This thesis examines place-based water resources planning in Oregon’s Malheur Lake Basin and analyzes the extent to which pluralistic governance has the capacity to transform conflict in groundwater governance regimes. It provides a qualitative analysis of current literature on groundwater governance and uses process tracing to extract best practices from three case studies to identify best practices in pluralistic groundwater governance specifically as they apply to the Malheur Lake Basin. Findings suggest that in addition to a pluralistic governance structure composed of community-based processes and state-based enforcement mechanisms, conflict transformation is the most appropriate lens through which to address groundwater conflicts and disputes and should be an integral component of groundwater governance structures.

Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, is bedevilled with various conflicts which have been exacerbated by the multiplicity and diversity which characterize the nation. The country is a multi-ethnic, multicultural, multiregional and multi-religious society. And while such arrays of features are not peculiar to Nigeria, managing them has greatly propped up various conflicts, with religious conflict emerging as one of the most devastating of all. It would appear as though, more than any other single issue, religious conflict has become a threat to national cohesion, stability and development. It has led to fears, suspicions, unrest; mass displacement of people, destruction of lives and property; consequently leading to major set-backs for nation building. The three main religions of Nigeria are the Indigenous Religions, Islam and Christianity, with Islam and Christianity having almost equal strength of adherence. While the indigenous religions have generally been tolerant and accommodating of the two “guest” religions, contestations and incessant violent clashes have characterized the relationship between Muslims and Christians, particularly in Northern Nigeria, and this has been on the increase in frequency, intensity and sophistication. This situation has led to the emergence and deployment of numerous approaches towards transforming conflicts in order to ensure peaceful co-existence of all the people. The task of this thesis is to contribute practical, theological reflections to the ongoing search for how Nigeria will end the undesired religious conflict between Muslims and Christians and build a peaceful and harmonious society. To do this, John Paul Lederach’s conceptual framework for conflict transformation was adopted and explained in chapter one; and two religious conflicts which took place in the Northern Nigerian cities of Jos and Maduguri were empirically investigated through intensive fieldwork. A review of relevant literature was carried out in chapter two and an elaborate explanation of the socio-scientific and theological methodologies adopted for the research was presented in the third chapter. In order to establish the causes, manifestations and consequences of the conflicts, chapter four and five explored their remote and root causes. Because this research is grounded on the assumption that religion is not just a source of conflict, but a resource for peace, and on the contribution of faiths to contemporary public debates, it provides a new approach which challenges the religious institutions, particularly the Church, through its pastoral ministry, to become actively involved in the transformation of conflict in the nation. The research holds that the greatest contribution of religion to the quest to transform religious conflict in Nigeria is through a practical theology which should be demonstrated in both spirituality and strategy. As such, and based on empirical findings from the zones of conflict, a theology of hospitality is suggested in chapter six, as a gradual but effective method of transforming relationships between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria. While the approach does not preclude other approaches, it offers the enormous resources, possibilities and opportunities, ingrained within the religious domain for conflict transformation in contemporary Nigerian society. The strategies for achieving the desired transformation of the situation of conflict on short and long-term basis through the theology of hospitality are suggested in the seventh chapter.

Deliberative democracy and conflict management models have been given increasing attention for their potential consistency and similarities, which is useful knowledge given the opened possibilities of interdisciplinary work. I argue that this debate ought to be broadened to include how conflict transformation and a pragmatic strand of deliberative democracy are aligned with regard to orientation to conflict. First, I offer an account of why conflict transformation’s key values should be seen as valuable for democratic theory to emulate. Second, I show how a pragmatic strand of deliberative democracy is consistent and similar with respect to those key values. Together, these build a framework which offers the ability for practitioners and theorists to pursue interdisciplinary work between two particular strands of deliberative democracy and conflict management which to date have not been given adequate attention.

This thesis analyses the effects of gender inclusive policies or the lack of such on development at a time of conflict transformation. It has nowadays been established that the presence of women and the existence of gendered policies at a time of peace building are vital for the development of any country or region presently in this situation. Despite this knowledge, inclusion of women and gender has remained scarce and effects of their integration have thus proven difficult to measure. It is the aim of this thesis to support research in this area, by demonstrating the implications of incorporating or failing to implement different types of gender inclusive policies on the example of the actions taken in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The Kurdistan Region is currently in a unique position of its development. After withstanding decades of armed conflict, the region today is greatly autonomous and economically prosperous. For the previous decade it has been the government’s aim to decrease the potential of new conflict, to become internationally competitive and to increase positive development for its people. One of their stated foci was thereby the promotion of gender and women’s inclusion in public policies. By comparing the policies deployed in the Kurdistan Region with experiences and knowledge from around the world, and by using the citizens of the region themselves as validators, this thesis will examine if the existing policies have had the desired effect, and if not, what should be changed. This will be done in the political, economic and social sphere (focusing on education), with the outcome that policies introduced by Kurdistan’s decision makers are partly positive, but lack in consistency, inclusiveness and gender sensitivity. This leads to a loss of human resources for the region, as well as to unequal effects within society, and thus to a lack of sustainable peace.

ABSTRACT Paths Towards Reconciliation in the Workplace: Exploring the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop Educational workplace initiatives to address social inequality are widely used within organizations. In the past, these workplace workshops have varied in their underlying philosophical perspectives - with goals ranging from maintaining the status quo to promoting social change. Workshop curriculum grounded in the contact hypothesis have drawn from such diverse fields as social psychology, organizational theory, feminist viewpoints, critical theory, liberatory educational philosophy, conflict resolution and Indigenous approaches. The research to date on the efficacy of these various types of workplace educational programs have been mixed. For the past ten years, the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority has offered the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop to its health care employees in hopes of addressing the differential medical care received by their Aboriginal patients. This mixed methods research project focused on the perceptions of key stakeholders and workshop participants on the most helpful, and least helpful aspects of the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop. The findings point towards a conceptual framework on the conditions needed within educational workplace initiatives that can create paths toward reconciliation between different identity groups. Addressing the need for accurate information and developing empathy within an atmosphere of joyful humour that is supported by the circle were the key findings in this research project. Specifically, the findings that informed this conceptual framework included the importance of learning about Aboriginal history from an Aboriginal perspective, the power of storytelling to bridge the divide between different identity groups, how the appropriate use of humour can both ease tension, but also be used to challenge intolerant ideas and finally, the power of sharing circles to create safety and allow for dialogue. Drawing on the contributions of the diverse fields that have historically informed these types of workplace educational programs, this research project integrated the field of peace and conflict studies, and Indigenous perspectives to make a number of recommendations for future workplace educational programs.

ABSTRACT Paths Towards Reconciliation in the Workplace: Exploring the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop Educational workplace initiatives to address social inequality are widely used within organizations. In the past, these workplace workshops have varied in their underlying philosophical perspectives - with goals ranging from maintaining the status quo to promoting social change. Workshop curriculum grounded in the contact hypothesis have drawn from such diverse fields as social psychology, organizational theory, feminist viewpoints, critical theory, liberatory educational philosophy, conflict resolution and Indigenous approaches. The research to date on the efficacy of these various types of workplace educational programs have been mixed. For the past ten years, the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority has offered the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop to its health care employees in hopes of addressing the differential medical care received by their Aboriginal patients. This mixed methods research project focused on the perceptions of key stakeholders and workshop participants on the most helpful, and least helpful aspects of the Aboriginal Cultures Awareness Workshop. The findings point towards a conceptual framework on the conditions needed within educational workplace initiatives that can create paths toward reconciliation between different identity groups. Addressing the need for accurate information and developing empathy within an atmosphere of joyful humour that is supported by the circle were the key findings in this research project. Specifically, the findings that informed this conceptual framework included the importance of learning about Aboriginal history from an Aboriginal perspective, the power of storytelling to bridge the divide between different identity groups, how the appropriate use of humour can both ease tension, but also be used to challenge intolerant ideas and finally, the power of sharing circles to create safety and allow for dialogue. Drawing on the contributions of the diverse fields that have historically informed these types of workplace educational programs, this research project integrated the field of peace and conflict studies, and Indigenous perspectives to make a number of recommendations for future workplace educational programs.

Refusing to participate in war does not only mean refusing to serve in the military. For many conscientious objectors, it means refusing to pay taxes that directly support the military industrial complex. Conscientious tax objectors risk many punishments by withholding tax money that supports war. Politico-social conflicts exist between a citizen's legal obligation to pay taxes and the personal obligation to her/his moral beliefs. My research suggests that the Religious Freedom Peace Tax Fund Act (RFPTFA) may be one transformative agent for this conflict. Through examination of relevant case law, statutes, conflict transformation literature, and interviews with conscientious tax objectors, my investigation concludes that members of the conscientious tax objector movement disagree on the merits of RFPTFA. My research suggests that until these various intermovement factions enter into consensus-building dialogue, conscientious tax objection will remain a mere symbolic method of pacifism rather than a powerful tool in the art of peacebuilding.

Here, I bring communication theories into conversation with peace and conflict scholarship. Specifically, I explore how the ways in which women narrate their experiences of violent conflict through sewing collectives can inform conflict transformation work. I engage in this exploration within the framework of narrative theory, using Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentad to analyze the narratives presented in a selection of textile pieces created by women in Chile, South Africa, and Northern Ireland. I situate this project within literature pertaining to feminist approaches to rhetoric, discussions of bridgework in identity negotiation from intercultural communication, concerns related to conflict transformation, and work with socially engaged art. Finally, I bring these analyses into conversation with one another to consider how women rhetors may inform conflict transformation through their textile work. In particular, I discuss how each of these rhetors offers the narrative elements to reconstitute collective identities, providing an avenue toward peace in their own settings.

Divisiveness routinely turns violent, thus making research into alternative means of dealing with conflict an urgent necessity. This dissertation focuses on the politics of divisiveness and the techniques of conflict transformation. In this, I offer a robust and operable theory of reconciliation. I argue that reconciliation is the first principle of justice. In this sense, the ideal of justice is enacted through the improvement and coordination of social-political relations, which requires the development of trust and institutions that facilitate the ever emergent demos. This is not to suggest that alternative approaches to justice, such as distributive models, are useless or wrong. Rather, justice requires a consensus which cannot be realized when persons see their neighbors as enemies. In conflicts, activities that benefit the enemy Other, such as the redistribution of wealth, will be taken as an injustice by other embattled social groups. As I demonstrate through various cases, interpersonal and institutional responses, like redistribution, often escalate discord and rarely create a shared sense of justice. Thus, conflict becomes a cyclical and multilevel problem. I explore how we can better respond to the cycle of conflict at individual, social, and systemic levels, in order to realize a legitimate notion of justice. I use an interdisciplinary approach to defend my arguments, drawing on iv philosophy and conflict resolution (CR). CR is an emerging field that emphasizes practical responses to conflict, often with advocacy for reconciliation. However, more theoretical work needs to be done to explain the ideal of reconciliation that directs CR practices. Within philosophy, little work has been done on the topic of reconciliation. A vast literature exists on the topic of justice, but this literature offers few practical descriptions of how persons come to agree upon the terms of justice. Thus, theories of justice are often labeled as 'ideal' simply because they are disconnected from the fragmented and conflict-ridden reality most people experience. This dissertation, as a project in non-ideal political theory that is empirically informed by cases and concerns in CR, fills these gaps in both philosophy and CR.

The purpose of this study is to get a better understanding of the conflict transformation in Mozambique. It has a dual focus: the peace process after the 16 years’ war, and the resumed violent conflict, to understand both the constructive and destructive change of the conflict. A field study including interviews with 23 informants was conducted in Maputo between March and June 2019. The study was guided by conflict transformation theory and employed a case-oriented comparative analysis. The results show that the constructive and destructive change of the conflict in Mozambique were influenced by the context transformation; structure transformation; actor transformation; issue transformation; and personal transformation. Some transformations were more substantial than others, but altogether the combination of and interaction between the factors formed the conflict transformation in Mozambique. Factors which have significantly influenced the conflict are: the asymmetric relationship; the elite bargaining; the intra-party dynamics; the external support; the distrust; and the profile of the leaders of the two parties.