about 16 months post-construction.Mainly three different approaches to the modelling of a compensated foundation has been studied in this work; unloading and loading, only loading corresponding to the total increase of load and with an edited soil profile adapted for a lightweight material (the description of the methods are to be found in Appendix 11.7). Similar patterns of deformations have been found in the results for the three methods, aside from one case where a slightly larger deformation occurred as a result of the lightweight material getting in contact with the underlying clay (instead of the filling/ dry crust). Based on this work, the simplest method is suggested to be used, i.e. only loading corresponding to the increased load.Due to the time limitations of this work, a decision to only study a few parameters in the analysis has been made and also to study them individually. Since the compressibility and creep characteristics of the clay is strongly dependent on the actual and former situation of the stress, the results of this parameter study are not directly applicable to any other case. However, this study clearly shows the importance of carefully evaluating the parameters of the clay, especially the preconsolidation pressure σ’c and the compressibility modulus M, which are important to obtain lifelike results. The importance of evaluating the time resistance value rS with respect to the current addition of stress has also been shown in this study. As expected, the groundwater level also plays an important role for the final settlements in the clay. / Vi lever i en värld som ständigt växer och detta skapar ett behov av nya vägar och bostadsområden. Nya konstruktioner som leder till en ökad belastning på jorden, kan ge upphov till sättningar när underliggande jordlager komprimeras. För att reducera belastningen på jorden kan en kompensationsgrundläggning användas, vilken bygger på principen att lasten från konstruktionen kompenseras av bortschaktad jord som ofta ersätts av ett lättfyllnadsmaterial. Metoden kan till exempel tillämpas i områden med mäktiga lerlager samt i känsliga projekt där uppkomsten av sättningar kan få stora konsekvenser. För att kunna dimensionera dessa är det av stor vikt att förstå dess påverkan på jorden och vilka långsiktiga sättningar som kan väntas uppkomma till följd av den nya konstruktionen.GeoSuite Sättning är ett beräkningsverktyg för sättningsberäkningar som idag används flitigt inom geoteknikbranschen. I detta arbete har möjligheterna att modellera en kompensationsgrundläggning med hjälp av programvaran studerats. Dessutom har en parameterstudie genomförts i syfte att undersöka vilka parametrar som är av stor betydelse för modelleringen och dess resultat. Som grund har tre projekt använts, varav ett är ett påhittat fall där jordprofilen baserats på den i testområdet Lilla Mellösa, och två är verkliga projekt tillhörande Structor Geoteknik Stockholm AB. I ett av dessa projekt har även beräknade deformationer jämförts mot uppmätta deformationer, cirka 16 månader efter konstruktion.Denna studie har främst studerat tre tillvägagångssätt för modellering av en kompensationsgrundläggning; av- och pålast, endast pålast motsvarande total lastökning samt av- och pålast med en redigerad jordprofil som anpassats till lättfyllnadsmaterialet (metoderna beskrivs i Bilaga 11.7). Resultaten har visat på ett snarlikt sättningsförlopp för de tre metoderna, bortsett från ett fall där en något större sättning uppkom till följd av att lättfyllningen i jordprofilen kom i kontakt med underliggande lera (istället för fyllning/ torrskorpelera). Utifrån detta arbete rekommenderas därmed att använda den enklaste metoden med endast pålast.På grund av arbetets tidsbegränsning har endast ett antal parametrar inkluderats i parameterstudien, dessutom har de främst utvärderats separat. Vilka parametrar för jordens kompressions- och krypegenskaper som har störst påverkan på resultatet är starkt beroende av spänningssituationen i det aktuella fallet och resultaten från detta arbete är därmed inte direkt applicerbart på andra projekt. Tydligt är dock att en noggrann utvärdering av jordens parametrar som dess förkonsolideringstryck σ’c samt kompressionsmodul M är väsentligt för att erhålla verklighetstrogna resultat. Studien har även visat på vikten av att utvärdera lerors kryptal rS med hänsyn till den aktuella tillskottsspänningen. Även grundvattennivån har visat sig ha en betydlig påverkan på uppkomsten av sättningar.

In order to meet the high demand for power transmission capacity, some power companies have installed series capacitors on power transmission lines. This allows the impedance of the line to be lowered, thus yielding increased transmission capability. The series capacitor makes sense because it's simple and could be installed for 15 to 30% of the cost of installing a new line, and it can provide the benefits of increased system stability, reduced system losses, and better voltage regulation.1 Protective distance relays, which make use of impedance measurements in order to determine the presence and location of faults, are "fooled" by installed series capacitance on the line when the presence or absence of the capacitor in the fault circuit is not known a priori. This is because the capacitance cancels or compensates some of the inductance of the line and therefore the relay may perceive a fault to be in its first zone when the fault is actually in the second or third zone of protection. Similarly, first zone faults can be perceived to be reverse faults! Clearly this can cause some costly operating errors. The general approach of interest is a method leading to the determination of the values of series L and C of the line at the time of the fault. This is done by analyzing the synchronous and subsynchronous content of the V and I signals seperately which provides adequate information to compute the series L and C of the line. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6065.pdf: 865751 bytes, checksum: 22466d8659637f2282b6be8b0adb5a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work is divided into two parts. In the first part, our goal is to present the theory of Hardy Spaces Hp(Rn), which coincides with the Lebesgue space Lp(Rn) for p > 1, is strictly contained in Lp(Rn) if p = 1, and is a space of distributions when 0 < p < 1. When 0 < p ^ 1, the Hardy spaces offers a better treatment involving harmonic analysis than the Lp spaces. Among other results, we prove the maximal characterization theorem of Hp, which gives equivalent definitions of Hp, based on different maximal functions. We will proof the atomic decom¬position theorem for Hp, which allow decompose any distribution in Hp to be written as a sum of Hp-atoms (measurable functions that satisfy certain properties). In this step, we use the strongly the of Whitney decomposition and generalized Calderon-Zygmund decomposition. In the second part, as a application, we will prove that nonlinear quantities (such as the Jacobian, divergent and rotational defined in Rn) identied by the compensated compactness theory belong, under natural conditions, the Hardy spaces. To this end, in addition to the results seen in the first part, will use the results as Sobolev immersions theorems ans the inequality Sobolev-Poincare. Furthermore, we will use the tings and results related to the context of differential forms. / Esse trabalho está dividido em duas partes.Na primeira, nosso objetivo e apresentar os espaços de Hardy Hp(Rn), o qual coincide com os espaços Lp(Rn), quando p > 1, esta estritamente contido em Lp(Rn) se p = 1, e e um espaço de distribuições quando 0 < p < 1. Quando 0 < p < 1, os espaços de Hardy oferecem um melhor tratamento envolvendo analise harmônica do que os espaços Lp(Rn). Entre outros resultados, provamos o teorema da caracterização maximal de Hp, o qual fornece varias, porem equivalentes, formas de caracterizar Hp, com base em diferentes funcões maximais. Demonstramos o teorema da decomposição atômica para Hp, 0 < p < 1, que permite decompor qualquer distribuição em Hp como soma de Hp-atomos (funções mensuráveis que satisfazem certas propriedades). Nessa etapa, usamos fortemente a de- composição de Whitney e a decomposto de Calderon-Zygmund generalizada. Na segunda parte, como uma aplicação, provamos que quantidades não-lineares (como o jacobiano, divergente e o rotacional definidos em Rn), identificadas pela teoria compacidade compensada pertencem, em condições naturais, aos espaços de Hardy. Para tanto, além dos resultados visto na primeira parte, usamos outros como os Teoremas de Imersões de Sobolev, a desigualdade de Sobolev-Poincaré. Usamos ainda, definições e resultados referentes ao contexto de formas diferenciais.

Basic problems of the EMI mains filter is explained in the introduction of this thesis. These problems appear during the measurement of insertion loss of filters and by design of EMI mains filter. The important problem is uncertainly of the terminating impedances. Eventualities measurement insertion loss of EMI mains filter and motivation of creation filter models are shown. The following part of this project shows the electronic components, from which are realized the EMI mains filter. Parasitic properties of these real devices are also discussed. The circuitry of EMI mains filter is described by the Modified Nodal Voltage Method. The optimization method called Participle Swarm Optimization is introduced, too. Basic principle and terminology are mentioned. The third part of this project is focused on the own filter and spurious components. Influence of own filter and spurious filters components on insertion loss curve are showed. Magnetic factor coefficient k is searched by the optimization method PSO. The last part of this thesis deals with creation of the alternative circuits with spurious filters components. The performances of the alternative circuits were compared with the measured data for symmetrical and asymmetrical measurement setup. The breakages in the insertion loss curve were used for determining the spurious components.

The diploma thesis deals with the analyses of demand using standard tools of engineering mathematics. Mathematical models of demand, both single and multi- factor are investigated. Elasticity of demand is applied for decision making in price policy. Problems of optimization of demand reflecting utility and budget constraints are under consideration. Constructions of demand curve and compensated demand curve are presented. The text is accompanied by illustrative examples aiming at methodical aspects of the work

Hoy en día con el aumento exponencial de las industrias a nivel mundial situadas sobre grandes extensiones de terreno, requieren construcciones con un alto grado de desempeño que optimicen al máximo los tiempos de ejecución y, sobre todo, costos mínimos de manteniendo, mediante el presente estudio se propone una solución para las losas industriales, las cuales son de concreto sin juntas de retracción (cortes), con incorporación de fibras de acero y aditivo de retracción compensada, minimizando considerablemente los problemas que se puedan presentar, como es el caso del fenómeno de la retracción en una losa industrial el cual causa agrietamiento y/o despostillamiento de esta, generando pérdidas económicas a largo plazo. Al conocer este problema, se requerirá de materiales y sistemas constructivos que minimicen los efectos de la retracción en las losas industriales sin juntas, como por ejemplo un aditivo de retracción compensada que utilizaría químicos dilatadores en conjunto con aditivos que ayuden a frenar de forma paulatina el fraguado que expande la composición durante, al menos, los primeros días de existencia del elemento. Esa expansión debe asemejarse a la retracción calculada para finalmente alcanzar un cambio de volumen muy cercano a cero. / Nowadays, the exponential growth of the worldwide industries established on large land areas requires constructions with a high-performance level that maximizes the execution times and, especially, minimal operational costs. Through the present study, we propose a solution for industrial slabs, which are made of concrete without retraction joints (cuts), with the inclusion of steel fibers and additives of compensated retraction, substantially minimizing the problems that may arise, such as the case of the retraction phenomenon on industrial slabs, that causes cracking and spalling of it, generating long-term economic losses.    Due to this problem, material and constructive systems that minimize the effects of retraction on industrial slabs without joints will be required; for example, an additive of compensated retraction that would use dilating chemicals ensembled with additives that gradually helps to restrain the curing that expands the compositions during, at least, the first days of existence of the element. This expansion must resemble the estimated retraction to finally achieve a change of volume very close to zero. / Tesis

Reliability requirements for power systems have been constantly increasing, as customers of electric power desire high power availability. In order to improve continuity of supply in medium voltage (MV) networks, utilities in many countries in Europe, North/South America and Oceania use resonant earthing and allow the operation of the network during a single phasetoearth fault for periods from several seconds up to several hours, since the earthfault current at the fault point in such systems is considerably reduced and is unlikely to damage equipment or create hazardous voltages for people or livestock. Due to the neutral potential displacement during the phasetoearth fault, the healthy phases can rise up to 1.73 times the nominal values in the entire network, overstressing insulation and increasing the probability of a second fault from another phasetoearth fault somewhere in the network. The situation of two simultaneously active phasetoearth faults on different phases at different locations in a network is commonly called a crosscountry or doubleearth fault. The current through the earth then becomes many times higher than in case of a single phasetoearth fault in a resonantearthed network. Few studies about CrossCountry faults in MV systems have been done so far, particularly with real fault data and simulations. This thesis has as main objectives to: improve understanding of how crosscountry faults behave in resonantearthed systems; show how the double fault situation can be analytically calculated; and study what difficulties these faults can pose to traditional distance protection. This is done by: analyzing recordings of real faults, obtained from utilities in Scandinavia; modelling the fault situations analytically; simulating such systems with real system data; and examining in particular how faultedphase selection and distance protection behave during these faults. The developed mathematical model was compared with a simple simulated system. The results showed that the modelling produces accurate results. Analysis of the real faults showed that crosscountry faults cannot be equated directly to more traditional singlephase or doublephase faults on particular feeders, since voltages and currents can behave in atypical manners. Finally, during the comprehensive simulations of such network, limitations of traditional distance protection were identified. Phasetophase loops can face difficulties in properly detecting crosscountry faults even when one of the two simultaneous faults is relatively close to the measuring point. Phasetoearth loops can only be reliable when faults are solid or with very low resistance and in conditions where zero sequence current is present, while for multiple infeeds can also face difficulties. / Kraven på elkraftsystemets pålitlighet ökar hela tiden, då kundernas krav på tillgänglighet hela tiden stiger. Som ett led i att förbättra leveranssäkerheten på mellanspänningsnivån har ett flertal elnätsbolag i Europa, Nord och Sydamerika samt Oceanien börjat använda spoljordning. Genom detta kan jordfel under drift tillåtas, på allt ifrån sekundbasis till timmar. På detta sätt undviks driftavbrott vid jordfel. Spoljordning gör att jordfelsströmmen reduceras vilket minimerar risken för person, djur och egendomsskador. Under ett enfasigt jordfel höjs spänningen i de två opåverkade faserna till maximalt 1.73 gånger den nominella spänningen, detta i hela det aktuella nätet. Spänningshöjningen riskerar att ge skador på isolaringen, vilket gör att risken för uppkomsten av ett andra jordfel någonstans i samma nätavsnitt ökar. Att två enfasiga jordfel på olika platser inträffar samtidigt i samma nät, kallas dubbelt jordfel, på engelska crosscountry fault. Strömmen genom jord i ett spoljordat nät blir i detta fallet mycket högre än för ett enfasigt jordfel. Än så länge har bara ett fåtal studier med verkliga data och simuleringar gällande dubbla jordfel på mellanspänningsnivå utförts. Detta examensarbete syftar till att: förbättra förståelsen för hur dubbla jordfel uppkommer i spoljordade nät; beskriva hur dubbla jordfel kan beräknas analytiskt; och visa på vilka svårigheter dubbla jordfel kan ge för distansskydd. Detta görs genom: att analysera verkliga fel uppkomna i Skandinavien; analytisk modellering av dessa situationer; simulering med data från verkliga elnät; undersökning av hur felbehäftade delar och dess distansskydd beter sig vid fel. Den utvecklade matematiska modelleringsmetoden är jämförd med ett enkelt system som var simulerat, och resultaten av jämförelsen visar att modellen ger ett överensstämmande och noggrant resultat. Analysen av verkliga fel visar att dubbla jordfel inte direkt kan likställas med traditionella enfas- eller tvåfasfel för ett och samma utgående fack, då spänning och strömmar kan ha olika beteende. Avslutningsvis kunde begränsningar hos traditionella distansskydd upptäckas, tack var en omfattande simulering av nyss nämnda elnät. Fas- fas slingan kan se svårigheter att detektera dubbla fel även när ett av dessa två är nära till mätpunkten. Fas- jord slingan är endast pålitlig när felresistansen är försumbar, eller i fall där felresistansen är låg, samt i fall när nollföljdsströmmen är närvarande. Flera felströmsinmatningar kan likaså ställa till svårigheter.