Baigiamajame bakalauro darbe analizuojami Europos šalių sostinių skverai. Skveras – dažnai suprantamas siauru aspektu. Tačiau jie gali būti įvairaus dydžio, bet kokioje vietoje ir kiekvienas jų turi savo bruožus. Dažniausiai pasitaikantis skverų architektūros bruožas yra istoriškumas. Skverų viena iš funkcijų yra estetinė, taip pat reprezentacinė, gali būti prekybos, nedidelių spektaklių ar susibūrimų veiklos vieta. / Bachelor Thesis analyzes squares of the capitals of the European countries. Square is often perceived in a narrow perspective. However, they can be vary in size, place, and each has its own characteristics. The most common architectural feature of squares is historicity. One of functions of squares include that of aesthetic as well as representative, it might also stand for the place of commerce, small performances or gatherings activity.

The permeability of surrounding landcover types can influence the probability of animals leaving a patch and dispersing across the unsuitable matrix. The marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) persists in wetlands that are often isolated by upland cover types. The goal was to quantify the permeability of three landcover types (grassland, agriculture, and forest) and calculate the landcover composition of home ranges for a population of rice rats in southern Illinois. Between March 2011 and January 2012, I trapped rice rats up to 95 m from wetlands into unsuitable cover and simultaneously followed individuals via radiotelemetry. I calculated the slope of capture rate (log-transformed) vs. distance from wetland as an inverse measure of permeability and also measured inundation, rice rat abundance, and matrix vegetation density as potential covariates explaining matrix use. I calculated mean home range size for males with the fixed kernel density method and compared landcover within home ranges to what was available in the surrounding landscape. Using generalized linear mixed models, I compared matrix capture rates and permeability levels among cover types, inundation, abundance, and vegetation density. After 13,610 trap-nights, I captured 43 rice rats in the matrix between March and September, with 24 in agriculture, 10 in grassland, and 9 in forest. I did not find permeability differed between landcover types, but did find that rice rats were captured further and more frequently in agriculture than grassland and forest cover. Both population abundance in wetlands and vegetation density < 0.5 m high had positive effects on matrix captures, while lowering water levels increased the permeability of the surrounding matrix. After radio-tracking 25 rice rats, home ranges were 3.01 ±0.57 ha and were the largest for individuals followed in early summer. Emergent vegetation was used proportionally more than would have been expected at random, indicating rice rats preferred emergent wetlands habitat at the home-range level. This study suggests that rice rats are more vagile and move through upland cover types more frequently than previously described in the literature.

This diploma thesis provides extensive research of municipal solid waste studies and methodologies from all over the world. Firstly, the studies are described in general and then divided into several groups depending on the principle of their working practices, including their advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, the studies are divided by geographic areas. The results of the individual studies are presented and compared. Based on the findings in the thesis, appropriate methodology for municipal solid waste analysis in the Czech Republic is proposed.

TITLE OF THESIS: Nutrition habits analysis in triathlon in elite youth categories. OBJECTIVES OF THESIS: The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a seven-day model nutrition plan for elite triathletes aged 15 - 18 based on an analysis of their current eating habits and anthropometric indicators together with verification of the effectiveness of nutritional recomendations after six months of compliance. METHODS USED: In our thesis we used qualitative and quantitative methods. Microsoft Excel was used for the graphical representation of anthropometric indicators and for the analysis of the current diet. Furthermore, the Sportvital-Nutrition program helped us in our work, especially in the analysis of meal plans of the monitored group. RESULTS: We found that the percentage of nutrients ingested by the monitored triathletes is on average 49 : 32 : 19 % (carbohydrates : fats : proteins), which does not correspond to the recomendations in the field of nutrition in endurance sports for youth categories. They do not even meet the correct ratio of fatty acids ingested fats according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Only three triathletes met the recommendations od PUFA intake, five triathletes met the recommendations for MUFA intake and no triathlete met the lower limit for SFA...

Orientadores: Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone, Ronei Jesus Poppi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T02:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_DanielaSouza_D.pdf: 2148960 bytes, checksum: 45b2c46dd9d82dfd00f454c5a430d494 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A avaliação da qualidade nutricional de alimentos é realizada principalmente por meio da determinação dos componentes majoritários, conhecida como composição centesimal (umidade, proteína, cinza, lipídio, carboidrato e fibra). No entanto, os métodos tradicionais de análise são demorados e utilizam materiais, equipamentos e diversos reagentes químicos, que além de oferecerem risco ao analista, geram resíduos tóxicos. Diante disto, uma alternativa para a análise química de grãos, rápida, de baixo custo e sem uso de reagentes químicos é a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. Visando atender a demanda do Brasil por pesquisas empregando espectroscopia no infravermelho para análise de alimentos, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de utilização das técnicas espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR), principalmente, e médio MIR, associadas à quimiometria, para previsão de parâmetros de qualidade da soja brasileira e quinoa da América do Sul. Para comparar a aplicação de NIR e MIR, amostras de soja provenientes do Paraná foram analisadas pelas duas técnicas para previsão da composição centesimal. Os erros relativos (E%) entre os valores de referência e os valores previstos pelos modelos de calibração PLS, foram pequenos tanto para o NIR como para o MIR, no entanto, os resultados sugerem o uso de NIR para previsão de lipídios (0,2 a 9,2%) e o uso de MIR para proteínas (0,2 a 5,6%), cinzas (0 a 5,0%) e umidade (0,1 a 2,0%). Posteriormente, foram construídos modelos de calibração PLS com NIR para previsão dos parâmetros de qualidade em soja moída e para a quinoa, grão inteiro e moído. Os melhores modelos de calibração para soja encontrados neste estudo foram para o conteúdo de proteína e umidade, com melhores coeficientes de determinação e raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de calibração (R2= 0,81, RMSEC = 0,58% e R2 = 0,80, RMSEC = 0,28%, respectivamente), contudo, a técnica mostrou capacidade adequada de predição para todos os parâmetros, incluindo lipídios, cinzas, carboidratos e fibras. Para amostras de quinoa, os espectros NIR foram inicialmente submetidos a uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) para tentar separá-las em grupos, de acordo com a origem geográfica destes grãos, os quais eram provenientes do Brasil, Bolívia e Peru. Duas componentes principais explicaram 98,2% do total da variância e três grupos foram observados na separação por PCA de acordo com o país de origem. A técnica de calibração por PLS produziu modelos adequados, que permitiu a quantificação da composição majoritária tanto para o grão inteiro como farinha de quinoa, mostrando boa correlação entre o valor previsto e o valor real, com R2 > 0,65 e RMSEC< 1,70%. Portanto, este estudo demonstra que a técnica de NIR é potencialmente útil como um método analítico não destrutivo para determinações rápidas e simples de constituintes alimentares, além de não necessitar nenhum tipo de preparo de amostra, já que os espectros dos grãos inteiros de quinoa forneceram bons resultados para previsão dos parâmetros estudados / Abstract: Evaluation of nutritional quality of food has been mainly performed by determination of major compounds, which is known as centesimal composition (moisture, protein, ash, lipid, carbohydrate and fiber). However, the traditional methods of analysis are time-consuming, use many materials and equipment, and also toxic reagents, that generate waste and are a risk for the analyst. Thus, infrared spectroscopy is an alternative to chemical analysis of grains, as it is a rapid, low cost technique and it does not use toxic reagents. In coming years, Brazilian researches using infrared for food analysis should increase, thus the objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of application mainly of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy techniques coupled with chemometrics to predict quality parameters in Brazilian soybean and South America quinoa. In order to compare NIR and MIR techniques, the soybean group from Paraná (Brazil) was analyzed using both techniques to predict centesimal composition. The related errors (E%) between reference values and predicted values by partial least square (PLS) were low for both the NIR and the MIR. However, the results propose the use of NIR to predict lipid (E% of 0.2 to 9.2) content and the use of MIR to predict protein (E% of 0.2 to 5.6), ash (E% of 0 to 5.0), and moisture (E% of 0.1 to 2.0) contents. Subsequently, PLS regression models were constructed using NIR to predict quality parameters in ground soybean and quinoa, grain and ground. The best calibration models to soybean found in this study were the ones used to determine protein and moisture content (R2 = 0.81, RMSEP = 1.61% and R2 = 0.80, RMSEC = 1.55%, respectively). However, the technique shows high predictability for all parameters, including lipids, ash, carbohydrates and fibers, RMSECV of 0.40 to 2.30% and RMSEP 0.38 to 3.71%. For quinoa samples NIR spectra were obtained and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to try to identify the geographic origin of quinoa samples, from Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. Two principal components explained 98.3% of the total variance and three groups were observed using PCA. The PLS models developed for the chemical composition showed that the proposed methodology produced adequate results, as whole grain as ground quinoa, with the graph of the real and predicted concentration having a coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.65 and RMSEC < 1.70%. The viability of the NIR technique with no waste generation, low cost, reduced time and no kind of sample preparation for replacing laborious methods of analysis was demonstrated because the results for grains were satisfactory / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

This master´s thesis focuses on prediction of presence of reusable material components in municipal waste with special focus on packaging materials. This prediction is based on analysis of financial costs of individual products according to the so-called market basket. Research of packaging´s life cycle and involving legislature is also a part of this thesis.

No description available.

Devido às dificuldades encontradas excessivas variabilidades de água no organismo do lactente, considera-se a análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica (BIVA) um método propício para avaliação da composição corporal. Trata-se de um método que não faz nenhuma pressuposição sobre valores da composição corporal, podendo ser controlado por seus próprios valores, independente de equações ou modelos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever valores de referência e criar curvas de BIVA para lactentes saudáveis de 30 a 90 dias de vida e descrever valores de normalidade de ângulo de fase em lactentes a termo, sadios e adequados para a idade gestacional de 30 a 90 dias de idade, além de comparar os dados de BIVA entre os sexos e entre os existentes na literatura para neonatos e lactentes jovens, com os obtidos neste estudo. Este estudo descritivo transversal avaliou 150 lactentes do Centro Médico Social Comunitário Vila Lobato de Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. Foram coletados dos lactentes os dados antropométricos e a impedância bioelétrica (aparelho de monofrequência RJL System ® modelo Quantum II - 800 ?A e 50 KHz). Usando distribuição bivariável normal de resistência e reactância por comprimento (R/H e Xc/H) do lactente, respectivamente, foram calculados e assim confeccionados os gráficos RXc com os intervalos de tolerância de 95, 75, 50% do valor vetorial da impedância por meio do BIVA Software 2002. Foram avaliados 150 lactentes (48,6% do sexo feminino), nascidos a termo, adequados para idade gestacional e em aleitamento materno exclusivo. A idade média foi 56,4 (± 23,1) dias. O peso médio encontrado foi de 5038,5g (± 902,4), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). Quanto ao comprimento corporal, a média foi 56,0 cm (± 0,03), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). As médias de R (±DP) foram 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) e 523,0 (± 51,1) ?, e para Xc foram 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectivamente para todos os lactentes, e separados por sexo (meninos e meninas), não havendo diferença entre os sexos (p = 0,6) e (p = 0,1). Em relação ao ângulo de fase, encontrou-se o valor de normalidade de 4,3° (± 0,7°) para todos os lactentes, 4,3° (± 0,6°) para os do sexo masculino e 4,4° (± 0,5°) para os do sexo feminino, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,3). Para a análise vetorial de lactentes de 30 a 90 dias de idade, devem ser utilizados os valores de referência específicos para esta faixa etária e sexo, pois estes se apresentaram diferentes dos descritos na literatura. Com o modelo de estudo BIVA torna-se possível a comparação direta do vetor medido na criança pequena ou com necessidade de cuidados especiais com os intervalos de tolerância de referência de lactentes saudáveis, permitindo uma avaliação qualitativa da composição corporal e sem erro de predição das fórmulas. Com os valores de ângulo de fase caracterizados no presente estudo para lactentes brasileiros saudáveis, de 30 a 90 dias de idade, dados de pacientes críticos podem ser comparados, sendo útil durante a internação e acompanhamento de pacientes graves. / Bioelectrical impedance vectorial analysis (BIVA) can be considered a favorable method for evaluation of the body composition, due to the difficulties in the early life and excessive variability of the amount of water in the organism of the infants. It is a method that doesn\'t make any presumption on values of the body composition, which can be controlled by their own values, with no need for validation based on gold standards, not depending on equations or models. The aims of the study are to establish reference values creating BIVA curves, and to establish reference values for phase angle in term infants, healthy and appropriate-forgestational age (AGA), from 30 to 90 days of life. This study still intend to compare the data of BIVA between genders, among newborns and young infants, presented in the literature, and the ones obtained in this study. This transversal cohort study assessed healthy infants of a Community Centre for Social Medicine Vila Lobato, located in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data of infants, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance were collected (singlefrequency - RJL System ® model Quantum II - 800 ?A and 50 KHz). Using bivariate normal distribution of R/H and Xc/H (resistance and reactance for infants length, respectively), graphs RXc with the 95, 75 and 50% tolerance intervals of the vectorial value of the impedance, were made through BIVA Software 2002. 150 infants were studied (48,6% girls), term, AGA, exclusively breastfed. The average age was 56,4 (± 23,1) days, average weight was 5038,5g, higher in girls (p = 0,001), and the average length was 56,0 cm (± 0,03), higher in girls (p = 0,001). The values of R (± SD) were 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) and 523,0 (± 51,1) ? and for Xc were 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectively for all the infants, and boys and girls, with no difference between the genders (p = 0,6) and (p = 0,1). Regarding to the phase angle, we found normal value of 4,3° (± 0,7°) for all the infants, 4,3° (± 0,6°) for male and 4,4° (± 0,5°) for female, without statistical difference (p = 0,36). For Bioelectrical Impedance Vector analysis of infants from 30 to 90 days of life, it would be interesting to use specific reference values for this age group and gender. BIVA model makes possible the direct comparison of the measured vector of the small children; still makes it possible for children needing special care, using the tolerance reference values of healthy infants. This comparison allows us a qualitative assessment of the body composition, with no need of equations. With the values of phase angle characterized in the present study for healthy Brazilian infants, from 30 to 90 days of life, critical patients data can be compared, being useful during the hospitalization due to severe illness.

The commercial polycrystalline superalloy RR1000 developed for turbine disc applications contains a large number of alloying elements. This complex alloy chemistry is required in order to produce appropriate microstructures and the required mechanical properties, such that the most important strengthener γʹ displays complex alloy chemistry. The broad aim of this project is to develop an approach to measuring the composition of γʹ precipitates at a broad range of length scales from nanometres to hundreds of nanometres, and subsequently develop a better understanding of the role of thermodynamics and diffusion kinetics on γʹ phase separation and precipitate growth. A solution of the absorption-corrected EDX spectroscopy to spherical particles was developed in our work, therefore enabling the quantitative analysis of precipitates' composition using an absorption-corrected Cliff-Lorimer approach. By performing this quantification, size-dependent precipitate compositional variations were obtained. Examination of this quantitative approach was compared to thermodynamic calculations of primary γ' precipitates possessing equilibrium compositions. Given the development of semi-quantitative compositional measurements for spherical γʹ precipitates and that cooling is one of the most common and critical regimes in physical metallurgy of Ni-based superalloys, this approach was then applied to study the local compositional variations that are induced in γ' precipitates when the alloy RR1000 undergoes different cooling rates. These measured compositions have been compared to detailed thermodynamic calculations and provide new experimental evidence of the importance of the dominant role of aluminium antisite diffusion in determining the low-temperature growth kinetics of fine-scale γ' precipitates. We have applied a similar analysis approach to study the compositional variations of γʹ cores within the class of secondary precipitates upon cyclic coarsening and reversal coarsening. It was shown that supersaturated Co in secondary γʹ exhibits an overall trend towards the equilibrium but Co content can significantly increase as γʹ coarsens. It was demonstrated that the limited elemental diffusivity in γ and γʹ compared to the observed coarsening rate in the coarsening regime results in the long-lasting Co supersaturation in γʹ and builds up elemental enhancements or depletions. These inhomogeneous elemental distributions produce compressive elastic constraints on large-scale secondary γʹ, therefore inducing morphological instability of these γʹ and causing the reversal coarsening. These results enable us to better understand the role that both thermodynamics and limited diffusion kinetics plays in controlling the complex microstructures of γ' precipitates.

Devido às dificuldades encontradas excessivas variabilidades de água no organismo do lactente, considera-se a análise vetorial de impedância bioelétrica (BIVA) um método propício para avaliação da composição corporal. Trata-se de um método que não faz nenhuma pressuposição sobre valores da composição corporal, podendo ser controlado por seus próprios valores, independente de equações ou modelos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever valores de referência e criar curvas de BIVA para lactentes saudáveis de 30 a 90 dias de vida e descrever valores de normalidade de ângulo de fase em lactentes a termo, sadios e adequados para a idade gestacional de 30 a 90 dias de idade, além de comparar os dados de BIVA entre os sexos e entre os existentes na literatura para neonatos e lactentes jovens, com os obtidos neste estudo. Este estudo descritivo transversal avaliou 150 lactentes do Centro Médico Social Comunitário Vila Lobato de Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brasil. Foram coletados dos lactentes os dados antropométricos e a impedância bioelétrica (aparelho de monofrequência RJL System ® modelo Quantum II - 800 ?A e 50 KHz). Usando distribuição bivariável normal de resistência e reactância por comprimento (R/H e Xc/H) do lactente, respectivamente, foram calculados e assim confeccionados os gráficos RXc com os intervalos de tolerância de 95, 75, 50% do valor vetorial da impedância por meio do BIVA Software 2002. Foram avaliados 150 lactentes (48,6% do sexo feminino), nascidos a termo, adequados para idade gestacional e em aleitamento materno exclusivo. A idade média foi 56,4 (± 23,1) dias. O peso médio encontrado foi de 5038,5g (± 902,4), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). Quanto ao comprimento corporal, a média foi 56,0 cm (± 0,03), sendo maior no sexo masculino (p = 0,001). As médias de R (±DP) foram 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) e 523,0 (± 51,1) ?, e para Xc foram 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectivamente para todos os lactentes, e separados por sexo (meninos e meninas), não havendo diferença entre os sexos (p = 0,6) e (p = 0,1). Em relação ao ângulo de fase, encontrou-se o valor de normalidade de 4,3° (± 0,7°) para todos os lactentes, 4,3° (± 0,6°) para os do sexo masculino e 4,4° (± 0,5°) para os do sexo feminino, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,3). Para a análise vetorial de lactentes de 30 a 90 dias de idade, devem ser utilizados os valores de referência específicos para esta faixa etária e sexo, pois estes se apresentaram diferentes dos descritos na literatura. Com o modelo de estudo BIVA torna-se possível a comparação direta do vetor medido na criança pequena ou com necessidade de cuidados especiais com os intervalos de tolerância de referência de lactentes saudáveis, permitindo uma avaliação qualitativa da composição corporal e sem erro de predição das fórmulas. Com os valores de ângulo de fase caracterizados no presente estudo para lactentes brasileiros saudáveis, de 30 a 90 dias de idade, dados de pacientes críticos podem ser comparados, sendo útil durante a internação e acompanhamento de pacientes graves. / Bioelectrical impedance vectorial analysis (BIVA) can be considered a favorable method for evaluation of the body composition, due to the difficulties in the early life and excessive variability of the amount of water in the organism of the infants. It is a method that doesn\'t make any presumption on values of the body composition, which can be controlled by their own values, with no need for validation based on gold standards, not depending on equations or models. The aims of the study are to establish reference values creating BIVA curves, and to establish reference values for phase angle in term infants, healthy and appropriate-forgestational age (AGA), from 30 to 90 days of life. This study still intend to compare the data of BIVA between genders, among newborns and young infants, presented in the literature, and the ones obtained in this study. This transversal cohort study assessed healthy infants of a Community Centre for Social Medicine Vila Lobato, located in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Data of infants, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance were collected (singlefrequency - RJL System ® model Quantum II - 800 ?A and 50 KHz). Using bivariate normal distribution of R/H and Xc/H (resistance and reactance for infants length, respectively), graphs RXc with the 95, 75 and 50% tolerance intervals of the vectorial value of the impedance, were made through BIVA Software 2002. 150 infants were studied (48,6% girls), term, AGA, exclusively breastfed. The average age was 56,4 (± 23,1) days, average weight was 5038,5g, higher in girls (p = 0,001), and the average length was 56,0 cm (± 0,03), higher in girls (p = 0,001). The values of R (± SD) were 521,2 (± 52,1); 519,4 (± 53,4) and 523,0 (± 51,1) ? and for Xc were 39,2 (± 5,3); 38,6 (± 5,5) e 39,7 (± 4,9) ?, respectively for all the infants, and boys and girls, with no difference between the genders (p = 0,6) and (p = 0,1). Regarding to the phase angle, we found normal value of 4,3° (± 0,7°) for all the infants, 4,3° (± 0,6°) for male and 4,4° (± 0,5°) for female, without statistical difference (p = 0,36). For Bioelectrical Impedance Vector analysis of infants from 30 to 90 days of life, it would be interesting to use specific reference values for this age group and gender. BIVA model makes possible the direct comparison of the measured vector of the small children; still makes it possible for children needing special care, using the tolerance reference values of healthy infants. This comparison allows us a qualitative assessment of the body composition, with no need of equations. With the values of phase angle characterized in the present study for healthy Brazilian infants, from 30 to 90 days of life, critical patients data can be compared, being useful during the hospitalization due to severe illness.