Denna undersökning har syftat till att testa om varma/kalla färger kan påverka uppfattningen av en karaktärs uttryck när de används på karaktärskoncept. Undersök-ningen bygger på tidigare forskning om hur färg uppfattas och vilka intryck kalla/varma färger ger.

Research question: How do you people with schizophrenia and their carers live with a diagnosis of schizophrenia? Research aim: To gain a greater understanding of the meaning and experience of schizophrenia. The objective of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experience of schizophrenia. Sample: Self-selected sample of 35 participants (22 people with schizophrenia and 13 carers) recruited from the local community. . Data collection: 33 unstructured audiotaped interviews conducted in participants¿ own homes. In addition some participants completed diaries. Interviews were conducted in two stages: in stage one 10 participants were interviewed, transcripts were analysed and probes were fine tuned and in stage two these probes were used in the remaining interviews. Data analysis: Verbatim transcripts were analysed using the coding paradigm proposed by Strauss (1987), in conjunction with Burnard¿s (1991) 14 stage model of analysis. Inductive coding was used and respondent validation was completed. Findings: Stress was described as a major cause of schizophrenia. Some participants with schizophrenia described moving on in their lives, a factor associated with having a positive self-concept. Other participants with schizophrenia reported feeling stopped in their lives, which was associated with acceptance of the diagnosis, and having a negative self-concept. The most severe problems they reported were social and psychological. Male and female participants with schizophrenia were treated differently. Some participants with schizophrenia sought support while others chose isolation. Mental health nursing care was reported as coercive and disempowering. Carers described conflict within families, carer burden, and stress. Those who had been caregiving for longer appeared to have adapted and now experienced less stress and burden than others. Younger carers and carers who have been caregiving for a shorter time and were less willing to accept the caregiving role, reported more burden and stress. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a positive self-concept may be necessary to move on after the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The inability to move on may be a result of a negative self-concept or disempowering care. There was no partnership and no shared understanding of schizophrenia, or of care, between these participants with schizophrenia and nurses, or between these participants with schizophrenia and their carers, or between carers and nurses. Many of the participants¿ self-identified needs were not met. A new attitude displaying reluctance about a caregiving role may be emerging.

<p> The role of verbal hypotheses in concept identification was explored by manipulating three variables affecting the relation between verbalized rules and classification performance. (i) Verbalizing rules before and after classification changed subjects' cue-sampling strategies and the control of verbal hypotheses over sorting performance. (ii) The difficulty of stimulus description affected how subjects utilized verbal hypotheses, and whether verbalized rules completely specified the cues used for classification. (iii) The number of irrelevant attributes changed the relative efficiency of stimulus-learning over rule-learning for concept identification.</p> <p> These investigations demonstrate effective techniques for varying and evaluating the importance of verbal rules for classification; and suggest that subjects' prior verbal habits markedly affect the degree of reliance placed on verbal hypotheses in concept attainment.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Background Maternal morbidity (MM) describes adverse pregnancy-related outcomes, excluding mortality, among the pregnant and postpartum population. It is a concept without a universal definition, and most of the literature consists of clinical definitions rooted within the biomedical model of health. The MM perspectives of women and people with pregnancy experience (WPPE) are less well understood, which has resulted in a recent increase in qualitative research on the topic. However, the literature varies in its descriptions of MM which limits data comparisons across institutions and regions that measure differently. Objectives This study aims to a) understand the conditions and events that WPPE conceptualize as MM, b) identify the themes that arise across WPPE’s experiences, and c) produce a schematic representation of how WPPE conceptualize MM. Methods A concept analysis adapted from the evolutionary model investigated MM from WPPE’s perspectives. The steps included: 1) Identifying and naming the concept and surrogate terms (synonyms) 2) Data collection: literature search consisting of title/abstract and full-text screenings, appraisal, and chart extraction 3) Identifying the concept’s ‘antecedents’ (events that lead to the concept), ‘attributes’ (events that form concept), and ‘consequences’ (events that result from the concept) 4) Analyzing data using thematic analysis 5) Developing a model of the concept Results A literature search identified 40 eligible studies. Analysis of WPPE’s MM perceptions from these studies resulted in a MM concept consisting of four attributes – physical (themes relating to pain, bleeding, and adverse infant outcomes), social (themes relating to financial distress, lack of support, abuse, and mothering), psychological (themes relating to fear and distress), and healthcare-related (themes relating to the provider-patient relationship and healthcare facility). Antecedents that preceded MM included being labelled high-risk, access to care, financial stress, cultural norms, physical symptoms, previous adverse experience, lack of support, lack of information, effects of pregnancy on WPPE’s life, and lack of resources. The consequences that followed MM included continued morbidity, inability or reluctance to conceive again, changes to bodily function, strained relationship with partner, financial stress, and in some instances positive outcomes (e.g., gratitude for surviving, good health of baby). Conclusions This study illustrated the concept of MM from WPPE’s perspectives by identifying its antecedents, attributes and consequences. In doing so, it demonstrated that MM as perceived by WPPE encompasses more than physical attributes, which largely form the basis of current classification systems. Incorporating these findings into clinical definitions can help inform health and community care approaches to increasingly meet WPPE’s needs. / Thesis / Master of Public Health (MPH) / Reducing poor maternal health outcomes is a global health priority. An indicator of maternal health is maternal morbidity (MM), which describes adverse pregnancy-related outcomes, excluding death, among the pregnant and postpartum population. However, MM is a concept without a universal definition. There has been a recent increase in qualitative research on the MM perspectives of women and people with pregnancy experience (WPPE), which are less well-understood than clinical MM definitions. Therefore, our aim was to understand the conditions and events that WPPE consider as MM. We collected our data from qualitative studies that interviewed WPPE about their MM experiences and analyzed the data for themes that we presented in a concept model. Our findings resulted in a MM concept consisting of physical, social, psychological, and healthcare-related attributes. Factors from the pre-pregnancy period contributed to WPPE’s perceived MM experiences and postpartum events with long-term consequences were also relevant to their health and wellbeing. Protective factors including having good support and faith increased WPPE’s resilience in the face of unexpected MM events. This understanding of WPPE’s perspectives may support future research and interventions to reflect their needs and improve healthcare approaches to MM.

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