Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-30T19:41:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJWZJ.pdf: 1880903 bytes, checksum: 8a52167eb25f31dae41ef97a870d0cec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T19:52:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJWZJ.pdf: 1880903 bytes, checksum: 8a52167eb25f31dae41ef97a870d0cec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T19:52:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJWZJ.pdf: 1880903 bytes, checksum: 8a52167eb25f31dae41ef97a870d0cec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T19:53:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissJWZJ.pdf: 1880903 bytes, checksum: 8a52167eb25f31dae41ef97a870d0cec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Não recebi financiamento / The environment, a diffuse and common use right, requires the adoption of swift and effective solution to the existing conflicts and also the prevention of new occurrences. In this sense the traditional judicial resources present in Brazil with the task of solving the environmental demands, due to several factors, such as bureaucratization, absence of equipment, staff and specialization, and decisions, often late, lead to shortfalls, imposing the search for new ways and new directions. In this scope, glimpsing at an alternative to judicialization of environmental issues, the State of São Paulo, by means of Decree No. 60.342/2014 and the resolutions number 51 and number 48, both from the year 2014, issued by the State Department of environment, as well as, by Ordinance No. 18/2014 of coordination of Environmental Supervision, created the State administrative procedure nominated “Atendimento Ambiental e o Programa de Conciliação Ambiental” (“Environmental Care and Environmental Conciliation Program”), to apply penalties to environmental violations provided for in Federal Decree No. 6.514/2008. This procedure aims at the conciliatory solution of conflicts through limited mutual concessions on the percentages of discounts and suspension of the penalty values applied or their conversion into environmental services, due to the unavailable nature of environmental goods, and on deadlines for actions implementation and measures for the recovery of the affected areas. In this sense, the discounts are possible before proof of weakened economic situation, low schooling, commitment to recovery of damages, first offender status and contribution to the procedure. Furthermore, in addition to its conciliatory objective, the administrative procedure is intended to promote environmental education through providing environmental instructions set out in the booklet “Conduta Ambiental Legal” ("Cool Environmental Conduct"), reduce environmental liabilities, and remedy environmental damage. Also, the procedure seeks to add speed and efficiency in investigation and penalize environmental offenders while still in administrative level. / O meio ambiente, direito difuso e de uso comum do povo, impõe a adoção de solução célere e eficaz para os conflitos existentes e a prevenção de novas ocorrências. Neste sentido os tradicionais meios judiciais presentes no Brasil com a incumbência de resolverem as demandas ambientais, devido a diversos fatores, como burocratização, ausência de equipamentos, de pessoal e de especialização e decisões muitas vezes tardias, conduzem a sua insuficiência, impondo a busca por novos caminhos e novos rumos. Nesse escopo, vislumbrando uma alternativa à judicialização das questões ambientais, o Estado de São Paulo, por meio do Decreto no 60.342/2014 e das resoluções emanadas pela Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente de no. 51 e no 48, ambas do ano de 2014, assim como, pela Portaria no 18/2014 da Coordenadoria de Fiscalização Ambiental criou o procedimento administrativo estadual nominado de Atendimento Ambiental e o Programa de Conciliação Ambiental para a aplicação das penalidades às infrações ambientais previstas no Decreto Federal no 6.514/2008. Referido procedimento objetiva a solução conciliatória dos conflitos por meio de concessões mútuas limitadas sobre os percentuais de descontos e suspensão dos valores aplicados a título de multa ou sua conversão em serviços ambientais, diante da natureza indisponível dos bens ambientais e sobre os prazos destinados à implementação de ações e medidas de recuperação das áreas afetadas. Neste sentido, os descontos se fazem possíveis em virtude da comprovação da existência de situação econômica fragilizada, baixa escolaridade, assunção do compromisso de recuperação dos danos, primariedade e contribuição com o procedimento. Ademais, além do seu objetivo conciliatório, o procedimento administrativo se destina ao fomento da educação ambiental por meio do oferecimento de instruções ambientais previstas na cartilha “Conduta Ambiental Legal”, a redução dos passivos ambientais e a reparação dos danos ambientais. Igualmente, busca imprimir agilidade e eficácia na apuração e penalização das condutas infratoras ambientais em sede administrativa.

O presente trabalho tem como objeto a figura da concessão urbanística. Instituída pelo Município de São Paulo em seu Plano Diretor Estratégico (Lei nº 13.430/2002) e, posteriormente, disciplinada pela Lei nº 14.917/2009, a concessão urbanística tem como objetivo viabilizar a realização de projetos de requalificação urbana sem o dispêndio de recursos públicos. Para que se cumpra satisfatoriamente com tal objetivo, que ganha cada vez mais importância no contexto das grandes cidades, é imperativo que tal instituto seja plenamente compreendido em seus diversos aspectos. Com esse propósito, este estudo analisa o surgimento e a evolução da concessão urbanística, bem como a função que tal instituto pretende exercer no âmbito do Direito Urbanístico. Ato contínuo, investiga-se a natureza e o regime jurídico do novo instituto, utilizando-se para tanto de uma análise do tema das concessões na legislação e na doutrina. / The object of this thesis is the institute of urbanistic concession. Instituted by the Municipality of São Paulo in its Strategic Urban Plan - Plano Diretor Estratégico (Law no. 13,430/2002) and, later on, disciplined by Law no. 14,917/2009, urbanistic concession has the purpose of enabling urban requalification projects without the outlay of public funds. For the successful attainment of this goal, which has become increasingly important in the context of large cities, it is paramount that the institute be fully understood in all its aspects. In this sense, this study analyzes the genesis and evolution of urbanistic concession, as well as the role that the institute will play in the area of Urban Law. Subsequently, it will investigate the nature and legal regime of this new institute, through an analysis of concessions in both legislation and legal doctrine.

Este estudo visa avaliar o desempenho do sistema através da análise de eficiência no setor de Concessões de Rodovias do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foi utilizada como técnica de medição a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), a qual mede a eficiência relativa entre unidades comparáveis. Neste estudo, foram utilizadas as variáveis de insumos que melhor representam as decisões gerenciais das empresas. Desta forma, foram construídos quatro modelos para análise, considerando dois diferentes pontos de vista: do empresário e do gestor do sistema. Os dados financeiros e qualitativos utilizados nos modelos foram obtidos de fontes oficiais. As análises tiveram como foco a evolução do desempenho das concessionárias ao longo dos anos de contrato para um período de quatro anos, bem como a avaliação de eficiência de escala e a correlação de resultados financeiros com indicadores qualitativos. Em relação à DEA, os modelos foram orientados para a redução na utilização de insumos, considerando tecnologia de retornos variáveis e questões relativas à escala. Os resultados deste trabalho podem auxiliar na tomada de decisões dos fornecedores do serviço e do gestor (órgão regulador) das concessões, uma vez que fornecem informações relevantes decorrentes do uso de instrumentos analíticos ainda pouco explorados. / This study aims to evaluate system performance through the efficiency analysis of Highways Concessions’ sector of Rio Grande do Sul State. Thus, as measurement technique, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used, which measures the relative efficiency among comparable units. This study used the input variables that better represent the management decisions of the companies. In this way, four models were built for analysis, considering two different points of view: the undertaker and the manager of the system. The financial and qualitative data used in the models were obtained from official sources. The analyses had as focus the performance evolution of the concessionaires along the years of contract for a period of four years, as well as the evaluation of scale efficiency and the correlation of financial results with qualitative indicators. Related to DEA, the models were oriented to inputs use reduction, considering technology of variable returns and scale factors. The results of this work can aid in the decision making of the service suppliers and the manager (regulatory sector) of the concessions, once they provide relevant information due to the use of analytical instruments still not much explored.

La presente investigación se realizó para proponer una solución al problema de la Carretera Central, que conecta la región Lima con la región Junín, la cual presenta un nivel insuficiente de servicio ya que no cuenta con carriles de adelantamiento debido a la topografía ondulada y accidentada que presenta. El objetivo general, es proponer el desarrollo, en la modalidad de concesión, del proyecto de una vía alterna a la carretera central, para tal fin, se identificó el trazo más adecuado y características principales de la nueva vía alterna, además se realizó la evaluación privada para la concesión de la nueva vía y se proponen las principales características que deben considerar las bases para el concurso de selección del concesionario. Mediante criterios de rentabilidad como el VAN y TIR se analizó la posibilidad de intervención de la empresa privada para el desarrollo del proyecto, con el fin de determinar las características básicas del proyecto, de manera, que sea de interés para el sector privado. La metodología para el desarrollo del estudio es de tipo descriptivo, porque se definieron las variables que se van a medir, del tipo Correlacional, porque se halló el grado de relación de las variables, mediante hipótesis. El diseño de la investigación es Explicativa porque contiene un conjunto de definiciones y de suposiciones relacionado entre sí de manera organizada. De acuerdo al análisis realizado, se concluye, que la nueva vía, ruta Río Blanco – Huari, debe ser desarrollado en la modalidad de Concesión Cofinanciada, donde, por las características del proyecto, el estado sería el principal inversor. This research was conducted to propose a solution to the problem of the Carretera Central, which connects Lima with Junín, which has an insufficient level of service because do not have passing overtaking lanes due to the undulating topography it presents. The overall objective is to propose the development, in the form of concession, the project of an new alternate route to the Carretera Central, for this reason, we identified the most suitable stroke and main features of the new alternate route, also, private assessment for granting the new road was made and the main features that should be considered the basis for the competitive selection of the concessionaire are proposed. By criteria of profitability as the NPV and IRR analyzed the possibility of private sector participation for the development of the project, in order to determine the basic characteristics of the project so that is of interest to the private sector. The methodology for the development of the study is descriptive, because the variables to be measured, the correlation type, because the degree of relationship between the variables was found by hypotheses were defined. The design of the research is explanatory because it contains a set of definitions and assumptions related to each other in an organized way. According to the analysis, it is concluded that the new road, route Rio Blanco - Huari, must be developed in the form of Concession Co-financing, and the state would be the main investor according to the project characteristics.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Laura A. Brannon / Binge drinking is a serious health problem among American college students (Wechsler, Lee, Kuo, & Lee, 2000a). One technique that may reduce binge drinking is compliance. Cialdini (2001) defined compliance as taking an action because it has been requested and described sequential request tactics, including the commitment/consistency-based foot-in-the-door (FITD) tactic, and the reciprocity-based door-in-the-face (DITF) tactic. Cialdini claimed that these tactics yield automatic compliance. The present research investigated Cialdini’s automaticity assumption within the context of reducing binge drinking, by including a neutral or weak message along with the compliance request (consistent with Brannon & Brock, 2001). The main hypothesis was that compliance is not automatic, as demonstrated by differential compliance consistent with message strength. Parallel experiments investigated compliance with requests to reduce one’s drinking behavior (Experiment 1, N=129) or communicate about responsible drinking (Experiment 2, N=122). Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions in each experiment. Consistent with the purpose of each experiment, participants indicated whether they would comply with initial requests consistent with FITD and DITF methodology, or were not asked to comply with an initial request (control); read either a neutral or weak message about the importance of moderate alcohol consumption; then responded to the target request (dependent variable) by reporting the likelihood that they would not drink excessively for one week (Experiment 1) or would discuss responsible drinking with someone (Experiment 2). Participants in both experiments completed demographic and alcohol consumption information and a social desirability measure (Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972). Data were submitted to 2(Strength) × 3(Appeal) × 2(Gender) ANCOVAs (drinks per occasion and social desirability were covariates). Experiment 1 revealed a significant Strength × Appeal interaction, with the DITF and FITD appeals eliciting lower compliance rates than the control appeal when accompanied by a weak persuasive message, thereby refuting Cialdini’s automaticity assumption. A significant main effect for appeal in Experiment 2 (DITF yielded lower compliance than FITD or control appeal) did not support Cialdini’s (2001) claim. Correlates of drinking behavior among college students are discussed, as are implications of the present research for compliance theory and reducing binge drinking on American college campuses.

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Depuis 2014, la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) s'est engagée dans l'opérationnalisation de la foresterie communautaire, à travers l'institutionnalisation des concessions forestières des communautés locales (CFCLs). Cette transition de gouvernance revêt un caractère innovant et offre de nouvelles perspectives à l'ensemble des acteurs impliqués dans le secteur forestier, tant au niveau central que local. Cette étude a été initiée pour explorer l'acceptabilité sociale des CFCLs et les enjeux qui en découlent pour une gestion durable des forêts en RDC. Spécifiquement, il a été question (i) d'analyser l'évolution du système de gestion forestière en RDC ; (ii) d'évaluer la perception et l'attitude des communautés locales envers la CFCL comme mode de gestion forestière ; et (iii) de documenter et expliquer les dynamiques citoyennes locales avec leur implication dans l'implantation des CFCLs. Une approche mixte, combinant des techniques de recherche quantitative et qualitative, notamment des entretiens semi-structurés (91), des groupes de discussion (11), et des enquêtes réalisées auprès de 239 ménages, a été utilisée dans deux CFCLs situées dans les provinces du Maniema et de l'Équateur, en RDC. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes actuels de gestion forestière en RDC s'inscrivent dans une longue tradition, remontant de l'époque coloniale. Les compétences techniques sont inégalement réparties au sein de l'administration forestière, avec une forte prédominance au niveau central. Le cadre institutionnel demeure entaché d'un passé colonial qui, couplé aux contextes socio-économique et politique du pays, rend difficile l'opérationnalisation des reformes entreprises dans le secteur forestier, notamment celles relatives à la foresterie communautaire. Les indices de perception et de capital social construits dans le cadre de cette étude démontrent une attitude positive des communautés locales envers la CFCL. L'éducation, l'âge, la profession, la connaissance du cadre légal et la taille de la famille sont les principaux facteurs influençant l'attitude envers la CFCL. Les procédures administratives accroissent les coûts d'acquisition d'une CFCL et affectent négativement l'attitude des communautés. Enfin, les résultats révèlent l'existence d'une diversité d'organisations locales généralement homogènes au sein des CFCLs. Ces groupes communautaires et les réseaux sociaux qui en résultent au sein des villages constituent une plateforme qui permet aux acteurs de partager leurs connaissances, expériences et préoccupations. Ils offrent de nombreuses opportunités en termes d'apprentissage, et peuvent servir de base pour améliorer la gouvernance des CFCLs. Les groupes traditionnellement marginalisés, tels que les jeunes, les femmes et les populations autochtones, y sont faiblement représentés, et participent rarement à la prise de décisions au sein des communautés, ce qui peut limiter leur représentativité même dans les organes de gouvernance de la CFCL. Cette étude démontre un potentiel d'adhésion des communautés locales à la CFCL, et met en évidence le besoin de tenir compte des réalités locales, notamment la structure organisationnelle locale et les capacités des communautés à prendre en charge une CFCL. En plus d'être applicables dans d'autres pays d'Afrique centrale engagés dans la foresterie communautaire, les résultats de cette étude pourraient trouver des applications lors des réformes prévues à l'issue de la phase expérimentale pour améliorer le cadre réglementaire régissant les CFCLs en RDC. / Since 2014, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been engaged in the operationalization of community forestry, through the institutionalization of the local community forest concessions (LCFCs). This transition in governance is innovative for all institutions involved in the implementation of this process, both at the central and local levels. This study was initiated to explore the social acceptability of LCFCs and the resulting challenges for sustainable forest management in the DRC. Specifically, it was a question of(i) analyzing the evolution of the forest management system in the DRC; (ii) evaluating the perception and attitude of local communities toward LCFC as a forest management model; and (iii) document and explain the dynamics of citizens' involvement in the implementation of LCFCs. A mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research techniques, including semi-structured interviews (91), focus groups (11), and surveys of 239 households, was used in two LCFCs located in Maniema and Equateur Provinces, DRC. Results show that current forest management systems in the DRC are part of a long tradition, dating back to the pre-colonial and colonial eras, which continues to influence and characterize current management patterns. The institutional framework remains tainted by a colonial past which, coupled with the country's socio-economic and political contexts, makes it difficult to operationalize the reforms undertaken in the forestry sector, particularly those related to community forestry. The perception and social capital indices constructed in this study demonstrate a positive attitude of local communities toward the LCFC. Education, age, occupation, knowledge of the legal framework and family size are the main factors influencing attitudes toward LCFC. Administrative procedures increase the costs of acquiring a LCFC and negatively affect community attitudes. Finally, the results reveal the existence of a diversity of generally homogeneous local organizations with in the studied LCFCs. These community groups and social networks within villages provide a platform for stakeholders to share their knowledge, experiences, and concerns. These structures offer many opportunities for learning and can serve as a basis for improving the governance of LCFCs. However, traditionally marginalized groups such as youth, women, and indigenous peoples are poorly represented and rarely participate in community decision-making, which can limit their representation in LCFC governance bodies. This study demonstrates un potential for local community buy-in to the LCFC, and highlights the need to consider local realities, including local organizational structure and community capacity to take charge of a LCFC. In addition to being applicable to other Central African countries engaged in community forestry, the results of this study could be applied to the reforms planned at the end of the experimental phase to improve the regulatory framework governing LCFCs in the DRC.

Créée en 1741, la Compagnie royale d’Afrique succède à des compagnies à privilèges qui n’ont connu à Marseille, deux siècles durant, que des déboires dans leurs relations avec les Régences de Barbarie. Or, pendant plus d’un demi-siècle cette nouvelle structure commerciale connaît un réel succès. Avec des représentants installés de manière pérenne essentiellement dans la Régence d’Alger – comptoirs à La Calle, Bône et Collo – elle organise et contrôle dans les eaux barbaresques, comme le fit la première Compagnie du corail au XVIe siècle, la pêche de ce produit apprécié sur la rive nord de la Méditerranée. Cependant, elle a pour tâche première d’assurer la traite des blés afin de participer au bon ravitaillement du royaume, tout en intervenant également sur d’autres marchés. À l’heure où la Méditerranée devient un espace périphérique du commerce mondial, où la pensée économique remet en cause les monopoles commerciaux et où les relations avec les Régences barbaresques tendent à se normaliser, cette Compagnie constitue un bon observatoire pour suivre les pratiques commerciales du second XVIIIe siècle et décrypter les stratégies des hommes qui en ont la direction. Par ailleurs, s’établir et travailler chez l’Autre, avec ses avantages et ses contraintes, invite également à saisir les relations à l’altérité. Aussi, au-delà de l’étude des flux, des routes maritimes, de l’outillage nautique, des produits, des marchés et des hommes – dirigeants ou simples exécutants –, cette recherche, qui mêle les approches quantitative et qualitative, se présente également comme une lecture des pratiques interculturelles entre les différents acteurs des deux rives de la Méditerranée. / Founded in 1741, the French Royal African Company succeeds to exclusive trading companies, which only suffered setbacks in Marseille for two centuries in their relations with the Regencies of Barbary. Yet, for more than half a century, this new commercial structure experienced a real success. With officials durably settled primarily in the Alger Regency – trading stations in El Kala, Annaba and Collo –, the Royal African Company organizes and controls the fishery of coral in the Barbarian maritime territories, just like the first Coral Company did in the 16th century; the coral being a cherished product on the north shore of the Mediterranean Sea. However, the primary task of the Royal African Company is to ensure the trading of wheat in order to contribute to supplying the Kingdom of France and intervene as well on other markets. At the time when the Mediterranean becomes a peripheral area of world trade, when the economic thought calls into question the trading monopolies and when the Barbarian Regencies tend to normalize, this Company represents a good observatory to follow the commercial practices of the second half of the 18th century and analyze the strategies of the leading men. Besides, being established and working in the Other’s home, with its advantages and constraints, invites to understanding the relation to otherness. Thus, beyond the study of flows, sea lanes, nautical equipment, products, markets, and men – be it leaders or simple performers –, this research, blending quantitative and qualitative approaches, can also be presented as a reading of the intercultural practices between the various players on both sides of the Mediterranean.

A prestação privada de serviços públicos constitui atividade essencial do Estado contemporâneo. O objeto deste trabalho é o exame das formas de prestação privada de serviços públicos no Brasil. De início, analisa como pressuposto para o desenvolvimento do tema central a atividade administrativa estatal prestada nos três níveis da Federação (União, Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios), na qual se insere a atividade administrativa material de prestação de serviço público. A seguir, analisa a evolução e as motivações da passagem da execução do serviço público, de início apenas feita pelo próprio Poder Público, para os particulares. O exame dos fundamentos constitucionais do serviço público, plantados na Constituição de 1988, aplicáveis aos três níveis de poder federativo e o estudo das formas de delegação de serviço público aos particulares previstas nos artigos 175, 223 e nos incisos XI e XII do artigo 21 da Constituição Federal completam a análise. O tema central do estudo é tratado em seguida, que cuida especificamente das formas de serviço público que permitem sua prestação por particulares e que são admitidas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Demonstrado que a delegação de serviços públicos para a iniciativa privada, consoante determina a Constituição de 1988, se realiza sob três formas, a concessão, a permissão e a autorização, o trabalho se debruça inicialmente no exame da concessão de serviços públicos rotulada de tradicional. Por se tratar da primeira das fórmulas de execução privada de serviços públicos, detém-se o texto no estudo dos vários aspectos que envolvem essa modalidade de prestação de serviços públicos, aspectos que vão servir de parâmetro para a análise das demais espécies de delegação de serviços públicos aos particulares. Assim, após um breve histórico dos antecedentes da concessão de serviços públicos, examina, além de outros pontos, o significado da expressão e sua natureza jurídica, a exigibilidade de licitação e as formas de extinção da relação decorrente da concessão. As características da concessão são desenvolvidas sob a ótica tríplice do que se denomina de \"participantes\" ou \"atores\" na relação de concessão: a Administração Pública, o concessionário e o usuário e, a partir delas, busca extrair uma conceituação da concessão de serviços públicos adequada aos objetivos do trabalho. Nesse tópico, ponto relevante do tema é o que diz respeito ao exame das espécies de concessão admitidas pela doutrina e pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro: a concessão patrocinada, ou as parcerias público-privadas e a concessão administrativa, os consórcios público-privados e a franquia. As outras modalidades constitucionais de delegação de serviços públicos, a permissão e a autorização, constituem tema de estudo dos tópicos seguintes. Considera na análise dessas modalidades, particularmente no que diz respeito à autorização, a problemática apontada pela doutrina contemporânea quanto à sua inserção, dentre as formas de delegação de serviços públicos e a sua efetiva aplicabilidade na estrutura administrativa dos três níveis da Federação brasileira. / Providing public services is an essential duty of the modern state. The purpose of this study is to analyse the manners in which the private sector in Brazil provide public services. First it analyses as a precondition to develop the central theme, the state\'s administrative activities throughout Brazil\'s three constitutional levels (the union, states, federal district and the cities) in which the public services are provided. Then it analyses how public services have developed since they were first offered by the State, to their transformation in being offered by the private sector. There then follows a study of artides 175, 223 and 21(XI) and (XII) of Brazil\'s Constitution of 1988, which provide the grounds for the offering of public services throughout the levels of the federation. It closes with a study of how public services are delegated to the private sector. After it analyses the central theme of this study; the different types of public services that Brazilian law states may be delegated to the private sector. The study explains that under the 1988 Constitution, public services may be delegated to the private sector using three different forms: concessions; permissions, and authorisations. The text first examines the traditional method of delegating public service: the granting of concessions. The study then analyses the different forms of concession, which will act as a parameter for the other types of delegation. After a brief history of public service concessions, the study examines the legal meaning of \"concession\" under Brazilian law, the need for a public tender and how concessions are terminated. The characteristics of the concession are developed using three perspectives from what are called \"participants\" or \"actors\" in the concession relationship: the government, the concessionaire and the user of the services. The study then attempts to define a concept of a public services concession that ties in with the purposes of this study. In this context, the study then considers legal scholarship and the Brazilian legal system: sponsored concessions, or the public-private partnership (PPPs) the administrative concessions, the public-private joint venture and franchises. The study progresses to an analysis of the other types of delegated public services - the permissions and authorisations. In analysing these types of delegation - and especially the authorisation - the problem arising from modern legal scholarship is considered in the context of its relation with the other types of delegations of public services, and how it actually applies throughout the three constitutional levels.