Critical analysis of the theme “Colonisation” in the literary works of Africa: case of Ngemena by Lomami Tchibamba and La Malédiction by Ngandu Nkashama is the title of this thesis. I intend to do a critical analysis of the “colonialism” in African literature with specific reference to Congo. Some African writers, such as Mongo Beti in Pauvre Christ de Bomba, Benjamin Matip in Afrique! Nous t’ignorons, Ferdinand Oyono in Une Vie de boy and so forth made interesting criticisms of colonisation in the continent. But for their part, in spite of the similarity with the other novels, Ngemena and La Malédiction are directly focused on central Africa especially on the country of Congo. The authors mentioned above describe in their novels the effects of colonisation on religious, political and social aspects; meanwhile, in Ngemena, Lomami Tchibamba speaks about the critical periods of his country, Congo: the occupation as well as its effects. This book covers almost the period from 1908 to 1960, which was a very troubled time. But in La Malédiction, Ngandu Nkashama speaks about the deep exploitation of indigenous population in the hard labour in mines. Normally, the two novels Ngemena and La Malédiction complete each other by their relation of facts. Nevertheless, we can say that colonization and negritude are themes well exploited by researchers and authors alike in the second part of the 20th century. In fact, many authors wrote about colonization and their criticisms were rich as well as strong. But sometimes, some of them expressed their opinion in an emotional way so that the content became far from the truth. It is why, Wilberforce Umezinwa in La religion dans la littérature africaine says, in order to render the history most interesting, the narrators are prone to exaggeration: The prose and poetry do not speak generally kindly about the relationship between Africans and Europeans; but these works are filled with a bad mood against Europe, the continent of the missionaries, slave drivers, and colonialists. The relationship Between Europe and Africa is a song of Blues, a song on human distresses (Umezinwa, 1975: 13) (Own translation). Then, the African writer has an essential role in the society: to tell the history with neither bad mood nor exaggeration but with humour, as indicated by Lilyan Kesteloot. In Négritude et situation coloniale, she underlines that African authors write very emotionally when they explain the notion of Colonisation and Négritude. Sartre quoted by the same Lilyan Kesteloot mentioned that this fact is “racism anti-racism” (Kesteloot, 1968: 35, 43). Especially in Ngemena, from time to time, the author goes over the top and makes an exaggeration. In its introduction, Ngemena takes the form of an admonitory part and is written with burning eloquence. It is likely that Lomami Tchibamba had serious hopes of persuading the readers, the Congolese people, of the multiple and hard realities during the colonization period, then implicitly he pushes people to a form of vengeance. But instead of this, the main goal remains: Lomami Tshibamba always keeps his principal theme and responds to many preoccupations such as : -Who is the colonizer? -Why did he come to the country? -How did he convince the indigenous people so that he got in? -What were the circumstances of his entering? By its part in La Malédiction, Ngandu Nkashama tells the atrocity committed by the colonisation in the remote province of Kasai (Bakwanga), particularly, in the diamond mines. The novels such as Citadelle d’espoir by Ngandu Nkashama, Bel Immonde by Valentin Yves Mudimbe, Cité 15 by Charles Djungu Simba, and some articles like “L’affaire Lumumba ou la palabre sur l’indépendance au Congo” of Jean Omasombo Tshonda in Congo Meuse are steeped in the colonial and postcolonial history of Congo and this study, of course, will emphasize many aspects of the colonisation: political, sociological, religious and psychological. To analyse the correlation between the two periods of crucial time in Congo will be the most interesting aspect of this work. Therefore, the novels: Le Vieux nègre et la médaille and Une Vie de Boy of Ferdinand Oyono, La Vie et demie of Sony Labou Tansi, La Ville cruelle of Mongo Beti will be helpful to this framework in illuminating the way of social and religious aspects. Thus, an analysis and interpretation of theses novels constitute a support of large dimension to my study. Furthermore, Ngemena is a book published in 1981 and La Malédiction in 1981 (the same year); the stories seem ancient but keep their originality because of the exploited theme. It is a true historical legacy. In this way, Ngemena and La Malédiction could be considered as “vademecum” and must be read by whoever wants to know and understand the entire topic of colonization in Congo. Their contents confer to them the value of “true teaching books” of the ancient colonial structures. In short, their stories enlighten the long past colonial history; they have a profound didactic value. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Title from title screen (viewed Nov. 8, 2007). Includes bibliographical references. Online version of the print original.

Thesis (doctorat en droit)--Université de Haute Bretagne Rennes II, 1995. / Includes bibliographica references (p. 374-376).

Thesis (doctorat en droit)--Université de Haute Bretagne Rennes II, 1995. / Includes bibliographica references (p. 374-376).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-04T12:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) VERSÃO DIGITAL_DISSERTAÇÃO DE DAIANNE RAFAEL VIEIRA_PPGA.pdf: 1937158 bytes, checksum: b484d5a9e66f5cdaa940d13be0e01655 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T12:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) VERSÃO DIGITAL_DISSERTAÇÃO DE DAIANNE RAFAEL VIEIRA_PPGA.pdf: 1937158 bytes, checksum: b484d5a9e66f5cdaa940d13be0e01655 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / CAPEs / Esta pesquisa aborda a inserção crescente do Brasil no acolhimento aos refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio dentro de um contexto internacional, bem como as razões que levam à migração congolesa pelo mundo. Discute também a vivência do refugiado e solicitante de refúgio congolês na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no que implica revelar como estes indivíduos estão sendo recebidos, a formação de redes entre eles e a importância da busca por trabalho. Por meio da oferta de programas de assistência ligados ao Alto Comissariado nas Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR) e à Cáritas Arquidiocesana do Rio de Janeiro, este grupo de refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio tem revelado mecanismos de sobrevivência para se adaptar à sociedade brasileira, às falhas de acolhimento e às ofertas de trabalho, na tentativa de possibilitar um novo espaço de aceitação e morada. Assim, revela-se aqui como a concessão do refúgio aos congoleses localizados no Rio de Janeiro tem permitido a construção de novas perspectivas de vida, diferentes da vivência da fome, violência e miséria constantes na República Democrática do Congo. / This research addresses the growing insertion of Brazil within an international context as it welcomes refugees and asylum seekers as well as the reasons leading to Congolese migration around the world. It seeks to survey the day-to-day experience of Congolese refugees and asylum seekers in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Its goal is to reveal how these individuals are being accepted as well as the intricate formation of networks amongst them highlighting their job-seeking journey. It explores the topic of how, with the assistance of High Commissioner related assistance programs in the United Nations for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Archdiocesan Caritas of Rio de Janeiro, this group has developed coping mechanisms to adapt to Brazilian society. This paper also discusses the flaws encountered as Brazilian Society grants asylum to Congolese refugees, such as to provide these individuals with job opportunities as a vehicle for acceptance and residence. Thus, it is revealed here how the granting of refuge to the Congolese in Rio de Janeiro has allowed for the possibility of new perspectives of life compared to their previous experience of hunger, violence and constant misery in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

My diploma thesis will bring a detailed view of business environment in the Democratic Republic of Congo, including characteristics of business and culture differences of the country. After introducing some basic facts about Congo I will use PEST analysis to assess political, legal, social, cultural and economic environment of the country. I will also make some recommendations for Czech exporters to the Congolese market based on the previous experience of Czech companies with doing business in Congo. My goal is to bring comprehensive information about Congo, which can help to the investors in making decision about whether to enter or not the market.

The present dissertation explores the Congolese immigrant workers‟ meanings, their labour migration and their transnationalism in Pretoria through the perspective of south-south social transformation. It argues that this migration is partly an outcome and effect of various social transformations that have been occurring in Southern Africa since the end of cold war in the era of globalisation and age of mass migration. The study draws on Castles‟ middle range theory and the comprehensive sociology of Max Weber. This dissertation makes use of qualitative method, based on ethnography, and corresponding techniques such as interviews. The study shows that what drives Congolese labour migration to Pretoria are economic (wage differential or cost benefit), political issues (wars, violence against human rights, freedom of speech), cultural (the Congolese mythology of migration) and psychological reasons (prestige). These migration processes and patterns are also determined by migrants‟ social class position in the DRC. The latter to a large extent determines the nature and status of their employment in Pretoria. In addition, findings demonstrate that a number of structural constraints and features of Congolese qualifications, skills, and even culture contribute to Congolese immigrants negative performances in the South African labour market. Faced with numerous barriers to professional incorporation, Congolese migrants resort to any legal or illegal means to bypass these barriers. It is revealed that the Congolese conception of social and occupational mobility is mostly understood in terms of economic or income mobility. This dovetails with the socially constructed meanings that Congolese workers attach to their work. Concerning their transnational activities, research participants are shown to be involved in political, economic and socio-cultural activities. Most of their activities are nationally-oriented. Nevertheless, the weight of the tense political situation has an influence on their transnational activities and Congolese culture and/or homeland politics leads to their economic transnationalism. For these reasons, practices of remitting are connected with transnational political activities and culture. Despite the extensive contacts „back home‟ socio-cultural activities of the Congolese in Pretoria are marked by cultural hybridization between Congolese migrants and South Africans. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

A Dissertation Presented to the Department of African Literature University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy / This two part study of Tchicaya U Tam'Si's novels reflects the twin objectives of the research project. By showing in the first part the need for critical criteria founded in the socio-historical and linguistic realities of Africa, the hegemony of the Western aesthetic canon with respect to African writing is challenged. In the second part, by applying a contextualised, syncretic critical approach to U Tam'Si's prose works, important features not only of his narrative but also of his poetic discourse are illuminated. This movement from broad questions of theory to focus on a specific body of writing makes it possible to identify elements that may be considered characteristic of African writing in general while at the same time contributing to a better understanding of a particular writer's creative expression. (Abbreviation abstract) / Andrew Chakane 2019

[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como os refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio oriundos da República Democrática do Congo inseridos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro acessam as políticas públicas. Para chegar a tais fins, este estudo se utilizou de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, cujos instrumentos eleitos para a produção dos dados foram entrevista semiestruturada e as observações e reflexões contidas no diário de campo fundadas na prática profissional, enquanto assistente social em uma instituição da sociedade civil que atende a população refugiada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, além da análise bibliográfica e do estudo das normativas brasileiras para proteção ao refúgio. Foram realizadas nove entrevistas com refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio congoleses, sendo uma mulher e oito homens, inseridos em diferentes municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. As entrevistas foram realizadas entre janeiro e abril de 2021 e foram todas gravadas mediante o consentimento dos entrevistados. Para análise dos dados obtidos na pesquisa empírica foram estabelecidos como método de operacionalização a técnica de análise de conteúdo qualitativo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que o acesso da comunidade congolesa às políticas de saúde, assistência social, emprego/trabalho e habitação não acontecem de forma ampla, já que o acesso está intrinsecamente relacionado à assistência efetiva desempenhada pelas organizações da sociedade civil que atendem esta população. Ademais, as dimensões socioculturais, assim como as estratégias por eles construídas são elementos determinantes no modo como os refugiados congoleses acessam as políticas públicas brasileiras, sobretudo em contexto pandêmico. / [en] This study aimed to analyze how refugees and asylum seekers from the Democratic Republic of Congo who are inserted in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro access public policies. To reach such ends, this study used qualitative research, whose instruments chosen for the production of data were semi-structured interviews and observations and reflections contained in the field diary that are based on professional practice as a social worker. in a civil society institution that serves the refugee population in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in addition to the bibliographical analysis and the study of Brazilian regulations for refugee protection. Nine interviews were carried out with Congolese refugees and asylum seekers, one woman and eight men, inserted in different spaces that make up the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro. The interviews were carried out between January and April 2021 and were all recorded with the consent of the interviewees. To analyze the data obtained in the empirical research, the technique of qualitative content analysis was established as an operationalization method. The survey results show that the Congolese community s access to health, social assistance, employment/work and housing policies does not happen in a broad way, as the access of refugees and asylum seekers to the policies is intrinsically related to the effective assistance provided by civil society organizations that serve the refugee population in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, the sociocultural dimensions, as well as the strategies they build, are determining elements in the way Congolese refugees access Brazilian public policies, especially in a pandemic context.