This research is a study of purchasing intentions and behaviors in China. Consumers from four key cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Guangzhou were studied and differences in intentions and behavior as well as influences on behavior were analyzed. The results of the study provide greater depth to understanding consumer behavior in China and insight into likely responses to marketing strategies. Interviews with Chinese marketing experts were conducted and surveys were administered to samples of the target populations. Interviews assisted in understanding many of the general stereotypes held with respect to various ethnicities and helped with explaining some of the reasons for differences found. The study’s results are categorized into five areas. First, with respect to general purchasing intentions the study found that Chinese consumers from key cities differ significantly with respect to most of the purchasing intentions measured including inclination to try to new products, brand loyalty, use of discount cards, and willingness to purchase substitute brands. Based on five measures of conservatism, Beijing and Shanghai consumers were found to exhibit more conservative consumption behaviors than Chongqing and Guangzhou consumers. Chongqing and Guangzhou consumers are more likely than consumers in Shanghai and Beijing to wait for a friend's recommendation before buying a new brand. Second, with respect to brand choices, the study found that Beijing consumers tend to be more ethnocentric in their purchasing behavior in comparison to consumers from other key cities. The study also found a moderate association between ethnicity and brand purchase repertoire in most product categories. Third, with respect to reasons for purchases, the study found that generally there was only limited association between ethnicity and the reason for selecting brands. Consumers most often cited quality as the main reason for purchase. Fourth, with respect to actual brand purchase frequencies, the study found that Beijing consumers made more frequent purchases more often than other consumers in half of the categories studied. Chongqing consumers tend to purchase favorite brands less frequently than consumers from other key cities. Fifth, with respect to knowledge of country of origin and country of manufacture and their influences on intentions, the study found that for most product categories (nine of twelve studied) country of origin was an important consideration in the purchase decision. In general, many Chinese consumers are misinformed about brands’ country of origin. The research provides insight into important purchase cues and moderators impacting brand choice behavior.

Thesis advisor: LISA S. CAHILL / The Nuremberg trials ushered in a new era in which the four principles approach has become progressively the norm in Euro-American biomedical ethics, while the concepts of virtue and character become marginalized. In recent decades, the AIDS pandemic has highlighted the social aspects of health and illness, and the individualistic nature of the four principles approach proves inadequate in addressing the social causes of illness and poor health. At the global level, the promotion of the four principles approach as the universal norm can lead to the displacement of local values and customs, and the alienation of people from their cultural heritage. In this dissertation, I argue that although principles are indispensable, the virtue-based approach is more adequate in addressing these needs. The dissertation demonstrates that a virtue-based medical ethics informed by the gospel vision of healing would support models of health care that take seriously the social determinants of illness, and advocate action on behalf of the poor and the marginalized. At the global level, virtue-based medical ethics also allows the coexistence of the universal values and the local norms, and encourages cross-cultural dialogue. This dissertation develops a virtue-based medical ethics grounded in the Aristotelian teleological structure, and integrating insights obtained from the historical critical study of the healing narratives in Luke-Acts. It also provides a correlative study of the love command in Luke and the virtue of humaneness in the medical ethics of eighteenth century Vietnamese physician Hai Thuong Lan Ong. The concluding chapter brings these elements together in a discussion of the work of the Vietnamese Catholic AIDS care network. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

A Jun-zi oriented enterprise is one which acts like a Jun-zi or noble man, the behavioral standard upheld by Confucius and elaborated in the Analects, one of the most important if not the most important Confucius canons. According to the Analects, a large number of Jun-zi ethical principles have been identified, which can be distilled into five cardinal virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and integrity, which form the components under our Jun-zi orientation construct. / Despite the fact that socially responsible corporate behavior and conscious capitalism have been advocated for more than three decades, we still witnessed numerous instances of corporate scandals both in the East and the West that caused unrecoverable damages to mankind and existing institutions. From the never ending product safety scares of Chinese products to the financial tsunami that has spread from the US to the rest of the world, we are constantly at the mercy of unscrupulous corporate executives who have few qualms about exploiting the system to the fullest extent for big profit. The doctrine of societal marketing orientation and corporate social responsibility has proven to be ineffective in preventing corporate catastrophes. A new paradigm is urgently needed to restore our confidence in business undertakings, without which trust cannot be re-established and order cannot be restored. To this end, we propose the concept ofa Jun-zi orientation that we believe could not only ensure decent corporate behavior, but would also enable a firm to stand out of its competitors in the marketplace. / On the face of it, our Jun-zi orientation construct is not significantly different from the existing societal marketing construct or the conscious capitalist ideology. However, in actuality, a Jun-zi oriented business differs from a promotional socially responsible (CSR) enterprise in a very fundamental way. For a promotional CSR company, responsible behavior is only a promotional instrument to ensure the survival of a firm and business profit, whereas for a Jun-zi oriented enterprise, responsible behavior is institutionalized. Hence, corporate social responsibility is embraced throughout a Jun-zi organization and affects all the policies it generates and not just used as a promotional means to generate short-term effects. / We believe that the Jun-zi concept propounded in the Analects can provide an alternative framework to help business managers not only run a more successful company, but also build a better society for humankind. Given the growing importance of China in international business, it also provides important insights for businesses operating in a Chinese culture context. In this research, we have developed a new scale that is psychometrically valid and reliable to measure Jun-zi orientation, and have empirically tested that Jun-zi orientation is positively associated with business performance. / Tian, Vane Ing. / Adviser: Ching Biu Tse. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 187-202). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes include Chinese.

Ou Antony. / Thesis submitted in: October 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-173). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Appendices and Tables --- p.5 / Preface and Acknowledgements --- p.6 / Notes on Translations and References --- p.9 / Abstract --- p.11 / 中文摘要(Abstract in Chinese) --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- "War, Confucianism and Ren: The Definitions" --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2.1: --- The Definition of War --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2.2: --- Confucianism: A Brief History of Thoughts --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2.3: --- Ren as Confucian Justice of war --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Literature Review --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3.1: --- Purposes of Just War Theory --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3.2: --- Just War Theory Development: Anglo-American Traditions --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3.21: --- The History --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3.22: --- "The Content: jus ad bellum, jus in bello and jus post bellum" --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 3.23: --- A Synthetic Analysis of Anglo-American Just War Tradition --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 3.3: --- Just War Theory: Neo-Confucian approaches --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 3.4: --- Spring and Autumn and Gongyangzhuan --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 3.41: --- Nature of Spring and Autumn --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter 3.42: --- History of Gongyangzhuan --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 3.43: --- The Contents of Gongyangzhuan --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Gongyangzhuan tradition as a source of Confucian just war theory --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 4.1: --- Criteria for selecting Confucian Texts --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 4.2: --- Conceptualization of Gongyangzhuan just war theory --- p.92 / """Non-ideal just war scenario"": Feudal lords and peoples in ""chaotic generations""" --- p.95 / """Non-ideal just war scenario"": Ba/Hegemon, feudal lords and peoples in ""transitional generations""" --- p.106 / """Ideal just war scenario"": The True king and peoples in ´ب´ب peaceful generations""" --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 4.3: --- Synthetic Analysis of Gongyangzhuan Just War Theory --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The Contemporary Significance of Gongyangzhuan Just War Theory --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 5.1: --- Theoretical Significance --- p.125 / Contribution to just war theory --- p.125 / Contribution to Modern Neo-Confucianism --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter 5.2: --- Practical Significance --- p.131 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Appendices --- p.140 / Bibliography --- p.160

There is widespread concern in many Western countries over the declining levels of uptake of science at the upper levels of high school. In contrast, Taiwanese senior high school students have a greater tendency to choose science rather than social studies and achieve highly in international comparative tests. The well-developed technology industries in Taiwan also suggest that science education in Taiwan has been a success. However, the attitude toward school science, unlike the promotion of scientific attitudes, has received little attention in Taiwanese schools. This paper firstly investigates 729 students’ attitudes toward both school and real-world science. The results show that the high level of uptake of science is not strongly associated with positive attitudes towards science as a subject. Few differences were found in the affective responses to school science between the Natural Sciences programme (NSP) and Social Studies Programme (SSP) students, with only a minority expressing a positive attitude to science in both cases. The research findings challenge the simplistic linking of attitudes and uptake in this context. This research then seeks to understand this unusual phenomenon by exploring the nature of and influences on students’ subject choice decision-making. Through focus group discussions with students and interviews, this research explores the sources of students’ perceptions of science and social studies, identifying influences derived from the teaching of school science itself but also those arising from ‘external’ contexts of wider society, including cultural and economic influences. The results show highly complex relationships between students and the surrounding actors, i.e. parents, teachers and the media. The findings also demonstrate possible explanations why students are doing well in school science and in industry but have not produced prominent discoveries or achievements in the world’s academic research. Drawing on Taiwan’s distinctive socio-cultural context, this research provides a different perspective from that in western science education research literature on the factors that shape science uptake.

查尔斯·哈茨霍恩（1897-2000）是二十世纪美国哲学家、神学家，过程思想的重要代表人物。他在有神论领域贡献卓著，其新古典有神论不仅影响到神学、宗教哲学领域，还受到一些参与到儒耶对话的学者的关注和重视。 / 哈茨霍恩不认为上帝与宇宙是截然二分的，而是肯定二者存在千丝万缕的联系。他的思想中也包含了一套与其上帝论圆融的宇宙论。哈茨霍恩的有神论和宇宙论为我们理解人的道德行动提供了诸多暗示。这使我们可以以他的有神论和宇宙论为基础，系统阐发他思想中的伦理内涵。 / 当前过程思想与儒家的对话多集中于本体论和宇宙论领域，系统研究哈茨霍恩的伦理思想有助于我们在伦理学这一新领域中反思过程思想与儒家思想相互间的批判、建构意义。哈茨霍恩与儒家在伦理学上的对话可集中于两个主题：第一，生态伦理是过程神学家的一个重要关注，在这个领域哈茨霍恩也有自己的独到见解。在生态伦理领域，哈茨霍恩与儒家的对话研究是可能的；哈茨霍恩也可以为儒家的生态伦理建构提供具有启发意义的资源；二者的对话还可以为生态伦理学的发展提供新的视角。第二，近年汉语学界围绕儒家伦理展开的"亲亲互隐"之争一定程度上体现了儒家"差等之爱"在现代生活中的局限。若要避免"差等之爱"的不足，哈茨霍恩可为儒家伦理提供一条值得借鉴的思路。同时，基于哈茨霍恩的思想，展开家庭伦理的论说是可能的且是有意义的。 / Charles Hartshorne (1897-2000) is an American philosopher, theologian, and one of the most important representatives of process thought in the 20th century. He made enormous contributions to the discussion of theism, including particularly neoclassical theism, which not only has a great influence on the research upon the fields of theology and philosophy of religion, but also attracts the attention from some scholars who have participated in Christian-Confucian dialogue. / Hartshorne does not believe that God and nature are entirely separate. On the contrary, he claims that there are various relationships between them. Inevitably, his theism and cosmology have certain implications on how to rigorously understand the moral action. We can thus systematically elucidate the significance of his thoughts based on his theism and cosmology for ethics. / The dialogues between process thought and Confucianism by far mainly focus on ontology and cosmology. A systematic study of Hartshorne's ethics may further help us to review critically and explore constructively the ethical aspect of the dialogue between process thought and Confucianism. This dialogical study of the ethics of Hartshorne and Confucianism will primarily focus on two topics. First, Hartshorne has his own ideas on ecological ethics, which is an important branch of process theology as well as an area which a dialogical study of Hartshorne and Confucianism is feasible and called for. The present study will show that research on Hartshorne’s ethics may shed light on the construction of Confucian-ecological ethics, and the dialogue between the ethics of Hartshorne and of Confucianism may facilitate the development of ecological ethics. Second, the recent debate in Chinese academia about "father and son concealing each other" reflects to a certain extent the limitation within the "hierarchical love" of Confucian ethics in modern life. Hartshorne may provide a helpful and promising approach to avoid or overcome some of the drawbacks on the "hierarchical love" in Confucian ethics. Meanwhile, his thought may further contribute to the development of family ethics. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 王計然. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-132). / Abstracts also in English. / Wang Jiran.

吳通福. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 148-154). / 中英文摘要. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Wu Tongfu. / Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 148-154).

本論文共分六章：首章分別就本論文的研究動機、研究範圍、預期成果等作一說明。第二章就清代論語學研究的概況作初步觀察。第三章開始進入本論文的主體部份，以劉逢祿之生平及其論語學為敘述的重心來觀察常州學派的論語學。第四章則是從宋翔鳳的生平及其論語學的角度，來觀察常州學派的論語學。敘述的重點在探討宋翔鳳從學的背景及其特殊的《論語》詮釋方式上。第五章戴望的生平及其論語學，著重在衡量戴望論語學於常州學派論語學之承續關係，並藉此觀察常州學派論語學由劉逢祿創始起，經宋翔鳳、戴望，一路延續下來的起伏變化。第六章為結語。

<p>Research Question: What are the factors making the enterprises in China and influencing their behavior and development?</p><p>Aim of Thesis: The thesis was initiated because there are many young people want to have his/her own business in China. The authors aim to discover the key elements of making an enterprise in China and expect the research can help those entrepreneurs to find a most suitable way to start their own venture in China.</p><p>Method: Semi‐structured interview is used in the qualitative perspective to evaluate the research. The primary data is collected in a qualitative manner by interview with the entrepreneurs of the case companies. Secondary data is collected from company material and web pages.</p><p>Conclusion: In the study it was concluded that entrepreneurship, national culture and government policy are the major elements that affect the development and behavior of Chinese enterprises. And In China, unlike western world, government policy and national culture are regarded to be more important than entrepreneurship. It is a characteristic of an Asian socialism country.</p>

Research Question: What are the factors making the enterprises in China and influencing their behavior and development? Aim of Thesis: The thesis was initiated because there are many young people want to have his/her own business in China. The authors aim to discover the key elements of making an enterprise in China and expect the research can help those entrepreneurs to find a most suitable way to start their own venture in China. Method: Semi‐structured interview is used in the qualitative perspective to evaluate the research. The primary data is collected in a qualitative manner by interview with the entrepreneurs of the case companies. Secondary data is collected from company material and web pages. Conclusion: In the study it was concluded that entrepreneurship, national culture and government policy are the major elements that affect the development and behavior of Chinese enterprises. And In China, unlike western world, government policy and national culture are regarded to be more important than entrepreneurship. It is a characteristic of an Asian socialism country.