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Interfer?ncia de plantas daninhas e toler?ncia do pinh?o-manso ao glyphosate / Weed interference and tolerance of Jatropha to glyphosateOLIVEIRA, Andr? Luiz de 31 July 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-31 / CNPq / Brazil stands out on the world stage in renewable energy. Among the various sources of raw material for the production of biodiesel, there is jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). Technical Information management recommendations, chiefly concerning weeds are scarce for culture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate on early growth of plants jatropha and evaluate the effect of competition with weeds in the early development of jatropha. Two experiments were conducted under conditions of greenhouse and laboratory belonging to the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. In the first experiment was an increase in height, dry matter accumulation, increase in stem diameter and leaf area in plants jatropha after glyphosate application (180.0, 360.0, 720.0 and 1440.0 g ha-1) and a control application, in three positions application (whole plant "over the top", middle third and bottom third of the plants) in a completely randomized block design with four replications. In the second experiment, we evaluated increment in height, dry matter accumulation, increase in stem diameter and leaf area in plants of jatropha in competition with weed species. Five weed species (Bidens pilosa L., Mucuna aterrima Piper & Tracy, Urochloa decumbens Stapf, Panicum maximum Jacq. e Commelina benghaliensis L.) transplanted in each pot separately in five densities (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot) were used, containing a plant jatropha, with plus a control where the plant jatropha grown without the presence of competing species in a completely randomized block design with four replications. It was found in experiment 1, the jatropha plants showed more severe intoxication when herbicide application was performed on the whole plant, at a dose of 1,440 g ha-1 of glyphosate. A reduction in the height increment, the increase in stem diameter and leaf area of plants jatropha when applied to 1440 g ha-1 of glyphosate in the whole plant. For other doses and application site there were no significant effects. With the data it can be concluded that jatropha has high tolerance to glyphosate. It was found in experiment 2, the jatropha plants showed a reduction in dry matter accumulation in leaf area and increase in stem diameter, depending on the weed species competing and increasing densities. A reduction in height, stem diameter, leaf area and total dry mass of plants jatropha who knew the species Panicum maximum, the density of 5 plants. It is concluded that jatropha has reduced those parameters when in competition with weeds in early development. / O Brasil se destaca no cen?rio mundial na produ??o de energia renov?vel. Dentre as diversas fontes de mat?ria prima para a produ??o de biodiesel, destaca-se o pinh?o-manso (Jatropha curcas L.). Informa??es t?cnicas sobre recomenda??es de manejo, principalmente referentes aos de plantas daninhas s?o escassas para a cultura. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho, avaliar o efeito de glyphosate no crescimento inicial de plantas de pinh?o-manso bem como o efeito da competi??o com esp?cies daninhas no desenvolvimento inicial da planta. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em condi??es de casa de vegeta??o e laborat?rio, pertencentes ? Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se incremento em altura, ac?mulo de massa seca, incremento em di?metro do caule e ?rea foliar em plantas de pinh?o-manso ap?s aplica??o de glyphosate (180,0; 360,0; 720,0 e 1.440,0 g ha-1) mais uma testemunha sem aplica??o, em tr?s posi??es de aplica??o (planta toda ?over the top?, ter?o m?dio e ter?o inferior das plantas), no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se incremento em altura, ac?mulo de massa seca, incremento em di?metro do caule e ?rea foliar em plantas de pinh?o-manso em competi??o com esp?cies de plantas daninhas. Foram utilizadas cinco esp?cies de plantas daninhas (Bidens pilosa L., Mucuna aterrima Piper & Tracy, Urochloa decumbens Stapf, Panicum maximum Jacq. e Commelina benghaliensis L.) transplantadas separadamente em cada vaso em cinco densidades (1; 2; 3; 4 e 5 plantas por vaso), contendo uma planta de pinh?o-manso, com mais um tratamento controle onde a planta de pinh?o-manso cresceu sem a presen?a das esp?cies competidoras, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es. Verificou-se, no experimento 1, que as plantas de pinh?o-manso apresentaram intoxica??o mais severa quando a aplica??o do herbicida foi realizada sobre a planta toda, na dose de 1.440 g ha-1 de glyphosate. Verificou-se redu??o do incremento em altura, do incremento em di?metro de caule e na ?rea foliar de plantas de pinh?o-manso quando a aplicado 1.440 g ha-1 de glyphosate na planta toda. Para as demais doses e local de aplica??o n?o houve efeitos significativos. De posse dos dados pode-se concluir que o pinh?o-manso apresenta elevada toler?ncia ao glyphosate. Verificou-se, no experimento 2, que as plantas de pinh?o-manso apresentaram redu??o em ac?mulo de massa seca, em ?rea foliar e incremento em di?metro do caule, em fun??o das esp?cies daninhas competidoras e das crescentes densidades. Verificou-se redu??o em altura, di?metro de caule, ?rea foliar e massa seca total das plantas de pinh?o-manso que conviveram com a esp?cie Panicum maximum, na densidade de 5 plantas por vaso. Conclui-se que o pinh?o-manso apresenta redu??o nos par?metros analisados quando em competi??o com plantas daninhas no in?cio do desenvolvimento.
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Ecologia tr?fica de uma comunidade de lagartos da caatingaMac?do, Pedro de Farias Capistrano 21 June 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / A ecologia tr?fica estuda assuntos relacionados ? dieta dos indiv?duos dentro de uma
comunidade. A rela??o entre tamanho corporal do predador e o tamanho da presa, a
especializa??o individual e a largura de nicho s?o alguns dos assuntos que podem ser
explorados por ela. Realizei coletas de lagartos utilizando armadilha de queda, de cola e
coleta ativa em um fragmento de Caatinga. As esp?cies mais comuns nesta comunidade
foram Tropidurus hispidus, Tropidurus semitaeniatus e Cnemidophorus ocellifer. Incurs?es ?
fazenda tamb?m contaram com coletas de invertebrados em cada esta??o para entender como
se apresentavam os recursos alimentares dos lagartos nas esta??es coletadas. Procurei
responder algumas perguntas: 1) Se haveria rela??o positiva entre a rela??o corporal do
predador e da presa da comunidade; 2) Se em diferentes esta??es a rela??o do tamanho
corporal do predador e o tamanho m?ximo e/ou m?nimo da presa seria positiva; 3) Se
esp?cies com estrat?gias de forrageio distintas teriam rela??o positiva na rela??o tamanho do
predador-presa; 4) Se a sazonalidade influenciaria a especializa??o individual na comunidade
de lagartos e esp?cies mais comuns; 5) Se a largura do nicho seria influenciada pela
sazonalidade; 6) Se indiv?duos com morfologia mais diferentes entre si apresentariam dieta
menos similar. Encontrei que houve realmente uma rela??o positiva entre tamanho da presa e
do predador, mas inexistente quanto ao tamanho m?nimo das presas; Entre as esta??es a
rela??o tamanho dos predadores e presas foi diferente para o tamanho m?ximo e m?nimo, mas
foi positivamente relacionado apenas com o tamanho do m?ximo das presas. E as
compara??es entre estrat?gias de forrageio diferentes tiveram as inclina??es da reta m?xima e
m?nima maiores que zero e diferentes uma da outra; a especializa??o individual n?o foi
influenciada pela sazonalidade e a largura de nicho apenas para T. semitaeniatus teve o nicho
mais amplo na esta??o seca. Por fim n?o encontrei rela??o negativa significativa entre
dissimilaridade morfol?gica e similaridade da dieta. / The trophic ecology studies issues related to the diet of individuals within a community .The
relation between the body size of the predator and the prey size, individual specialization and
niche breadth are some of the issues that can be discussed by it .I collected the lizards using
pitfall trap, glue and active collecting traps in a fragment of Caatinga. The most common
species in this community were Tropidurus hispidus, T. semitaeniatus and Cnemidophorus
ocellifer. The visits to the farm also relied on collecting invertebrates at each season to
understand how the nutritional resources of lizards were presented in each one of them. I tried
to answer some questions : 1) If there was a positive relation between body size of the
predator and the size of prey of the community ; 2) If in different seasons the relation of body
size of the predator and the maximum and/or minimum size of the prey would be positive ; 3)
If species with different foraging strategies have positive relation on the size of the predatorprey
relation; 4) If the seasonality would influence on the individual expertise of lizards
community and more common species; 5) If the breadth of the niche would be influenced by
seasonality ; 6) If more individuals with different morphology between them would present
less similar diet. I found that there was indeed a positive relationship between size of prey
and predator, but nonexistent related to the minimum size of prey; Among the seasons
relative size of predators and prey was different for the maximum and minimum size, but was
positively related only to the size of the maximum prey. And comparisons between different
foraging strategies had the maximum and minimum line inclination greater than zero and
different from each other; individual specialization was not influenced by seasonality and the
niche breadth was wider in the dry season only to T. semitaeniatus. At last I didn't find a
significant negative relationship between morphological dissimilarity and similarity of diet.
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A fun??o do agendamento entre duas olimp?adas: os jogos ol?mpicos de Beijing e do Rio de JaneiroNi, Sen 08 October 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-08 / Today, China is a country well known and unknown, a big nation of Asia and the most populous of the Earth. However, although have a history dating back thousands of years, China is also an unknown country for most of the world. But because of the Olympic Games of 2008, China became famous. In this study, propose to discuss the origin of the games what the word game means? And what is the definition. For this purpose, we use the authors as Huizinga and speak in his book that the game is a function of life, but is not capable of exact definition in logical, biological or aesthetic terms. As we know in antiquity, in most of games, a competition was devoid of objective, but as the game and culture of competition were developed, the objective of game became stronger. Because of these characteristics and the appearance of the Olympic Games, we find relevant to study the culture that emerges from jokes. / Hoje em dia, a China ? conhecida por ser um pa?s muito desenvolvido, uma grande na??o da ?sia e a mais populosa da Terra. Contudo, apesar de possuir uma hist?ria que remonta a milhares de anos, a China tamb?m ? um pa?s desconhecido para grande parte do mundo. Por?m, com a realiza??o dos Jogos Ol?mpicos de 2008 a China passou a ser mais conhecida. Nesse trabalho, portanto, propomos discutir a origem dos jogos o que significa a palavra jogo? e qual ? a sua defini??o. Para tanto, lan?amos m?o de autores como Huizinga, que fala no seu livro Homo Ludens que o jogo ? uma fun??o da vida, mas n?o ? pass?vel de defini??o exata em termos l?gicos, biol?gicos ou est?ticos. Como sabemos na antiguidade, na maioria dos jogos, a competi??o era desprovida de objetivo, mas na medida em que ocorreu o desenvolvimento do jogo e de sua cultura de disputa, o seu objetivo ficou cada vez mais forte. Por conta dessas caracter?sticas e do surgimento dos Jogos Ol?mpicos que achamos pertinente estudar ent?o a cultura que emerge das brincadeiras.
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Colora??o e sele??o sexual em Tropidurus hispidusMaggi, Bruno de Souza 30 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Nesta proposta esperamos resolver as seguintes quest?es: 1. existe diferen?as na colora??o entre machos e f?meas de Tropidurus hispidus? 2. as f?meas utilizam caracter?sticas da colora??o para escolher parceiros? 3. a colora??o dos machos prediz o resultado de disputas em contextos agon?sticos? Tropidurus hispidus Spix (1825) a maior esp?cie do grupo Torquatus. Os lagartos desse g?nero s?o diurnos, extremamente abundantes, heli?filos, forrageadores senta-e-espera, territoriais, ocorrendo predominantemente em forma??es abertas. Utilizamos um espectrofot?metro para mensurar as vari?veis de cor e uma modelagem visual, utilizando os dados de sensibilidade visual do lagarto Podarcis mularis. Estes dados foram usados para responder a primeira quest?o. Para responder as quest?es 2 e 3 realizamos dois experimentos controlados, no qual pareamos os machos pelo tamanho. No primeiro, de escolha dos machos pelas f?meas, dois machos foram colocados em um terr?rio dividido em tr?s partes, cada macho ficava em um compartimento e n?o tinham contato visual entre eles e a f?meas no outro compartimento com total acesso visual aos dois machos. Para o segundo, de intera??es agon?sticas entre machos, os animais foram colocados em um terr?rio durante 30 min e neste per?odo foram registrado todos os comportamento para determinar os vencedores em cada rodada. Primeiramente, as vari?veis de cor foram usadas para diferenciar machos de f?meas. Nossos primeiros resultados mostraram claramente que T. hispidus exibe dicromatismo sexual e que este ? percebido por conspec?fico. Das onze ?reas do corpo usadas para comparar machos e f?meas, nove mostraram diferen?as significativas. Para a regi?o dorsal e cabe?a, o croma vermelho ? a vari?vel que mais discrimina machos de f?meas. J? para a regi?o ventral da coxa, cloaca, flanco, barriga e garganta o brilho ? a que melhor distingue machos de f?meas. Para a base da cauda a matiz ? o que melhor discrimina os sexos?. Ainda, o croma UV na regi?o ventral da base da cauda, tamb?m distingue os sexos. A modelagem visual mostrou que essas diferen?as s?o percebidas por outro lagarto, confirmando os dados de espectrofotometria. No experimento de escolha pelas f?meas a regi?o e a vari?vel que melhor discriminaram escolhidos e n?o escolhidos, foram, respectivamente ventral da coxa e croma 8. Para o experimento de competi??o entre os machos as regi?es barriga e colar, bem como as vari?veis croma azul, 3 e 8, melhor discriminaram vencedores e perdedores. Isso nos mostra que a diferen?a entre machos e f?meas v?o al?m das descritas na literaturas e que a colora??o tem um papel importante na competi??o inter e intrasexual. Com isso esperamos ter contribu?do para uma melhor compreens?o da evolu??o do design do sinal e como agem a sele??o intra- e intersexual neste processo. / In this study our goals were to address the following issues: Are there differences in coloration between males and females of Tropidurus hispidus? Do females use color traits to choose between mates? Does male coloration predict the outcome of agonistic encounters? Tropidurus hispidus Spix (1825), the larger species of the Torquatus group. Tropidurus are diurnal, extremely abundant, heliophiles, sit-and-wait foragers, and territorial lizards occurring predominantly in open areas. We used a spectrophotometer to measure color variables and visual modeling using visual sensitivity data for Podarcis mularis. This data was used to answer the first question. To answer questions 2 and 3 we performed two controlled experiments with size-paired males. First, we conducted a female mate-choice experiment where males were placed in a terraria enclosure with three separated parts. We assigned each male to a compartment in which they did not have mutual visual contact. Next, we assigned females to the third compartment that enabled visual contact to both the males. The second experiment consisted of an agonistic interaction set up where we placed a pair of males in a single terraria enclosure for 30 min. During the experiment period we recorded behavioral displays in order to determine winners of each trial. Separately, we used color variables to differentiate males from females. Our first results clearly showed that T. hispidus exhibits sexual dichromatism and that it is perceived as conspecific. Of the eleven areas of the body used to compare males and females, nine showed significant differences. For the dorsal region and head, the red chroma is the variable that most discriminates males from females. While for the ventral region of the thigh, cloaca, flank, belly and throat the glow is the one that best distinguishes males from females. For the base of the tail the tint better discriminates. The UV chroma in the ventral region of the tail base also distinguishes the sexes. The visual modeling showed that these differences are likely perceived by other lizards, confirming spectrophotometry data. In the experiment of choice by the females the region and the variable that discriminated best chosen and not chosen were respectively thigh ventral and chroma 8. For the competition experiment between the males the belly and collar regions, as well as the blue, 3 And 8 chroma variables, better discriminated winners and losers. This shows us that the difference between males and females goes beyond those described in literatures and that coloring plays an important role in inter and intra-sexual competition. With this we hope to have contributed to a better understanding of the evolution of the signal design and how the intra- and intersexual selection act in this process in T. hispidus.
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Efeito das caracter?sticas infantis sobre a coopera??o: an?lise ontogen?tica por uma perspectiva evolucionistaLeit?o, Monique Bezerra Paz 18 December 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Beb?s e crian?as pequenas costumam ser considerados graciosos e despertar muito afeto. A tend?ncia de perceb?-los de modo positivo e a disposi??o em cuidar s?o atribu?das a tra?os f?sicos e comportamentais t?picos de um infante. Em humanos, caracter?sticas faciais como olhos grandes em rela??o ao rosto e cabe?a arredondada s?o importantes est?mulos. Alguns te?ricos defendem que a tend?ncia humana ? coopera??o tem ra?zes em mecanismos que evolu?ram para o cuidado ? prole, entretanto poucos estudos investigam as rela??es entre tra?os infantis, percep??o de fofura e coopera??o. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas quatro publica??es. A primeira investigou a influ?ncia da faixa et?ria e sexo na express?o de comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos e na percep??o de infantilidade por parte de indiv?duos mais velhos ao interagir com crian?as pequenas. Participaram 244 sujeitos (120 do sexo feminino) que interagiram em d?ades durante partidas do jogo da velha. Foram testadas as d?ades: Crian?a 4-5 x Crian?a 8-9 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adolescente 14-16 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adulto 25-35 anos. Crian?as entre 8-9 anos expressaram mais comportamentos competitivos, especialmente d?ades de sexo opostos, e adultos expressaram mais ajuda. Adolescentes e adultos tenderam a avaliar a crian?a pequena como mais fofinha, bonita e ing?nua. Quanto maior a avalia??o de fofura, menos competi??o por parte de crian?as de 8-9 anos e adultos. A segunda publica??o tratou da constru??o e valida??o do Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, um banco de faces composto por imagens de 131 crian?as entre 4-5 anos, com express?o facial neutra. Ap?s a captura, edi??o e normaliza??o, as imagens foram avaliadas por especialistas, sendo em geral consideradas com express?o neutra. A terceira publica??o teve como objetivo medir e relacionar diversos tra?os faciais infantis das imagens de crian?as entre 4-5 anos com a percep??es de fofura, os comportamentos competitivos e cooperativos no jogo dirigidos a estas crian?as por parte de sujeitos de diferentes idades. Os sujeitos e o m?todo foram os mesmos descritos na primeira publica??o, acrescidos da medi??o dos tra?os. O estudo ? inovador por mostrar que a percep??o e frequ?ncia de competi??o e ajuda variam de acordo com a intensidade de certos tra?os em todas as faixas et?rias. Nas crian?as de 8-9 anos, os tra?os relacionaram-se ? percep??o de fofura, nos adolescentes tanto ?s percep??es e como ? inibi??o de competi??o. Nos adultos os tra?os correlacionaram com mais ajuda. A quarta publica??o ? uma nota t?cnica que descreve v?rios bancos de imagens faciais de crian?as e adultos dispon?veis para pesquisas cient?ficas. Em s?ntese, a presente tese mostrou que ao longo do desenvolvimento, os indiv?duos tendem a agir mais cooperativamente com crian?as pequenas e de avali?-las de modo mais positivo e que os tra?os infantis espec?ficos influenciam a diminui??o da competitividade e aumento da coopera??o. Entende-se que diversas adapta??es cognitivas e comportamentais foram favorecidas durante a evolu??o humana para promover cuidado e prote??o de indiv?duos imaturos, especialmente considerando o alto n?vel de depend?ncia e o longo per?odo de cuidado exigido pelos nossos infantes. / Babies and young children are often considered graceful and evoke much affection. The
tendency to perceive them in a positive manner and the propensity to care for them are
assigned to physical and behavioral traits typical of an infant. In humans, facial features
such as large eyes relative to the face and rounded head are important stimuli. Some
theorists argue that the human cooperation tendency is rooted in mechanisms that have
evolved to care for offspring, however few studies investigated the relationship between
children's traits, perceptions of cuteness and cooperation. In this work it was developed four
publications. The first investigated the influence of age range and sex in the expression of
cooperative and competitive behaviors and perception of childishness on the part of older
individuals by interacting with young children. Took part of the study 244 subjects (120
females) who interacted in dyads during tic-tac-toe matches. Dyads tested were: Child 4-5 x
Child 8-9 years old; Child 4-5 x Adolescent 14-16 years old; Child 4-5 x Adult 25-35 years
old. Children aged 8-9 years expressed more competitive behavior, especially dyads of
opposite sex, and adults expressed more help. Adolescents and adults tended to evaluate the
young child as cuter, more beautiful and more na?ve. The higher the cuteness evaluation, the
lower competition by children aged 8-9 years and adults. The second publication describes
the construction and validation of the Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, a
database face made up of images of 131 children between 4-5 years old with neutral facial
expression. After capturing, editing and standardizing, the images were evaluated by
experts, generally being considered with neutral expression. The third publication aimed to
measure and correlate the facial infant traits of children's image with positive perceptions,
competitive and cooperative behaviors in the game toward these children by subjects of
different ages. The subjects and method were the same used in the first publication, adding
the traits' measurement. The study is innovative by showing that the perception and
frequency of competition and helping vary according to the intensity of certain baby schema
traits in all age groups. Among children 8-9 years old the traits correlated to the perception
of cuteness, among the adolescents they were related to both the positive perception and
competition inhibition. In adults, the traits correlated with more help. The fourth publication
is a technical note describing datasets of facial images of children and adults available for
scientific research. In summary, this thesis showed that across the lifespan, individuals tend
to act more cooperatively with small children, evaluate them more positively and that
specific infant traits influence the decreased competitiveness and increased cooperation. It is
understood that several cognitive and behavioral adaptations were favored during human
evolution to promote care and protection of immature individuals, especially considering the
high level of dependency and long-term care required by our infants.
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Capacidade competitiva, seletividade de herbicidas e atividade microbiana rizosf?rica de mudas de Hymenaea courbaril L.. / Competitive capability, selectivity of herbicides and rhizospheric microbial activity of Hymenaea courbaril L seedling.Gandini, Elizzandra Marta Martins January 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011 / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar mudas de Hymenea courbaril L. (jatob?) quanto: (a) ? capacidade competitiva com plantas consortes e esp?cies daninhas referentes a aloca??o de mat?ria seca, ?rea foliar e concentra??o de macronutrientes; (b) ? seletividade aos herbicidas sulfentrazone e glyphosate e; (c) aos efeitos de diferentes doses de sulfentrazone sobre a atividade microbiana de substratos cultivados com as mudas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa-de-vegeta??o, viveiro de produ??o de mudas e em laborat?rio na Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina-MG. No ano de 2009, foram conduzidos dois experimentos sendo os tratamentos compostos pela combina??o de mudas de jatob?, se desenvolvendo isoladamente ou em competi??o com cada uma das seguintes esp?cies Brachiaria humidicola, Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis e Mucuna aterrima (experimento 1) e Cenchrus echinatus L., Bidens pilosa L., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Solanum americanum Mill e Lolium multiflorum Lam. (experimento 2), mais o cultivo isolado de cada planta daninha e consorte, por 60 dias. Al?m do efeito das plantas nas caracter?sticas de altura e mat?ria seca das plantas de jatob?, avaliou-se o ac?mulo de nitrog?nio, f?sforo e pot?ssio em todas as plantas. Em 2010, tamb?m foram conduzidos dois experimentos sendo os tratamentos compostos por dois herbicidas (glyphosate e sulfentrazone) e cinco doses desses herbicidas (0,00; 0,09; 0,18; 0,35 e 0,70 L ha-1) (experimento 1); cinco doses de sulfentrazone (0,00; 0,04; 0,15; 0,30 e 0,60 L ha-1) e dois tipos de substratos (rizosf?rico e n?o rizosf?rico cultivados com mudas de jatob?) (experimento 2), sendo avaliado o potencial de intoxica??o desses produtos sobre a esp?cie vegetal e a comunidade microbiana rizosf?rica. Observou-se que a competi??o entre as plantas n?o promoveu altera??es na produ??o de mat?ria seca ou ?rea foliar do jatob?. Sobre a conviv?ncia das plantas daninhas com o jatob?, constatou-se efeito positivo no ac?mulo de nutrientes por estas. Os herbicidas estudados apresentaram-se com elevado potencial para uso no controle de plantas daninhas em ?reas de plantios de jatob? em fase inicial de desenvolvimento. Quanto aos indicadores microbiol?gicos, verifica-se que a evolu??o do C-CO2 e o carbono da biomassa microbiana foram sens?veis ? presen?a dos herbicidas podendo constituir ferramentas auxiliares no monitoramento do impacto desses produtos no ambiente. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2011. / ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate Hymenaea courbaril L (jatoba) seedling in relation to: a) the competitive capability with intercropped plants and weed regarding to dry matter allocation, leaf area and macronutrients concentration. b) The selectivity of herbicides sulfentrazone and glyphosate and, c) the effects of different doses of sulfentrazone on microbial activity of substrates cultivated with the seedling. The experiments were conducted in greenhouse, nursery and laboratory of UFVJM. In 2009, two experiments were carried out, being the treatments a combination of jatoba seedling that had developed alone and/or in competition with one of the following species: Brachiaria humidicola, Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Panicum maximum, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna aterrima (experiment 1) and Cenchrus echinatus L., Bidens pilosa L., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Solanum americanum Mill and Lolium multiflorum Lam. (experiment 2), plus the isolated cultivation of every weed and plant that was intercropped for 60 days. Besides the effects of the weed plants on height and dry matter of jatoba plants, it was assessed the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in all of plants. In 2010, it is also made two experiments and the treatment was made with two herbicides (glyphosate and sulfentrazone) and five doses of these herbicides (0,00; 0,09; 0,18; 0,35 e 0,70 L ha-1) (experiment 1); five doses of sulfentrazone (0,00; 0,04; 0,15; 0,30 e 0,60 L ha-1) and two types of substrates (rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric cultivated with jatoba seeding) (experiment 2). It was assessed the poisoning potential of these products on vegetal species and the rhizospheric microbial community. It was observed that the competition between the plants did not trigger changes on production of dry matter or leaf area of jatoba. It was verified a positive effect of nutrients accumulation by weed that lived together with jatoba. These herbicides have showed high potential for use on weed control in areas of jatoba planting in initial phase of development. Regarding to microbiological indicators, it was verified that the C-CO2 and microbial biomass carbon evolution was sensitive to the presence of herbicides that be constitute auxiliary tools on monitoring of the impact of these products.
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Parti??o de recursos entre duas esp?cies simp?tricas de Gracilinanus (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) em uma ?rea de mata ciliar sav?nica: rela??o com o uso de ambiente e a dietaPaula, Camilla de Souza 07 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) / Diversas esp?cies de pequenos mam?feros Neotropicais ocorrem em simpatria ao longo
de suas ?reas de distribui??o e ? relevante compreender os mecanismos que favorecem a
coexist?ncia das esp?cies e que controlam a estrutura da comunidade ecol?gica. O
objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os poss?veis mecanismos de particionamento de
recursos entre as esp?cies simp?tricas Gracilinanus agilise G. microtarsus, avaliando o
nicho alimentar e o nicho espacial.O estudo foi realizado no per?odo de maio de 2016 a
janeiro de 2017 em uma ?rea de mata ciliar sav?nica, no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto,
Minas Gerais. Analisamos a dieta das duas esp?cies atrav?s da frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia
dos itens alimentares presentes nas fezes, al?m disso, estudamos o uso do espa?o
realizado pelas esp?cies e a rela??o com a heterogeneidade e complexidade ambiental.
Analisamos a dieta das duas esp?cies atrav?s da frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia dos itens
alimentares presentes nas fezes. As esp?cies apresentaram uma alta sobreposi??o de
nicho no consumo de itens alimentares (CH=0,96), com algumas diferen?as na
frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia dos itens consumidos. Apesar dos itens mais frequentes nas
amostras fazer parte da categoria dos invertebrados (Hymenoptera, Isoptera e
Coleoptera), a propor??o que esses itens apareceram nas amostras foi diferente para as
duas esp?cies, al?m disso, a variedade de itens alimentares tamb?m diferiu entre as
esp?cies, onde observamos a presen?a de flores nas amostras de G. agilis, e uma maior
variedade de frutos nas amostras de G. microtarsus. Atrav?s das abund?ncias relativas
das esp?cies por estrato observamos que ambas utilizam preferencialmente o subbosque,
al?m disso, observamos uma segrega??o espacial entre as esp?cies simp?tricas
de Gracilinanus, com G. agilis aparentemente ocorrendo mais na borda da mata e, sua
cong?nere G. microtarsus, mais no interior da mata. Apesar da alta sobreposi??o de
nicho alimentar observada, os resultados indicam que a coexist?ncia das esp?cies
simp?tricas estudadas pode estar associada a dois mecanismos: a flexibiliza??o no uso
dos itens alimentares e particionamento no uso do espa?o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Several species of small Neotropical mammals occur in sympatry throughout their
distribution areas and it is relevant to understand the mechanisms that favor the
coexistence of the species and that control the structure of the ecological community.
The objective of the present study was to analyze the possible mechanisms of
partitioning of resources between the sympatric species Gracilinanus agilis and G.
microtarsus, evaluating the food niche and the spatial niche. The study was carried out
from May 2016 to January 2017 in an area of savanna ciliary forest, in the State Park of
Rio Preto, Minas Gerais. We analyzed the diet of the two species through the frequency
of occurrence of the food items present in their feces; in addition, we studied the use of
the space realized by the species and the relation with the heterogeneity and
environmental complexity. The species presented a high niche overlap in the
consumption of food items (CH = 0.96), with some differences in the frequency of
occurrence of the consumed items. Although the most frequent items in the samples
belonged to the category of invertebrates (Hymenoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera), the
proportion that these items appeared in the samples was different for both species. The
variety of food items also differed between the species, where the presence of flowers
where more observed in the samples of G. agilis, and a greater variety of fruits was
observed in the samples of G. microtarsus. The relative abundances of the species per
stratum show that both species preferentially use the sub-forest, in addition, we
observed a spatial segregation between the sympatric species of Gracilinanus, with G.
agilis apparently occurring more at the edge of the forest, and its congener G.
microtarsus further into the woods. Despite the high food niche overlap observed, the
results indicate that the coexistence of the sympatric species studied may be associated
to two mechanisms: flexibility in the use of food items and partitioning in the use of
space.
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Competi??o espacial no mercado de revenda da gasolina: uma an?lise nas principais cidades do Rio Grande do NorteBraga, Leonardo Gevezier 24 October 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-24 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a competi??o entre postos de
gasolina no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para tanto, investiga-se a rela??o
entre o pre?o m?dio da gasolina e a concentra??o de postos nos mercados
(munic?pios) do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Faz-se uso de uma ferramenta
pouco aplicada para o mercado brasileiro que ? o modelo econom?trico
espacial. Foi utilizada uma base que cont?m dados de todos os postos das
principais cidades do estado do Rio Grande do Norte e inclui 142 observa??es
referentes a postos. Modelos te?ricos predizem a rela??o entre o n?mero de
competidores num mercado e o pre?o m?dio; estes modelos te?ricos
compreendem: os de competi??o monopol?stica de Perloff e Salop (1985), e os
de search-theoretic, de Carlson e McAfee (1983) e de Varian (1980). Os
resultados emp?ricos mostraram que uma maior densidade dentro de um
espa?o geogr?fico est? associada a um pre?o m?dio mais baixo, convergindo
assim, com o modelo de competi??o monopol?stica e com o search-theoretic de
Carlson e McAfee (1983). Os par?metros estimados pouco variaram com
inclus?o/exclus?o de vari?veis controles, mostrando a robustez dos mesmos. / This study aims to analyze the relationship between average price with the
concentration in the markets (municipalities) in the state of Rio Grande do
Norte, is using a little tool applied to the Brazilian market is the spatial
econometric model. A data base contains all the stations of the major cities in
the state of Rio Grande do Norte and includes 142 observations on stations was
used. Theoretical models predict the relationship between the number of
competitors in a market and the average price; these theoretical models
include: the monopolistic competition of Perloff and Salop (1985), and the
search-theoretic, of Carlson and McAfee (1983) and Varian (1980). The
empirical results showed that a higher density within a geographic area is
associated with a lower average price, thus converging with the monopolistic
competition model and with the search-theoretic of Carlson and McAfee (1983).
The parameters varied little with the inclusion / exclusion of control variables,
showing the robustness of them.
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O modelo pedag?gico dos jogos escolares da CEDAF/UFV e sua influ?ncia nas rela??es entre os discentes no ambiente escolar / The educational model of the CEDAF/UFV school games and its influence in the relations between the students in the school environmentCosta, Rom?rio Cardoso 11 August 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-11 / The school games, which are historically manifested in Brazil in various forms, is a sociocultural
phenomenon in different contexts. Thus, especially in the teaching of federal
technical schools, which adopt the system of classes in integral regime, the school
competitions play a key role in relations among students. These games has configured over
time as a very important activity for the school to attend its community by allowing
individuals participating in the development of issues relevant to life. In considering the
existence of confrontation, which can make these games, held in the interclass model, the
scene of conflicts, misunderstanding and friction, in turn deteriorating relations between the
students is that we set out to investigate "as" the model of current pedagogical Internal Games
of Florestal Agrarian Development Center - JICEDAF - interfere in relations between the
students in the school environment. The method used to develop and operationalize the
research was the Focus Group, a qualitative research technique, which aims to obtain data
from group discussions with representatives of the study subjects, and representative
distinctly distributed among participants and nonparticipants of JICEDAF. Such procedures
shall seek an interpretation and analysis of the speeches of four groups debaters from his own
point of view, following the discussion of insights. It is a widely used technique in social
research, being increasingly employed in research in education. The triangulation of findings
with the input of bibliographic material and everyday life in the institution, guided through the
nine insights script discussions, allowed us through qualitative analysis, understanding how
they are formed and different perceptions, opinions and attitudes about JICEDAF. The results
are presented through the content analysis, described as a thematic analysis and analysis of
speech elements at times, with the excerpts of the speeches of focus group participants
included the text and illustrate in particular categories. Among the participants of the four
focus groups, we found that the majority believes that the relationship between students in
school improvement. The factors that hinder improvement of these relations between learners
are helped by the camaraderie, the creation of new friendships, strengthening the existing
friendships; in fostering a harmonious school environment, the change of coexistence, in the
closest approach, the interaction facilitated; aid in their studies; in reducing conflicts, the
discouragement / blockade the formation of small rival groups / Os jogos escolares, que historicamente no Brasil se manifestam de v?rias formas, s?o um
fen?meno s?cio-cultural em contextos diversos. Desta forma, em especial no ensino das
escolas t?cnicas federais, que adotam o sistema de aulas em regime integral, as competi??es
escolares t?m um papel fundamental nas rela??es entre os discentes. Estes jogos escolares t?m
se configurado ao longo do tempo como uma atividade de suma import?ncia para o
atendimento ? comunidade escolar, por permitirem o desenvolvimento nos indiv?duos
participantes de aspectos relevantes ? vida. Ao considerar a exist?ncia de embate, que podem
tornar esses jogos, realizados no modelo interclasses, palco de disc?rdias, desentendimento e
atritos, deteriorando por sua vez as rela??es entre os discentes ? que nos propusemos a
investigar ?como? o modelo pedag?gico atual dos Jogos Internos da Central de Ensino e
Desenvolvimento Agr?rio de Florestal - JICEDAF - influencia nas rela??es entre os discentes
no ambiente escolar. O m?todo utilizado para desenvolver e operacionalizar a pesquisa foi o
Grupo Focal, uma t?cnica de pesquisa qualitativa, que visa a obten??o de dados a partir de
debates em grupo com representantes dos sujeitos do estudo, distribu?dos distintamente e com
representatividade entre os participantes e n?o participantes dos JICEDAF. Tais
procedimentos visam a interpreta??o e an?lise das falas de quatro grupos debatedores, a partir
de seu pr?prio ponto de vista, ap?s o debate dos insights. Trata-se de uma t?cnica muito
utilizada no ?mbito da pesquisa social, sendo cada vez mais empregada nas pesquisas em
educa??o. A triangula??o dos achados com o aporte do material bibliogr?fico e o nosso
cotidiano na institui??o, guiados atrav?s dos nove insights do roteiro de debates, nos permitiu
atrav?s da an?lise qualitativa, o entendimento de como se formam e se diferem as percep??es,
opini?es e atitudes acerca dos JICEDAF. Os resultados s?o apresentados atrav?s da an?lise de
conte?do, com frequ?ncia descrita como an?lise tem?tica e elementos da an?lise do discurso,
com as cita??es de trechos das falas dos participantes dos grupos focais integradas ao texto e
que ilustram categorias em particular. Entre os participantes dos quatro grupos focais,
constatamos que a maioria entende que a rela??o entre os alunos no ambiente escolar melhora.
Os fatores que interferem na melhoria dessas rela??es entre os discentes, est?o amparados no
coleguismo; na cria??o de novas amizades; no refor?o ?s amizades j? existentes; no
favorecimento a um ambiente escolar harmonioso; na mudan?a de conviv?ncia; na maior
aproxima??o; na intera??o facilitada; no aux?lio aos estudos; na diminui??o dos conflitos
existentes e no desest?mulo/bloqueio ? forma??o de pequenos grupos rivais
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Hierarquia social e sucesso alimentar em callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callithrichidae), sob condi??es naturaisDias, Derlan Angelim 21 September 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-09-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The competition for resources is one of the costs of group living. The scramble competition is considered an indirect type of competition, mainly associated with factors like group size and distribution of resources. Contest competition occurs when individuals compete directly for resources. In species that exibit this type of competition the establishment of dominance hierarchy can occur, resulting in differences on feeding and reproductive benefits for each member of the group. In these cases, aggressive and submissive behaviors are expected as a way to signal social status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social
hierarchy over food ingestion in Callithrix jacchus. Data recording was from September/2006 to March/2007, eight days by month, at Floresta Nacional de A?u do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. The observation time started at 05:00 AM and finished after the last animal was on the sleeptree. Analyses of aggressive interactions, behavioral profile and diet, reveals a lot of advantages for dominat animals in the study group. Dominant individuals had
higher intake of animal matter that subordinates. The last ones, consumed fruits, exsudate and, eventually, explored itens that were not common to the diet. We suggest that dominance hiearchy enable the reproductive female to assure priority on access to food resources, a important caracteristc to supply tha costs to maintain tha high reproductive taxa of the specie. We also suggest that reproductive male, due to the participation on food transfer, had the forage efficience reduced / A vida em grupo implica em competi??o por recursos entre os indiv?duos. Competi??o do tipo Scramble ? considerada um modo indireto de competi??o, associado principalmente a fatores como tamanho do grupo e distribui??o dos recursos no ambiente. Competi??o do tipo Contest ocorre quando indiv?duos competem diretamente por recursos. Em esp?cies sujeitas a esse modo de competi??o pode ocorrer estabelecimento de hierarquia de domin?ncia, resultando
em diferen?as nos benef?cios obtidos pelos indiv?duos no ?mbito alimentar e reprodutivo. Intera??es agressivas, bem como exibi??es de submiss?o, s?o esperadas como forma de
sinalizar status social. Neste estudo investigamos o modo como a hierarquia social atua sobre o sucesso alimentar em Callithrix jacchus. De setembro de 2006 a mar?o de 2007 observamos um grupo selvagem de sag?is na Floresta Nacional de A?u do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade, 8 dias por m?s. As observa??es tinham inicio ?s 05:00 e t?rmino ap?s todos os indiv?duos se recolherem ? ?rvore de dormir. A coleta de dados foi realizada atrav?s da
t?cnica animal focal com registro instant?neo a cada minuto, durante 15 minutos consecutivos. Analisando as intera??es agon?sticas, perfil comportamental e perfil alimentar
do grupo, verificamos que a hierarquia social em C. jacchus, al?m dos benef?cios reprodutivos, tamb?m confere uma s?rie de vantagens no ?mbito alimentar ao casal reprodutor. Em nosso estudo, intera??es agressivas, incluindo persegui??es, arranh?es e mordidas, foram pouco freq?entes de modo intragrupo. As rela??es de domin?ncia, portanto, foram mais evidentes atrav?s de comportamentos de submiss?o. N?o constatamos diferen?as significativas entre os animais em rela??o ? taxa de ingest?o total. Todavia, a an?lise do perfil
alimentar (propor??o de mat?ria animal e vegetal na dieta) revelou que dominantes asseguraram maior ingest?o de mat?ria animal, enquanto subordinados utilizaram frutos,
exsudado e, eventualmente, exploraram itens que n?o eram comuns ? dieta. Sugerimos que atrav?s da hierarquia social, a f?mea reprodutora assegura acesso preferencial a recursos
alimentares, sendo esta uma importante caracter?stica para suprir os custos envolvidos com a manuten??o da alta taxa reprodutiva verificada para a esp?cie. O macho reprodutor, apesar de tamb?m assegurar acesso a recursos, tem sua efici?ncia de forrageio reduzida devido ? participa??o na partilha de alimentos direcionada aos filhotes
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