Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Recent literature on well-being of physicians in general, and residency program directors (PD) specifically, has demonstrated those meeting the criteria of burnout reaching almost 50% in physicians, and 20-30% in PDs. However, few studies have explored engagement, or the positive or meaningful aspects, in physicians and no studies have explored engagement in the PD and Assistant PD community. Therefore, this study employed a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of PDs and APDs as they encountered burnout, engagement, and every combination in between through their multifaceted, roles, responsibilities, and tasks embedded in their institutional context and personal lives. Phase 1 participants (n=3) included two PDs and one APD from Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM). Participants in Phase 1 took part in three semi-structured interviews at 6-month intervals, and direct observations in their clinical, administrative, and education roles. Phase 2 participants (n=5) were PDs from IUSM who completed a single semi-structured interview based on preliminary results and exploration of Phase 1 participants’ experiences. Interviews and field notes from observations were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, followed by a deductive application of Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory. Document analysis was incorporated to add context, understanding, and a rich description of the participants’ experiences. This study found multiple sub-themes situated within four major themes: It Takes a Village, Integration of the “Hats” They Wear, Motivation and the Meaning of Their Career, and Coping. Exploring the sub-themes to JD-R theory allowed contextualization of how job demands, job resources, personal resources, absence of resources, job crafting, recovery, self-undermining, and strain, interact to add context, nuance, and broader conceptualization of how PD and APD experienced their multifaceted roles. This study provides a rich description of the experiences of PDs and APDs embedded in their social context of roles, tasks, and responsibilities. These results indicated that understanding how the individual experiences their job demands as they interact with their experiences of job and personal resources, and how the individual proactively engages with their environment through job crafting and recovery enables for a nuanced appreciation of engagement and burnout.

Studien baserades på ett uppdrag från Länsstyrelsen Dalarna att undersöka den psykosociala arbetsmiljön inom organisationen med avgränsning till arbetsbelastning, arbetstakt och måltydlighet. Syftet med studien var att skapa förståelse för förhållandet mellan offentlig sektor som kontext, psykosocial arbetsmiljö och humankapital. Vidare var syftet att utforma en handlingsplan till Länsstyrelsen Dalarna för att förbättra den psykosociala arbetsmiljön inom organisationen. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna bestod av teorier kring offentlig sektor med fokus på tillsyns- och förvaltningsmyndigheter, och psykosocial arbetsmiljö. En grundläggande teori för studien var Job Demands-Resources Theory. Teorier kring humankapital och kunskapsintensiva medarbetare har också använts. Studien var kvalitativ och personliga intervjuer genomfördes med sex (6) medarbetare, och två gruppintervjuer gjordes med två (2) fackliga representanter respektive tre (3) chefer. Resultat och analys visade att medarbetarna upplevde en hög arbetsbelastning och otydliga mål. Individuella och subjektiva åsikter och upplevelser hade inverkan på resultatet. Slutsatserna var att det finns ett komplext förhållande mellan offentlig sektor, humankapital och medarbetarnas uppfattningar om den psykosociala arbetsmiljön, och att det förekommer olika förhållanden på olika nivåer inom den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Att beakta organisationens resurser och krav visade sig ha betydelse för den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och arbetet med att förbättra den. Åtgärder som föreslogs var bland annat en bredare syn gällande kompetensförsörjning. / The study was based on an assignment from the County of Dalarna to examine the psychosocial work environment within the organization, with limitation to work load, work rate and goal clarity. The aim of the study was to create an understanding for the relationship between public sector as a context, psychosocial work environment and human capital. Furthermore, the aim was to design an action plan to the County of Dalarna to improve the psychosocial work environment within the organization. The theoretical base consisted of theories regarding public sector with focus supervisory and administrative authorities, and psychosocial work environment. A fundamental theory for the study was Job Demands- Resources Theory. Theories concerning human capital and knowledge intense co-workers were also used in the study. The study was qualitative, and individual interviews were conducted with six (6) co-workers. Two group interviews were also conducted with two (2) trade-union representatives respectively three (3) managers. The result and analysis showed that the co-workers experienced high work load and a low degree of goal clarity. Furthermore, individual and subjective views and experiences had an impact on the outcome. The conclusions were that there is a complex relationship between public sector, psychosocial work environment and human capital, and that there are different relationships on different levels within the psychosocial work environment. Taking account of the organization's resources and requirements has proven to be of importance for the psychosocial work environment and the work to improve it. Proposed measures were changed views on skills supply among others.

The present study examines how the relationship between workplace bullying and mental health can be influenced by emotional exhaustion, and how the intensity in this relationship can be affected by the individual’s psychological capital, and access to social support from colleagues and supervisors. The studys theoretical framework is based on the Job Demand-Control-Support model, the Job Demands-Resources model and the Conservation of Resources theory. Data were collected at Indian workplaces and included 139 participants. The study used a self-report questionnaire and was analyzed with mediation and moderation as main analysis methods. In line with previous research, results showed that psychological capital as a whole moderated the negative effects on mental health that follow from being exposed to workplace bullying. Emotional exhaustion was found to be a mediator in the association between workplace bullying and mental health problems. Psycological capital resilience fully moderated the mediating association between workplace bullying and mental health problems via emotional exhaustion. Psychological capital optimism moderated the association between bullying and emotional exhaustion, but not the full mediation. Social support was shown not to moderate the negative effects of workplace bullying on mental health, which does not support previous findings.

In recent years, the area of e-sports has been growing rapidly and has consequentially drawn attention from the general public as well as researchers. However, research in this area still remains sparse, especially concerning the psycho-social work environment of e-sports professionals. This is even more true when referring to research that includes the individual perspective of pro-players. To provide more knowledge in this area, this study aims to explore what psychosocial aspects are mentioned by pro-players in documentary interviews and investigate if the experiences portrayed could be understood using a theoretical perspective by applying the JD-R theory. This study is based on 12 docu-series episodes featuring two League of Legends teams where 10 different pro-players participated. The research sample could both be considered availability sampling, since the data was already available, and purposeful sampling, choosing a sample consisting of pro-players. The episodes were transcribed and then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Many psycho-social aspects emerged from the analysis, resulting in two higher themes where the first theme “Working as a pro-player” portrays what the profession entails and the second, “The interdependent work”, depicts the experience of being a pro, a teammate and an individual at the same time. By applying the JD-R theory on the aspects mentioned, it was concluded that these experiences indeed could be understood using a theoretical approach, providing incentives to conduct future research in the area. Possible areas of research interest were also presented in relation to this. / E-sport är att område som snabbt har vuxit under senare år,vilket har attraherat uppmärksamhetfrån allmänhetenoch forskare. Forskning på området bedrivs dockfortfarande relativt infrekvent, speciellt när det gäller de professionella e-sportspelarnas psykosociala arbetsmiljö. Detta är speciellt framträdande närdet kommer till att inkludera individuella perspektiv från spelarna. För att bidra till mer kunskap inom området syftar denna studie till att undersöka vilka psykosociala aspekter som omnämns av spelare i dokumentära intervjuer samt undersöka om dessa upplevelser kan förstås utifrån ett teoretiskt perspektiv genom att tillämpa JD-R-teorin. Denna studie baseras på 12 avsnitt från två League och Legends-lagdär 10 olika spelare deltar.Urvalet kan både anses som bekvämlighetsurval, eftersom datan redan fannstillgänglig, och strategiskt urval, då urvalet inkluderade professionella spelare.Avsnitten transkriberades och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Många psykososociala aspekter framträddefrån analysen vilket resulterade i två högre teman där det första temat ”Att arbeta som en pro player” porträtterarvad professionen innebär och den andra, ”Det avhängiga arbetet”, beskriver upplevelsen av att vara en professionell spelare, en lagkamrat och en individ samtidigt. Genom att applicera JD-R-teorin på de omnämnda aspekterna fastslogs det att dessa upplevelser kan bli förstådda genom en teoretisk ansats, vilket ger incitamentatt bedriva framtid forskning inom området. Möjliga forskningsområden av intressepresenterades även i relation till detta.

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically altered job demands and resources for international sales professionals, who faced unprecedented challenges such as the inability to travel and increased isolation due to remote work. According to the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory, changes in job demands and resources significantly impact well-being, often leading to burnout. Given that international sales are already considered a highly stressful occupation understanding these changes is not only crucial for academic research but also for providing practical support to these professionals. Despite the critical importance of this issue, previous studies have yet to extensively explore the post-pandemic shifts in job demands and resources for international salespeople. This thesis presents qualitative research investigating these changes and their impact on the well-being of international sales professionals during the pandemic. Using semi-structured interviews with six international sales professionals in Japan and Sweden, the study uncovered a surprisingly positive impact of the pandemic on their overall well-being, challenging the traditional JD-R theory. This paradox has brought attention to the oversimplification of the JD-R theory.

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