Nous avons étudié les deux structures concessives en français moderne si p, q et même si p, q. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons résumé certaines études antérieures sur divers sujets. La section sur la concession montre qu'il y a sous-entendue a une phrase telle que même si Jacques est la, je vais partir un rapport du genre si Jacques est Id, je ne vais pas partir; autrement dit, même si p, q implique si p,~ q (Moeschler & de Spengler, Martin, Ducrot). Par contre, une phrase telle que s'il est intelligent, il est brouillon se glose mieux par la paraphrase de Nguyen certes p, mais q: certes il est intelligent, mais il est brouillon. Dans la section sur la valeur de base des phrases en si p, q (concessives ou non concessives), on voit que si est le marqueur d'une supposition, et cette supposition sert comme cadre pour l'énonciation de q qui suit. La section sur même montre que ce mot est le marqueur d'une échelle argumentative (Ducrot), et qu'il est limite par le contexte et« ce à quoi on s'attendrait» (Lycan). Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons décrit notre corpus, et nous avons déterminé si les diverses structures proposées au chapitre précédent étaient présentes dans les exemples du corpus. La section sur si concessif montre que la paraphrase certes p, mais q peut toujours paraphraser les phrases concessives de la structure si p, q. Cependant, la structure si p,~ q est aussi présente, mais indirectement. Finalement, nous avons fait certaines observations sur le temps des verbes dans les deux propositions/? et q, et nous avons étudié les combinaisons présent/présent, imparfait/imparfait, passé composé/présent, et plus-que-parfait/imparfait. Les deux premières combinaisons montrent une opposition—par rapport aux si non concessifs— au niveau des temps verbaux, les deux dernières au niveau de l'aspect. La section sur les cas de même si révèle d'une part que toutes les phrases de cette structure possèdent la structure sous-entendue si p, ~ q, et d'autre part que certains exemples acceptent aussi la paraphrase de Nguyen. Ceci correspond à la distinction qu'Eriksson fait des phrases en même si portant sur des faits réels et non réels (virtuels).

Nous avons étudié les deux structures concessives en français moderne si p, q et même si p, q. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons résumé certaines études antérieures sur divers sujets. La section sur la concession montre qu'il y a sous-entendue a une phrase telle que même si Jacques est la, je vais partir un rapport du genre si Jacques est Id, je ne vais pas partir; autrement dit, même si p, q implique si p,~ q (Moeschler & de Spengler, Martin, Ducrot). Par contre, une phrase telle que s'il est intelligent, il est brouillon se glose mieux par la paraphrase de Nguyen certes p, mais q: certes il est intelligent, mais il est brouillon. Dans la section sur la valeur de base des phrases en si p, q (concessives ou non concessives), on voit que si est le marqueur d'une supposition, et cette supposition sert comme cadre pour l'énonciation de q qui suit. La section sur même montre que ce mot est le marqueur d'une échelle argumentative (Ducrot), et qu'il est limite par le contexte et« ce à quoi on s'attendrait» (Lycan). Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous avons décrit notre corpus, et nous avons déterminé si les diverses structures proposées au chapitre précédent étaient présentes dans les exemples du corpus. La section sur si concessif montre que la paraphrase certes p, mais q peut toujours paraphraser les phrases concessives de la structure si p, q. Cependant, la structure si p,~ q est aussi présente, mais indirectement. Finalement, nous avons fait certaines observations sur le temps des verbes dans les deux propositions/? et q, et nous avons étudié les combinaisons présent/présent, imparfait/imparfait, passé composé/présent, et plus-que-parfait/imparfait. Les deux premières combinaisons montrent une opposition—par rapport aux si non concessifs— au niveau des temps verbaux, les deux dernières au niveau de l'aspect. La section sur les cas de même si révèle d'une part que toutes les phrases de cette structure possèdent la structure sous-entendue si p, ~ q, et d'autre part que certains exemples acceptent aussi la paraphrase de Nguyen. Ceci correspond à la distinction qu'Eriksson fait des phrases en même si portant sur des faits réels et non réels (virtuels). / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

[pt] De maneira geral, nas gramáticas tradicionais de Língua Portuguesa, as conjunções / locuções conjuntivas concessivas são expostas em uma lista sem qualquer observação sobre suas condições de uso e seus aspectos semânticos, como se pudessem ser utilizadas de forma aleatória. Isso dificulta o ensino de Português, principalmente como segunda língua. Como há construções intrínsecas aos usuários nativos da língua, essas precisam ser mais bem detalhadas para que o falante não nativo consiga atingir um nível relevante de competência linguística. Para isso, baseando-nos na perspectiva funcionalista da linguagem, que entende que as escolhas gramaticais dependem do contexto em que estão inseridos os enunciados, este trabalho tem o objetivo de verificar as estruturas morfossintáticas em que ocorrem as orações concessivas e de observar os diferentes sentidos secundários que cada conjunção ou locução conjuntiva concessiva pode trazer ao enunciado. Com isso, faremos um estudo que tentará facilitar o ensino das conjunções / locuções conjuntivas concessivas, visando à aprendizagem dos falantes não nativos de português. / [en] In an ordinary way, in Portuguese traditional grammars, the concessive conjunctions are exposed on a list without any observation about their conditions of use and their semantic aspects, as if they could be used in an interchangeable manner. This makes difficult the teaching of Portuguese, especially as second language. There are constructions that are intrinsic to the native speakers of the language, so they need to be well detailed so that the non-native speaker achieve a relevant level of linguistic competence. For this propose, we based ourselves on the functionalist perspective of language, which understands that the grammatical choices depend on the context where the phrases are placed. Our goal is to verify the morphosyntatic structures where the concessive sentences appear and to observe the different secondary senses that each concessive conjunction can have in a sentence. Then, we will do a work that will facilitate the teaching of concessive conjunctions, aiming the learning of non-native speakers of Portuguese.

<p>The purpose of this study is to present and analyze the translation of seven selected concessive conjuncts – anyway, however, although, though, still, nonetheless and yet – in Dan Brown’s novel Angels and Demons translated by Ola Klingberg, by means of a comparative method combined with a qualitative analysis. Background and theory are mainly based on Altenberg (1999, 2002) for the conjuncts and Ingo (1991) for translation strategies. The aim is fulfilled by answering the three research questions: 1. How does Klingberg translate the seven selected concessive conjuncts into Swedish? 2. What factors influence the choice of translation alternative? 3. What kinds of strategies does Klingberg use? The main result is that the conjuncts translate into many different alternatives, although most frequently into the Swedish adversative men, followed by a Swedish concessive like ändå. However, the analysis of anyway is inconclusive because there were not enough tokens. The main conclusion is that translation is a difficult area to be involved in since numerous aspects affect the choice of translation alternative, even though it is shown that it is definitely possible to translate more or less ‘correctly’. A second conclusion is that some words are more likely to be translated with a particular word than others.</p>

O presente trabalho investiga o uso da articulaÃÃo hipotÃtica adverbial concessiva na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo. Com base nos pressupostos funcionalistas, analisamos, de um modo integrado, os aspectos sintÃticos, textual-semÃnticos e textual-discursivos associados ao uso da oraÃÃo concessiva na construÃÃo da argumentaÃÃo em artigos de opiniÃo e editoriais. Verificamos que os aspectos sintÃticos da articulaÃÃo da oraÃÃo concessiva estÃo relacionados aos aspectos pragmÃticos. Dessa forma, a posiÃÃo da oraÃÃo concessiva (anteposiÃÃo, posposiÃÃo e intercalaÃÃo) reflete a maneira como o falante decide organizar seu discurso em virtude do propÃsito comunicativo; portanto, està ligada Ãs funÃÃes discursivas a que se presta. Assim, verificamos que, nos artigos de opiniÃo e editoriais, a diferenÃa na freqÃÃncia do uso da anteposiÃÃo e da posposiÃÃo nÃo foi significativa. Em nossa investigaÃÃo, alguns conectores tendem a introduzir oraÃÃes concessivas antepostas à o caso de apesar de e por mais/menos que, enquanto outros tendem a introduzir oraÃÃes concessivas pospostas à o caso de mesmo que. A conjunÃÃo embora apareceu, no corpus em anÃlise, com a mesma freqÃÃncia em oraÃÃes antepostas e pospostas. Quanto aos aspectos textual-semÃnticos, percebemos que, da articulaÃÃo das oraÃÃes ditas concessivas, alÃm da inferÃncia de concessÃo, emergem tambÃm outras inferÃncias, tais como condiÃÃo e inclusÃo. A partir de uma anÃlise pautada nos domÃnios de interpretaÃÃo propostos por Sweetser (1999), constatamos que, nos gÃneros em estudo, a maioria das ocorrÃncias permite leitura no domÃnio epistÃmico, mas hà um nÃmero significativo de ocorrÃncias com a possibilidade de leitura no domÃnio de conteÃdo, provavelmente porque os gÃneros jornalÃsticos abordam acontecimentos, fatos sociais. Com relaÃÃo ao tipo de oraÃÃo concessiva, verificamos que, no corpus em anÃlise, predominam as do tipo factual. Ao investigarmos os aspectos textual-discursivos, percebemos que, de uma maneira geral, as oraÃÃes concessivas sÃo usadas como fundo da oraÃÃo nuclear e que, quando pospostas, geralmente constituem uma avaliaÃÃo ou um adendo à oraÃÃo nuclear; enquanto as antepostas e as intercaladas funcionam como tÃpico/guia para a informaÃÃo nÃcleo ou como fator de coesÃo discursiva. Quanto ao papel argumentativo da oraÃÃo concessiva em artigos de opiniÃo e editoriais, percebemos que esta representa uma relevante estratÃgia por meio da qual o autor, pressupondo uma objeÃÃo por parte do leitor, declara que tal objeÃÃo nÃo impedirà nem modificarà o conteÃdo expresso na oraÃÃo nuclear / The aim of this work is to investigate the usage of concessive hypotatic clauses involved in the construction of argumentation. Based on functional theories, we analyzed the syntactic aspects, the textual-discursive aspects and the textual-semantic aspects that are associated to the usage of the concessive subordinate clause involved in the construction of argumentation in newspaper articles and editorials. We observed that the syntactic aspects of concessive subordinate clause are related to the pragmatic aspects. Thus the concessive subordinate clause position (before or after main clause or embedded clause) shows the way a speaker decides to organize her utterance due to communication purposes; hence it is connected to discursive functions. We observed that in newspaper articles and editorials, the concessive clause position before or after main clause is not relevant. Our investigation shows that few conjunctions tend to introduce concessive subordinate clause before main clause, for instance apesar de and por mais/menos que, whereas other concessive conjunctions tend to introduce subordinate clause after main clause, for example mesmo que. In the corpus, the conjunction embora is as frequent in concessive clauses before main clause as in concessive clauses after main clauses. As regards the textual-semantic aspects, we observed, besides the concessive inferences, other inferences such as condition and inclusion inferences. In an analysis based on the interpretation domains proposed by Sweetser (1999), we found, in newspaper articles and editorials, that the greater number of examples allows an interpretation in the epistemic domain, but there is a meaningful number of examples that lead to a possible interpretation in the content domain, probably this is due to the fact that newspapers genres are related to social happenings and facts. Regarding concessive clause types we observed, in the corpus analyzed, that the factual concessive clauses predominate. When we verified the textual-discursive aspects, we observed, that concessive subordinate clauses are used as main clause background and when they are placed after main clause they often represent an evaluation or an addendum to main clause, whereas concessive clause before main clause and embedded concessive clause work as a topic to a nuclear information or as a way to attain discursive cohesion. As regards the argumentative role of concessive clause in newspaper articles and editorials, we observed concessive subordinate clause represents an important strategy; through concessive clause, the author presupposes an objection on the part of the reader and he declares that the objection does not hinder the content expressed in the main clause

The purpose of this study is to present and analyze the translation of seven selected concessive conjuncts – anyway, however, although, though, still, nonetheless and yet – in Dan Brown’s novel Angels and Demons translated by Ola Klingberg, by means of a comparative method combined with a qualitative analysis. Background and theory are mainly based on Altenberg (1999, 2002) for the conjuncts and Ingo (1991) for translation strategies. The aim is fulfilled by answering the three research questions: 1. How does Klingberg translate the seven selected concessive conjuncts into Swedish? 2. What factors influence the choice of translation alternative? 3. What kinds of strategies does Klingberg use? The main result is that the conjuncts translate into many different alternatives, although most frequently into the Swedish adversative men, followed by a Swedish concessive like ändå. However, the analysis of anyway is inconclusive because there were not enough tokens. The main conclusion is that translation is a difficult area to be involved in since numerous aspects affect the choice of translation alternative, even though it is shown that it is definitely possible to translate more or less ‘correctly’. A second conclusion is that some words are more likely to be translated with a particular word than others.

Cette thèse étudie l'expression de la concession l'oral dans une perspective contrastive français - vietnamien. A partir d'un corpus d'émissions radiophoniques en français et ensuivant trois approches complémentaires - linguistique, logique et interactionnelle -, le fonctionnement et les caractéristiques des concessions ont été analysés afin de les classer par catégories et d'en proposer un modèle d'expression. Les concessions en vietnamien ont été étudiées à partir de données homologues afin de mettre en évidence les similitudes et les différences. / The aim of this PhD is a linguistic analysis of the concessive clause in a contrastive French/Vietnamese perspective based on a corpus of radio programs. Three complementary approaches (linguistic, logical and interactional) are used to define the functions and the properties of concessive clauses in French as in Vietnamese in order to observe the similarities and the differences toward a modelling.

The thesis deals with the issue of connectors in contemporary French. The first part offers an outline of different approaches to the term connector/connecteur within Czech and Francophone linguistics. Based on the description and comparison of individual authors' approaches classified by the theoretical aspects applied, this part explains functioning of connectors not only within the logical semantic coherence relations, but also within the hierarchisation of utterance content considering the pragmatic dimension of the text. The second part of the thesis defines the term "connector" with respect to the approaches introduced above. The third part of the work deals with the characteristics and function of concessive connectors. It is based on defining the concessive relations, it describes their different aspects of meaning conditioning the relations classification within logical semantic relations in Czech and French and offers a list of linguistic means to express them and at the same time, it stresses the complex functional character of the connectors.

BEZERRA, Cleide Alves Ribeiro. Articulação hipotálica adverbial e argumentação: uma análise do uso das orações concessivas em artigos de opinião e editoriais. 2006. 110f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguistica) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernaculas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-07-01T14:23:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_CARBezerra.pdf: 666272 bytes, checksum: 5bd43ad1c6799cb58744f9478e868c34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-25T16:51:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_CARBezerra.pdf: 666272 bytes, checksum: 5bd43ad1c6799cb58744f9478e868c34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-25T16:51:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_diss_CARBezerra.pdf: 666272 bytes, checksum: 5bd43ad1c6799cb58744f9478e868c34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The aim of this work is to investigate the usage of concessive hypotatic clauses involved in the construction of argumentation. Based on functional theories, we analyzed the syntactic aspects, the textual-discursive aspects and the textual-semantic aspects that are associated to the usage of the concessive subordinate clause involved in the construction of argumentation in newspaper articles and editorials. We observed that the syntactic aspects of concessive subordinate clause are related to the pragmatic aspects. Thus the concessive subordinate clause position (before or after main clause or embedded clause) shows the way a speaker decides to organize her utterance due to communication purposes; hence it is connected to discursive functions. We observed that in newspaper articles and editorials, the concessive clause position before or after main clause is not relevant. Our investigation shows that few conjunctions tend to introduce concessive subordinate clause before main clause, for instance apesar de and por mais/menos que, whereas other concessive conjunctions tend to introduce subordinate clause after main clause, for example mesmo que. In the corpus, the conjunction embora is as frequent in concessive clauses before main clause as in concessive clauses after main clauses. As regards the textual-semantic aspects, we observed, besides the concessive inferences, other inferences such as condition and inclusion inferences. In an analysis based on the interpretation domains proposed by Sweetser (1999), we found, in newspaper articles and editorials, that the greater number of examples allows an interpretation in the epistemic domain, but there is a meaningful number of examples that lead to a possible interpretation in the content domain, probably this is due to the fact that newspapers genres are related to social happenings and facts. Regarding concessive clause types we observed, in the corpus analyzed, that the factual concessive clauses predominate. When we verified the textual-discursive aspects, we observed, that concessive subordinate clauses are used as main clause background and when they are placed after main clause they often represent an evaluation or an addendum to main clause, whereas concessive clause before main clause and embedded concessive clause work as a topic to a nuclear information or as a way to attain discursive cohesion. As regards the argumentative role of concessive clause in newspaper articles and editorials, we observed concessive subordinate clause represents an important strategy; through concessive clause, the author presupposes an objection on the part of the reader and he declares that the objection does not hinder the content expressed in the main clause. / O presente trabalho investiga o uso da articulação hipotática adverbial concessiva na construção da argumentação. Com base nos pressupostos funcionalistas, analisamos, de um modo integrado, os aspectos sintáticos, textual-semânticos e textual-discursivos associados ao uso da oração concessiva na construção da argumentação em artigos de opinião e editoriais. Verificamos que os aspectos sintáticos da articulação da oração concessiva estão relacionados aos aspectos pragmáticos. Dessa forma, a posição da oração concessiva (anteposição, posposição e intercalação) reflete a maneira como o falante decide organizar seu discurso em virtude do propósito comunicativo; portanto, está ligada às funções discursivas a que se presta. Assim, verificamos que, nos artigos de opinião e editoriais, a diferença na freqüência do uso da anteposição e da posposição não foi significativa. Em nossa investigação, alguns conectores tendem a introduzir orações concessivas antepostas é o caso de apesar de e por mais/menos que, enquanto outros tendem a introduzir orações concessivas pospostas é o caso de mesmo que. A conjunção embora apareceu, no corpus em análise, com a mesma freqüência em orações antepostas e pospostas. Quanto aos aspectos textual-semânticos, percebemos que, da articulação das orações ditas concessivas, além da inferência de concessão, emergem também outras inferências, tais como condição e inclusão. A partir de uma análise pautada nos domínios de interpretação propostos por Sweetser (1999), constatamos que, nos gêneros em estudo, a maioria das ocorrências permite leitura no domínio epistêmico, mas há um número significativo de ocorrências com a possibilidade de leitura no domínio de conteúdo, provavelmente porque os gêneros jornalísticos abordam acontecimentos, fatos sociais. Com relação ao tipo de oração concessiva, verificamos que, no corpus em análise, predominam as do tipo factual. Ao investigarmos os aspectos textual-discursivos, percebemos que, de uma maneira geral, as orações concessivas são usadas como fundo da oração nuclear e que, quando pospostas, geralmente constituem uma avaliação ou um adendo à oração nuclear; enquanto as antepostas e as intercaladas funcionam como tópico/guia para a informação núcleo ou como fator de coesão discursiva. Quanto ao papel argumentativo da oração concessiva em artigos de opinião e editoriais, percebemos que esta representa uma relevante estratégia por meio da qual o autor, pressupondo uma objeção por parte do leitor, declara que tal objeção não impedirá nem modificará o conteúdo expresso na oração nuclear.

Previous comparative studies of usage of contrast markers have found that Swedish non-native speakers of English underuse and overuse different individual items compared to native speakers. This paper compares the use of the contrast markers however, nevertheless/nonetheless, yet and still in essays in linguistics to determine how and why they might be used differently. Essays are taken from the Stockholm University Student English Corpus and are equally represented by examples from King’s College and Stockholm University. Random samples are analyzed for type of contrast signalled and repeated collocational patterns. The findings show that the Swedish students underuse however and overuse nevertheless/nonetheless, yet and still in signalling concessive relationships. The research suggests that the Swedish students have a weaker grasp of prototypical frequency of usage than native speakers, which may result from native language transfer. It is argued that it would be beneficial for Swedish learners of English, and by extension other L2 learners, to improve awareness of constructing effective contrastive relationships.