Embracing stasis is a performance questioning and exploring certain notions of force and attack in interaction with tenderness and care. It seeks to approach and illuminate moments of simultaneous presence or correlation between these elements and focuses on their transitional zones. The work is navigated by a curiosity about situations that could be both offensive confrontations and encounters of care. Situations of stasis, as dynamic situations of equally opposing forces are aimed for and met through an urge for tangibility. By working with the idea of form as possible carrier of diverse qualities, Martial Arts practices supply the process.

the richmond local arts museum is a vehicle to investigate a thesis concentrated on correcting the identity of a place that is lost in history. an intentional interruption to the "historic" context of richmond will transform the city. richmond's connection to the civil war will soon be diluted, as it will quickly gain recognition for its progressive actions, through the emergence of a new art and architecture. / Master of Architecture

La persistance des bidonvilles en milieu urbain est un phénomène présent à l’échelle du globe et particulièrement dans les pays émergents. Elle s’affirme comme un enjeu majeur illustrant aussi bien les inégalités sociales, politiques et environnementale qu’une certaine non maîtrise de l’urbain par les autorités publiques. Au Brésil, le phénomène prend le nom de favelisation. Synonymes de pauvreté, de plaie urbaine et de violence, les favelas constituent un pan entier de la production urbaine que les politiques publiques et les acteurs privés ne parviennent pas à endiguer ou absorber. Depuis quelques années, les métropoles émergentes tentent de se distinguer par des événements à portée internationale. C’est le cas de Rio de Janeiro et de Curitiba au Brésil. La première s’inscrit dans l’agenda des méga-événements internationaux (Coupe du Monde de Football 2014, Jeux Olympiques 2016). La deuxième, intégrée dans le projet Coupe du Monde 2014, s’était déjà démarquée en devenant un modèle de développement urbain à l’échelle mondiale. La bonne réception des grands événements sportifs implique dès lors d’importantes transformations des territoires hôtes : constructions de stades, amélioration des infrastructures de transport. À Rio de Janeiro et Curitiba, où respectivement 22% et 9% de la population habite dans des favelas, la confrontation spatiale entre les deux phénomènes est inévitable. À travers cinq favelas (Vila Autodromo, Vidigal, Morro da Providência, Vila Torres, Vila Parolin) de deux métropoles différentes (Rio de Janeiro et Curitiba), la thèse montre que les interactions entre les favelas et les méga-événements sont protéiformes et dépendent fortement des contextes locaux. L’approche spatiale, articulée à la sociologie urbaine, offre une nouvelle grille de lecture à la confrontation entre méga-événements et favelas et qualifie les transformations : la favela évincée, la favela mondialisée, la favela trophée, la favela intégrée et la favela ordinaire. Au centre de cette confrontation, trois logiques apparaissent. L’invisibilisation des favelas, visuellement frappante, vise à faire disparaitre leur caractère embarrassant ; la logique de transfert évoque des déplacements de population et de modes de vie ; enfin la logique culturelle, spécificité brésilienne, renverse la dichotomie en s’appuyant sur la culture favelada pour promouvoir une certaine image du Brésil. La recherche combine de nombreuses observations et analyses spatiales in situ, une revue de presse (locale et internationale) et des entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats montrent que la nature des confrontations dépend de la manière dont les méga-événements sont intégrés au développement urbain des métropoles-hôtes. Plus le méga-événement s’adapte au territoire dans une vision à long terme, plus la confrontation avec les favelas mène à leur intégration dans le maillage urbain. À l’inverse, lorsque c’est la ville qui s’adapte au méga-événement et coordonne ses transformations urbaines au calendrier événementiel, la nature des confrontations est plusbrutale. Les favelas sont dans ce cadre un perturbateur, mais aussi une opportunité de se distinguer positivement pour les métropoles qui parviennent à en pallier les carences. Elles interrogent profondément les ambitions et les modalités de production de la ville, tant en raison de leur persistance que par leur capacité à se transformer. / The persistence of shanty towns in urban areas is a worldwide phenomenon and more particularly in developing countries. It appears as a major issue, which illustrates both social, political and environmental inequalities and some difficulties of public authorities in mastering the development of urban background. In Brazil, the phenomenon is called « favelisation ». Synonymous with destitution, urban plague and violence, favelas constitute a whole part of urban production that city policies and economic agents fail to contain or absorb. For a few years, emerging metropolises have attempted to single out through events with a worldwide impact. This is the case of Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba in Brazil. The former is part of the agenda of global mega-events (2014 Soccer World Cup, 2016 Olympic Games). The latter, integrated in the 2014 World Cup, had already stood out by becoming a model for urban development on a worldwide scale. The good reception of major sporting events entails then significant transformations for host territories: building stadiums, improvement of transport facilities. In these metropolises, although they have different proportions of inhabitants to slum (22% in Rio de Janeiro and 9,3% in Curitiba), it's impossible to avoid spatial confrontation. Through five favelas (Vila Autodromo, Vidigal, Morro da Providência, Vila Torres, Vila Parolin) in two different conurbations (Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba ), the thesis shows that the interactions between the favelas and major woldwide events are shape-shifting and depend hugely on local backgrounds. The space approach, joined with urban sociology, provides a new reading of the confrontation between mega-events and favelas and brands the transformations: the excluded favela, the globalised favela, the trophy favela, the integrated favela and the ordinary favela. At the core of this confrontation there are three logics. That of making the favelas invisible, visually striking, aims at making their embarassing aspect disappear; the transfering logic causes people's relocation and lifestyle change; eventually the cultural logic, which is a Brazilian specificity, knocks over dichotomy by relying on the favela culture to promote a certain image of Brazil. The research combines many observations and area analysis in situ, a press review (local and global) and semi-guided interviews. The results show that the nature of the confrontations depends on the way the mega-events are integrated to the urban development of the host conurbations. The more the mega-event adapts to the territory in a long run vision, the more the confrontation with favelas leads to their integration in the city networking. Conversely, when the city adapts itself to the mega-event and ajusts its tranformations to the event agenda, the nature of confrontations is more violent. In this case favelas are a disruptive element as well as an opportunity to stand out positively for the conurbations that manage to make up for the deficiencies. They question in depth the urban ambitions and production modes, owing both to their persistence and their ability to transform.

En comparant les pratiques en matière de traitement de la délinquance des jeunes en France et aux États-Unis, notre travail explore un pan d’un phénomène social bien connu, l’américanisation des politiques judiciaires en France et en Europe.À travers l’exemple du traitement de la délinquance des jeunes en établissements, cette recherche analyse les logiques et modalités de pratiques dans 06 établissements (03 aux États-Unis et 03 en France). Inspirée par une démarche compréhensive, la méthodologie de recherche oscille entre participation observante et observation participante.Évoquer le traitement de la délinquance des jeunes, en refusant de lui concéder tant une « vision objectivante » qu’une « vision subjectivante » des philosophies politiques mises en oeuvre au sein de ces établissements nous a conduit à rendre compte d’un dynamisme qui se nourrit fort logiquement des confrontations et des courants parfois contradictoires et qui permettent ainsi de mettre en évidence d’autres formes de rapports entre l’individu et l’Institution. Reconnaissant à la philosophie politique d’un programme l’oeuvre des acteurs et leur capacité à s’accaparer des procédures et à les réinterpréter, l’analyse révèle un dynamisme au cours duquel certains acteurs sont susceptibles de suivre un processus de construction ou de reconstruction de sens de leur propre implication à partir de ce qu’ils croient juste pour l’action.En définitive, l’inflexion néolibérale de la politique judiciaire, en France, que Francis Bailleau et Yves Cartuyvels (2007) assimilent à une décivilisation du fait de la modification du contexte économique, social et culturel sous l’influence de la domination de politiques économiques néolibérales laisse transparaître un processus plus large de subjectivation. Les sujets répressif et éducatif se réajustant mutuellement dans la perspective de leur action, la réinsertion sociale des jeunes. / By comparing the practices of juvenile delinquency treatment in France to those of the United States, this research explores a part of a well-known social phenomenon, the Americanization of judicial policies in France and in Europe.Through the example delinquency treatment in the juvenile facilities, this research analyses the logics and modalities of practices in six institutions (three in the United States and three in France). Inspired by a comprehensive process, the research methodology oscillates between observant participation and participant observation.To evocate the juvenile delinquency treatment, by refusing to grant them both the “objectivizing approach” and the “subjectivizing approach” of political philosophies implemented in the institutions, has led us to grasp the logical dynamism strongly fueled by the sometimes contradictories confrontations and opinion, this allows also to uncover other forms of relationship between the individual and the Institution. Accounting a program political philosophy, the work of actors and their capacity to monopolize and to reinterpret procedures, this analysis reveals a dynamism during which some actors are likely to come across a construction or deconstruction process for the meaning of their own implication, departing from what they believed right for their actions.Definitely, the neoliberal inflexion of the judicial policies in France, analyzed by Francis Bailleau and Yves Cartuyvels (2007), as an decivilization due to the modification of the economic, social and cultural context under the influence of dominating neoliberal economic politics, showing trough a bigger subjectivation process. Repressive and educational subjects readjusting each other from the perspective of their action, the juvenile rehabilitation.

To date, little research has explored the utility of inter-personal confrontation as a strategy for the reduction of homonegative attitudes and/or behaviours among heterosexual women. Consequently, the purpose of the current study was to explore three unique aspects of such confrontations among a sample of heterosexual women from the University of Saskatchewan. These three aspects were: 1) to what extent do high- and low-prejudiced womens reactions to confrontations of subtle homonegative behaviour differ; 2) what differences exist in the way that heterosexual women respond to bias directed towards gay men than to bias directed towards lesbian women; 3) what effect does the vested interest of a confronter have on heterosexual womens reaction to confrontations of homonegative behaviour. A 2(target condition) X 2(modern homonegativity endorsement) X 4(confronter type) between-subjects design was used wherein 286 female volunteers completed a questionnaire booklet developed for the project. The questionnaire booklet asked participants to first imagine themselves in a scenario where they would be confronted for engaging in subtle homonegative behaviour and to then indicated how they would think, feel, and behave in response to such a confrontation. The results indicated that low-prejudice participants reacted with greater negative-self directed affect (e.g., guilt) and compunction (e.g., apologize for behaviour) than high-prejudice participants when confronted by either a gay man or lesbian woman. Such reactions are important as they mark the initiation of a self-regulatory cycle that allows the individual to avoid such biased behaviour in the future. Limitations of the study and directions for future research concerning inter-personal confrontations of homonegativity are also presented.

To date, little research has explored the utility of inter-personal confrontation as a strategy for the reduction of homonegative attitudes and/or behaviours among heterosexual women. Consequently, the purpose of the current study was to explore three unique aspects of such confrontations among a sample of heterosexual women from the University of Saskatchewan. These three aspects were: 1) to what extent do high- and low-prejudiced womens reactions to confrontations of subtle homonegative behaviour differ; 2) what differences exist in the way that heterosexual women respond to bias directed towards gay men than to bias directed towards lesbian women; 3) what effect does the vested interest of a confronter have on heterosexual womens reaction to confrontations of homonegative behaviour. A 2(target condition) X 2(modern homonegativity endorsement) X 4(confronter type) between-subjects design was used wherein 286 female volunteers completed a questionnaire booklet developed for the project. The questionnaire booklet asked participants to first imagine themselves in a scenario where they would be confronted for engaging in subtle homonegative behaviour and to then indicated how they would think, feel, and behave in response to such a confrontation. The results indicated that low-prejudice participants reacted with greater negative-self directed affect (e.g., guilt) and compunction (e.g., apologize for behaviour) than high-prejudice participants when confronted by either a gay man or lesbian woman. Such reactions are important as they mark the initiation of a self-regulatory cycle that allows the individual to avoid such biased behaviour in the future. Limitations of the study and directions for future research concerning inter-personal confrontations of homonegativity are also presented.

Depuis les années 1990, des Organisations Non-Gouvernementales (ONG) se sont impliquées de manière croissante dans la définition et la résolution des problèmes sociaux et environnementaux liés aux activités des entreprises. En actant tout au long des chaînes de production globales, ces ONG ont transformé les marchés, où ces entreprises opèrent, en espaces de plus en plus contestés. De nos jours, la littérature disponible sur les agissements des ONG dans des contextes corporatifs catégorise les stratégies d'influence des ONG comme étant soit de confrontation, soit de coopération. Notre recherche vise à amener une vision plus nuancée à ces dichotomies théoriques, notamment nous cherchons à mieux comprendre les possibles approches mixtes entre confrontation et coopération qui peuvent avoir lieu dans une même stratégie d'influence. Empiriquement nous nous sommes focalisés sur différentes stratégies d'influence menées par trois des ONG Environnementales les plus reconnues au monde : le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature, Greenpeace et les Amis de la Terre, au sein d'un même secteur économique, l'agro-industrie du soja. L'étude examine plus particulièrement la progression individuelle de ces stratégies, ainsi que les convergences et divergences entre elles. Notre analyse montre premièrement, que les ONG définissent leurs stratégies d'action en fonction et en interaction avec celles des autres ONG agissant sur le secteur. Les ONG cherchent à intégrer des améliorations soit dans le projet soit dans le procès d'influence collectif. Deuxièmement, nous avons montré que les stratégies d'influence individuelles impliquent souvent une approche hybride entre collaboration et confrontation. Cette approche peut prendre deux formes distinctes : dynamique évolutive (de la confrontation vers la coopération) ou duale (coopération et confrontation simultanée). / Since the 1990s, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) have been increasingly involved in defining and solving social and environmental problems related to business activities. Extant literature analysing NGOs mobilization in corporate contexts, commonly characterizes NGOs' influence strategies as either confrontational or collaborative. Our research aims to bring a more nuanced view of these theoretical dichotomies, in particular we seek to better understand the possible mixed approaches, using both confrontation and collaboration, that can take place within one strategy. Empirically we focused on different strategies of influence conducted by three of the world's most recognized Environmental NGOs : World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth (FoE), in the same economic sector, the soybean agribusiness. The study looks specifically at the individual progress of these strategies, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Our analysis shows firstly that NGOs strategies develop in an interrelated and dialectic process, building on each other achievements and shortcomings. Second, we showed that the impact of individual strategies often involve a hybrid approach between collaboration and confrontation. This approach can take two distinct forms : a progressive dynamics (from confrontation to cooperation) or dual one (simultaneous cooperation and confrontation). These initial results contribute globally to the emerging NGO-Business literature, and speak to current attempts that seek to overcome static and dyadic approaches of NGO-Business relations.

La littérature populaire est considérée comme le genre le plus lu en France et en Iran. Pirzâd et Gavalda font parties des écrivaines contemporaines les plus lues et les plus traduites. Ces deux auteures appartiennent à deux cultures et deux mondes tout à fait différents, néanmoins, elles ont réussi à satisfaire leur public étranger. Pirzâd et Gavalda, comme beaucoup d’autres écrivains contemporains, placent le personnage au cœur de leur intérêt romanesque. Par l’attribution de noms propres mimétiques, l’emploi d’un espace fictionnel familier, ainsi que la mise en scène de l’intériorité des personnages, de leurs dilemmes et de leurs sentiments, elles créent des personnages vraisemblables et transparents. Les protagonistes de leurs romans sont majoritairement des femmes. Leurs statuts, leurs caractéristiques, leurs rôles, ainsi que leurs mondes intérieurs sont développés et approfondis au cours de l’histoire, dans un style simple et souvent dialogique. Les personnages comme représentants de l’individu du monde moderne s’imposent comme personne et deviennent l’élément primordial des écrits de Pirzâd et Gavalda. L’ambition de ces deux romancières est également de brosser la réalité sociale de leur temps. Bien qu’elles écrivent dans le contexte de deux conditions sociales et culturelles différentes, les deux auteures représentent les mêmes préoccupations dans leurs écrits ; les relations humaines, la femme et sa situation dans la société moderne et la confrontation de l’homme et de la femme constituent l’essence de leurs récits. La figure féminine contemporaine que Pirzâd et Gavalda tentent de représenter chez le lecteur n’est pas toujours conforme aux images stéréotypées de la femme orientale ou occidentale. Les hommes aussi prennent une dimension hors du commun. Le lecteur des œuvres de Pirzâd et Gavalda, tantôt surpris, tantôt satisfait, est constamment poussé à renouveler l’image de la femme, ainsi que celle de l’homme. / Popular literature is considered to be the most widely read genre in France and Iran. Pirzad and Gavalda are among the most read and translated contemporary writers. These authors belong to two very different worlds and cultures yet they managed to satisfy their foreign readers. Pirzad and Gavalda, like many other contemporary writers, place the character at the center of interests of their stories. They stage characters that are probable and representative of each individual of the society where they live. The protagonists of their novels are mostly women. Their status, characteristics and roles, as well as their inner worlds are developed and deepened over the course of history, in a simple and often dialogical style. The character is highlighted and the novel exists only through him. The ambition of these two novelists is also to give an outline of the social reality of their time. Although they write in the context of two different social and cultural conditions, the two authors represent the same concerns in their writings. Human relations, the woman and her situation in modern society and confrontation of man and woman constitute the essence of their stories. The contemporary feminine figure that Pirzad et Gavalda try to portray in the reader does not always conform to the stereotypical images of Eastern or Western women. Men also take on extraordinary dimension. The reader, sometimes surprised, sometimes satisfied, is constantly urged to renew the image of the woman.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Confronting Prejudiced Responses (CPR) Model (Ashburn-Nardo, Morris, & Goodwin, 2008) describes factors that predict whether people confront prejudice that they witness. The present research examined some of these factors, including: observer prejudice level (low to high), discrimination type (racism or sexism), and perpetrator status (subordinate, peer, or supervisor to observer). Three hundred forty students from a large urban university in the Midwest read scenarios involving racism or sexism and completed items related to the CPR Model and measures of racial vs. gender attitudes. Results indicated that participants were more likely to report that they would confront racism than sexism, especially to the extent that they had low-prejudice attitudes. In addition, participants were less likely to report directly confronting (and more likely to report the incident to an authority when the perpetrator was) a supervisor than a peer or subordinate. Implications of this research include using the CPR Model as a method to educate organizations on prejudice reduction strategies in the workplace.

In the face of stagnation in efforts to tackle the global increase of greenhouse gas emissions, there is a great need to broaden our understanding of normative processes that maintain and change social norms in relation to environmentally (un)sustainable lifestyles. My research aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the normative processes associated with climate change. More specifically I focused on identifying the interpersonal costs and wider benefits (in terms of social change) associated with the interpersonal confrontation of environmental disregard. Firstly, to establish a meaningful point of comparison for subsequent studies, I compared the normative status of environmental disregard and racial prejudice (Studies 1 & 2). I then moved on to examining perceptions and consequences of interpersonal confrontation of environmental disregard over the course of six studies by placing participants in the position of an observer of an interaction in which the confrontation occurred. The results consistently identified high social costs (reduced feelings of closeness and warmth) associated with confronting environmental disregard (but not racism). The costs of confronting environmental disregard were partly determined by the morality of the issue, the appropriateness of the confrontation, the pre-existing attitude of the observer and the justification used by the confronter for their reaction. My studies also tested different strategies to reduce the social costs for the confronter (such as invoking morality in different ways) and also assessed the consequences of confrontation for changes in perceptions of social norms, climate change attitudes and behavioural tendencies amongst those bearing witness. In relation to the consequences for behavioural tendencies resulting from interpersonal confrontation, the findings suggest that confrontation of environmental disregard encourages pro-environmental action tendencies if a scientific justification for the confrontation is provided. The final chapter of the thesis explores the theoretical and practical implications of these findings in relation to engendering processes of social change.