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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Previous research has established that supportive work and family environments are critical in helping employees manage stressors that lead to work-family conflict. However, little is known about alternate ways that work-family conflict can be reduced in situations where support is insufficient. Drawing on Conservation of Resources theory, this study examines whether individual differences in personality, specifically core self-evaluations (CSE), can relieve work-family conflict when external sources of support (i.e., family-supportive organizational perceptions (FSOP), supervisor support, family support) are low. Results from 453 men and women in various industries and organizations suggest that FSOP and supervisor support reduce work-to-family conflict (WFC), and that family support reduces family-to-work conflict (FWC). In addition, work-family conflict mediated the negative relationships between social support and employee burnout. Contrary to predictions, however, instead of compensating for low FSOP, WFC was reduced especially for individuals, particularly men, who had both strong FSOP and high CSE. This implies that men who hold more positive views toward their self-worth and competence stand to gain more from family-supportive work environments than individuals who lack the same internal resources. CSE did not have this boosting influence for women. CSE also moderated the indirect relationship between FSOP and burnout through WFC, meaning that individuals with high CSE who also perceived their organization as family-supportive experienced significantly less burnout than those with low CSE.

The present study examines how the relationship between workplace bullying and mental health can be influenced by emotional exhaustion, and how the intensity in this relationship can be affected by the individual’s psychological capital, and access to social support from colleagues and supervisors. The studys theoretical framework is based on the Job Demand-Control-Support model, the Job Demands-Resources model and the Conservation of Resources theory. Data were collected at Indian workplaces and included 139 participants. The study used a self-report questionnaire and was analyzed with mediation and moderation as main analysis methods. In line with previous research, results showed that psychological capital as a whole moderated the negative effects on mental health that follow from being exposed to workplace bullying. Emotional exhaustion was found to be a mediator in the association between workplace bullying and mental health problems. Psycological capital resilience fully moderated the mediating association between workplace bullying and mental health problems via emotional exhaustion. Psychological capital optimism moderated the association between bullying and emotional exhaustion, but not the full mediation. Social support was shown not to moderate the negative effects of workplace bullying on mental health, which does not support previous findings.

Police officers provide emergency services to the public, while being simultaneously exposed to various organisational and social stressors over which they have little or no control. The outcome of this may be that highly committed and loyal police officers become psychologically and physically burned-out. Adversely, others may accept the same conditions and situations as a challenge and live an energetic and proactive life while experiencing a positive affective state (vigour) toward their duties. Officers who are burned-out may fail to meet their goal to protect the public, but eventually may suffer. The general objective of this study was to investigate vigour and burnout as obliquely related outcomes of the stress and coping process in terms of its dynamic relationship with challenges or threats, and the mediating role of personal factors, social resources and coping resources in the police context. The research is a qualitative explication of theoretical concepts and constructs, followed by a quantitative empirical survey design. The survey led to a Structural Equation Model (SEM) fit between empirical data and the Moos (1994) hypothesised stress and coping model. Seven measuring instruments were used to collect data. Job demands, work overload and uncertainty were identified as causes of work stress originating within the work situation. Respondents indicated that family members play a role in social support, although it decreases when stress increases. The SEM procedure revealed that social support and personality has a limited and direct effect on well-being when experiencing a positive affective state (vigour), with coping strategies deleted from the experimental model. Adversely, stress has a direct effect on well-being (and eventually burnout) with no moderating effects by the hypothesised variables. The study proposes a new Police Vigour and Burnout Model (PVBM) as an alignment to the Moos (1994) model. It is recommended that vigour and burnout, as outcomes of the stress and coping process, be included in future studies as obliquely related variables in other spheres of society. An additional proposal is that stress inducing features within the police organisation should be scrutinized and critically addressed to prevent negative psychological affects. / Industrial Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial and Organisational Psyschology)

<p>This study examined three schools / namely a Public, Ex model C, and a Youth juvenile rehabilitation school. A non-experimental survey design was used for this study. The sample consisted of 47 educators across the three types of schools. Data was collected by means of two instruments: a demographic questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) consisting of three subscales namely / Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. It was hypothesised that due to the stressful nature of work in disadvantaged and resource lacking schools, as well as the unstable and unsafe environment in certain schools, burnout among educators in Public and Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools will have a higher prevalence rate than educators in Ex model C schools. The study also aimed to identify which various educator demographic variables correlate with high burnout levels. Correlational results of the study found no significant relationships between the three subscales of the MBI and certain educator demographic variables across the three types of schools. The results of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test revealed a borderline non-significant difference in the Emotional Exhaustion subscale between the Youth juvenile rehabilitation school and Public schools. Post Hoc comparison tests suggested Public school educators in the sample had the highest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional Exhaustion across the three types of schools, while educators in the Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools showed the lowest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional exhaustion. The results of the present study were discussed from the perspective of the Conservation of Resources theory, suggesting resource depletion as a central facet to burnout and how prolonged stress leads to burnout. Future qualitative studies exploring the etiology of burnout was thus recommended.</p>

<p>This study examined three schools / namely a Public, Ex model C, and a Youth juvenile rehabilitation school. A non-experimental survey design was used for this study. The sample consisted of 47 educators across the three types of schools. Data was collected by means of two instruments: a demographic questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) consisting of three subscales namely / Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. It was hypothesised that due to the stressful nature of work in disadvantaged and resource lacking schools, as well as the unstable and unsafe environment in certain schools, burnout among educators in Public and Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools will have a higher prevalence rate than educators in Ex model C schools. The study also aimed to identify which various educator demographic variables correlate with high burnout levels. Correlational results of the study found no significant relationships between the three subscales of the MBI and certain educator demographic variables across the three types of schools. The results of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test revealed a borderline non-significant difference in the Emotional Exhaustion subscale between the Youth juvenile rehabilitation school and Public schools. Post Hoc comparison tests suggested Public school educators in the sample had the highest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional Exhaustion across the three types of schools, while educators in the Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools showed the lowest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional exhaustion. The results of the present study were discussed from the perspective of the Conservation of Resources theory, suggesting resource depletion as a central facet to burnout and how prolonged stress leads to burnout. Future qualitative studies exploring the etiology of burnout was thus recommended.</p>

The general aim for this research was to explore and describe the risk and protective variables in the bio–psychosocial field of adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and to describe how these variables impact multi–dimensionally on such adolescents. From the literature search it seemed as if interventions regarding CF focus mainly on the medical condition. No literature could be found on the experiences of adolescents with CF. It is clear that there is a dearth of research on adolescents with CF in general but also specifically on the bio–psychosocial impact of this illness on adolescents in this challenging time of maturing. The research design was a case study and focused on exploration and description of risk and protective factors in the bio–psychosocial fields of adolescents with CF. Semi–structured interviews were used as a data collecting method. Questions were open–ended, but focused on the experience of adolescents having CF. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis based on the following steps, which entailed among others transcribing data, reading, re–reading, translation, coding, identifying and describing themes. Facing a chronic illness and the intensive medical treatment required is a harsh reality that influences the entire field of adolescents with CF. This research results expanded knowledge of CF in adolescents within a Gestalt field perspective. Themes identified outline risk and protective factors related to faith, daily routines and especially the effect of medical procedures on time management, emotions, health and body–related aspects, frequent hospitalisation, social support and future concerns. If the risk and protective variables in the field of adolescents with CF is better understood from their own perspective, it is assumed that trans–disciplinary interventions with a multi–dimensional focus will be targeted more accurately in intervention strategies for this vulnerable group. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The general aim for this research was to explore and describe the risk and protective variables in the bio–psychosocial field of adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and to describe how these variables impact multi–dimensionally on such adolescents. From the literature search it seemed as if interventions regarding CF focus mainly on the medical condition. No literature could be found on the experiences of adolescents with CF. It is clear that there is a dearth of research on adolescents with CF in general but also specifically on the bio–psychosocial impact of this illness on adolescents in this challenging time of maturing. The research design was a case study and focused on exploration and description of risk and protective factors in the bio–psychosocial fields of adolescents with CF. Semi–structured interviews were used as a data collecting method. Questions were open–ended, but focused on the experience of adolescents having CF. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis based on the following steps, which entailed among others transcribing data, reading, re–reading, translation, coding, identifying and describing themes. Facing a chronic illness and the intensive medical treatment required is a harsh reality that influences the entire field of adolescents with CF. This research results expanded knowledge of CF in adolescents within a Gestalt field perspective. Themes identified outline risk and protective factors related to faith, daily routines and especially the effect of medical procedures on time management, emotions, health and body–related aspects, frequent hospitalisation, social support and future concerns. If the risk and protective variables in the field of adolescents with CF is better understood from their own perspective, it is assumed that trans–disciplinary interventions with a multi–dimensional focus will be targeted more accurately in intervention strategies for this vulnerable group. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Police officers provide emergency services to the public, while being simultaneously exposed to various organisational and social stressors over which they have little or no control. The outcome of this may be that highly committed and loyal police officers become psychologically and physically burned-out. Adversely, others may accept the same conditions and situations as a challenge and live an energetic and proactive life while experiencing a positive affective state (vigour) toward their duties. Officers who are burned-out may fail to meet their goal to protect the public, but eventually may suffer. The general objective of this study was to investigate vigour and burnout as obliquely related outcomes of the stress and coping process in terms of its dynamic relationship with challenges or threats, and the mediating role of personal factors, social resources and coping resources in the police context. The research is a qualitative explication of theoretical concepts and constructs, followed by a quantitative empirical survey design. The survey led to a Structural Equation Model (SEM) fit between empirical data and the Moos (1994) hypothesised stress and coping model. Seven measuring instruments were used to collect data. Job demands, work overload and uncertainty were identified as causes of work stress originating within the work situation. Respondents indicated that family members play a role in social support, although it decreases when stress increases. The SEM procedure revealed that social support and personality has a limited and direct effect on well-being when experiencing a positive affective state (vigour), with coping strategies deleted from the experimental model. Adversely, stress has a direct effect on well-being (and eventually burnout) with no moderating effects by the hypothesised variables. The study proposes a new Police Vigour and Burnout Model (PVBM) as an alignment to the Moos (1994) model. It is recommended that vigour and burnout, as outcomes of the stress and coping process, be included in future studies as obliquely related variables in other spheres of society. An additional proposal is that stress inducing features within the police organisation should be scrutinized and critically addressed to prevent negative psychological affects. / Industrial Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial and Organisational Psyschology)

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / This study examined three schools; namely a Public, Ex model C, and a Youth juvenile rehabilitation school. A non-experimental survey design was used for this study. The sample consisted of 47 educators across the three types of schools. Data was collected by means of two instruments: a demographic questionnaire, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) consisting of three subscales namely; Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. It was hypothesised that due to the stressful nature of work in disadvantaged and resource lacking schools, as well as the unstable and unsafe environment in certain schools, burnout among educators in Public and Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools will have a higher prevalence rate than educators in Ex model C schools. The study also aimed to identify which various educator demographic variables correlate with high burnout levels. Correlational results of the study found no significant relationships between the three subscales of the MBI and certain educator demographic variables across the three types of schools. The results of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test revealed a borderline non-significant difference in the Emotional Exhaustion subscale between the Youth juvenile rehabilitation school and Public schools. Post Hoc comparison tests suggested Public school educators in the sample had the highest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional Exhaustion across the three types of schools, while educators in the Youth juvenile rehabilitation schools showed the lowest levels of burnout in terms of Emotional exhaustion. The results of the present study were discussed from the perspective of the Conservation of Resources theory, suggesting resource depletion as a central facet to burnout and how prolonged stress leads to burnout. Future qualitative studies exploring the etiology of burnout was thus recommended. / South Africa