This thesis provides a structural and materials engineering explanation for many of the running fractures that occurred in steel structures during the destructive Kobe and Northridge earthquakes in the mid 1990s. A method is developed that allows the ductile endurance of structural steel members subjected to cyclic plastic deformation during earthquakes to be assessed and for pre-necking running fractures to be avoided. The study commenced following the 2000 World Earthquake Conference in Auckland. The conference brought together the findings of the huge research effort, in America, Japan, Europe and New Zealand, that followed the Kobe and Northridge earthquakes. The running fractures that had occurred in steel structures represented an unpredicted failure mode that structural engineers have not known how to predict or suppress through the engineering design process. A clear fundamental understanding of the causes and how to prevent the fractures did not arise from the conference. In fact apparently conflicting results were reported. Full scale cyclic tests in New Zealand on structural assemblies had not resulted in running fractures, whereas tests in American and Japan had. Structural engineers designing earthquake resistant structures rely on constructional steel to be materially homogeneous and nominally tri-linear in behaviour. Steel is expected to behave elastically under regular in-service loading, have a reliable and flat yield stress-strain characteristic, and under overload then develop predictable levels of strain-hardening in conjunction with significant plastic elongation up to its ultimate tensile strength. Steel is expected to eventually fracture after further plastic elongation and necking. Ductile design strategies and methods utilise the plastic elongation characteristics of steel to protect structures in earthquake. Plastic deformation is considered to beneficially dissipate energy generated in the structure by a severe earthquake and also dampen the structure’s response. The occurrence of running fracture without significant cyclic plastic deformation and before section necking in steelwork, therefore undermines the basis of the ductile seismic design approach. The initial part of the thesis is devoted to bringing together the fundamental aspects of materials engineering related to fracture of constructional steel. This is intended to provide a bridge of knowledge for structural engineering practitioners and researchers not fully conversant with materials engineering aspects of fracture. Fracture behaviour in steel is a broad and complex topic that developed rapidly in the twentieth century driven by the demands of technological growth. The unexpected fracture of welded liberty ships at sea in World War 2; the need for reliable long term containment for the nuclear reactors in the 1950s and 1960s; and prevention of fatigue failures in aircraft frames since the 1950s all drove engineering research into steel fracture behaviour. There are many subtle variations in definitions in the published literature on fracture that can be confusing. Therefore an attempt has been made to clarify terminology. The term brittle fracture in particular is only used in this thesis as applying to running fracture when the general or far field tensile stresses are below the yield stress of the steel. The term pre-necking or running fracture is preferred to describe the condition more broadly which may occur prior to and also after general yielding, but before section necking. Running fracture is a manifestation of pre-necking fracture in which insufficient plastic flow is available in the assembly to absorb the energy released upon fracture. The experimental studies investigated the behaviour of constructional steel commonly used in New Zealand, at various levels of plastic strain. This started with Charpy V-Notch (CVN) testing which revealed that a significant transition temperature shift and curve shape change occurs with increasing plastic strain and the associated strain-hardening. This showed that the ability of steel to avoid pre-necking or running fracture reduces as the level of plastic strain-hardening increases. Temperature controlled Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) testing was then undertaken. The setting of testing temperatures for the CTOD tests were guided by review of the CVN test results, using published CVN to fracture toughness correlation methods. However running cleavage fractures developed in the CTOD specimens at higher than predicted temperatures of 10 oC and 20 oC. These are typical service temperatures for structures in New Zealand and so are very likely to occur at the time of an earthquake. The implication from this is that there are levels of strain-hardening and conditions of material notching constraint that can lead to pre-necking and running fracture in New Zealand fabricated steel structures, under severe earthquake loading. Care was taken in the CTOD testing to monitor and maximise the capture of data electronically using a specially developed Direct Current Potential Drop method. This allowed the test results to be analysed and considered in varying ways, leading to a consistent assessment of the CTOD, crack growth, and the specific work of fracture in each test piece. While CTOD test results have sometimes been published by structural and welding engineering researchers in the wake of Kobe and Northridge, the results were typically of little use for this study as the CTOD initiation point was generally not identified effectively. The effect of remote plastic flow in the specimens was also not adequately accounted for. The CTOD test results were often simply used to help correlate other factors observed by the researchers. Side-grooving of specimens was not reported as having been used in any of the published results reviewed. When conducting CTOD test with highly ductile constructional steels it is very difficult to get useful CTOD results if the specimens are not side-grooved, as significant necking and tunnelling will otherwise occur and limit the usefulness of the results. Work by Knott and also by McRobie and Smith was seminal in terms of identifying some critical aspects of plane strain development in CTOD tests, and the links to non-metallic particle density with respect to fracture toughness and CTOD at initiation. Some of their findings with regards to the effect of pre-strain on CTOD initiation were subsequently found to confirm the experimental findings in this study. No effective methodology for prediction of pre-necking or running fracture in a structural member or assembly when subjected to gross plastic cyclic deformation was found to exist in the literature. It was concluded however that the principles of specific work of fracture, and monotonic and cyclic fracture similitude were particularly relevant. These were therefore utilised in the development of the design method proposed in this thesis. The CTOD test results were reviewed, isolating the remote plastic flow component, to determine the critical specific work of fracture property Rc of the steels tested. A meeting with Professor Kuwamura at the University of Tokyo was providential, allowing discussion of his similitude principle, and observations in person of some of the fractured specimens developed during his full scale test series’. Running fractures with cleavage were evident in the specimens, with their tell-tale chevron markings. He had predicted running fracture problems in structures in Japan ahead of the Kobe earthquake and been largely ignored. His insights were subsequently seriously considered in Japan after the earthquake. He and his colleagues developed the principle of structural similitude that relates monotonic fracture displacement ductility to cyclic fracture displacement ductility for a particular assembly. This arose from their observation that running fractures developed from ductile crack formation at blunt notches in structures. The similitude principle has echoes of the Coffin-Manson approach to ductile crack initiated low cycle fracture. The principle of similitude has a log–log relationship as does the Manson-Coffin relationship. So where notch plasticity controls the initiation of fracture in a structural assembly it is conceptually reasonable to expect that the number of cycles to initiation of fracture from a notch will have a log–log relationship to the amplitude of the cyclic strain developed in the notch. Kuwamura found that steel assemblies with lower CVN energy had reduced cyclic fracture endurance than the same assemblies made with steel with higher CVN impact energy. However no method of predicting performance of any particular assembly could be developed from his observations. The benefit of his method primarily relates to the minimising of testing necessary to assess the fracture limited cyclic displacement ductility of a structural assembly. However it doesn’t provide a means for designing a structural assembly to achieve specific levels of ductile endurance other than clearly identifying the need to use steel with good CVN characteristics. The most significant development arising from this thesis is therefore the development of a design method to assess cyclic ductile endurance. The method utilises the specific work of fracture properties obtained from CTOD specimens of the steel in conjunction with a relatively simple fracture mechanics assessment and an elasto-plastic finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA model is used to determine the displacement ductility of the assembly at the calculated onset of pre-necking fracture. The elasto-plastic stress–strain properties of the steel in various pre-strain states required for the FEA may be derived from tensile testing. Kuwamura’s similitude principle is then used to predict cyclic plastic endurance at various constant displacement ductility amplitudes. The method is extended using Miner’s rule to allow for the effects of increasing variable amplitude cyclic plastic loading. In summary the thesis explains why pre-necking and running fractures occur in steel members subjected to cyclic plastic deformation during a severe earthquake. In addition a method for consistently assessing the ability of structural steel assemblies to achieve a specified level of ductile endurance during earthquakes is proposed. The method is verified against published results for a cyclic test of a simple steel member with a crack at mid-span. / Whole document restricted, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3547.pdf: 2139633 bytes, checksum: f475e62efc91a89ea44917a0eb9b20f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-17 / In the past few years, several studies based on constructional morphology to describe the mechanisms of construction of deverbal nouns, that is, nouns derived from verbs, using a synchronic perspective were carried out. The interest in this topic comes from the productivity of the construction mechanism of this type of noun. The impact in the Portuguese language, especially on its formal use, is not irrelevant. There aren't studies showing the variations of these mechanisms in Brazilian Portuguese (PB), much less, a diachronic perspective of him. We believe the current mechanisms be very similar with from XVI, XVII e VXIII. The suffix productivity and formation process can been suffering some kind of changing to specific words. The project Historical Dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese (DHPB) of centuries from XVI through XVIII, sponsored by the Programa Institutos do Milênio, and the construction of a corpus collected for this project, are, at the same time, a challenge and an opportunity to deepen the knowledge about this aspect of the Portuguese language. The analysis of this corpus gives us an opportunity to observe how these mechanisms evolved on the Portuguese language. However, there aren't yet tools that automate this type of research, enabling the morphologists to acquire this kind of data efficiently. The objective of this research was, first of all, to describe the different mechanisms of deverbal nouns construction in PB according to the SILEX morphological construction model (cf. Corbin 1987, 1991, 1997, Correia 1999, Rio-Torto (org.) 2004 and Rodrigues 2006). A second objective was the development of a computational system, named EXTRADEV, which allows easy access to the following data: (a) deverbal nouns (current and historic) with various morphological structures; and (b) graphical variants of nominal action (historic), to allow easier information retrieval. The methodology used on the construction of this system is grounded on: (i) description of deverbal nouns and computational rule‟s building about these; (ii) a pilot study of the fifty most frequent verbs of the DHPB project, extracted using UNITEX, and on the analysis of the graphical variations of these verbs; (iii) the knowledge of the Python programming language and regular expressions; and (iv) the use of the resources constructed for the DHPB project, such as a system of generation of graphical variants, SIACONF. We found 1,742,663 action deverbal instances and 15,633 distinct forms of the same without change of spelling. This number more variants extracted in the second module EXTRADEV, totalling 22,442 occurrences of deverbal history (6,809 variants and 15,633 deverbal no change in spelling). We followed some criteria analysis: frequency data, analysis about deverbal form based on in etymoly and history dictionaries and the last criteria was based on the observation of the final list of historical deverbal. With this study, we aim to increase the knowledge of the diachronic variations of deverbal nouns and to motivate the joint linguistics and computer science contribution, particularly the one made by the natural language processing area, to empower future studies about the Portuguese language. / Nos últimos anos, têm-se desenvolvido trabalhos em morfologia construcional que visam à descrição dos mecanismos de construção de nomes deverbais, isto é, nomes derivados de verbos, numa perspectiva sincrônica. As razões para esse interesse podem encontrar-se na produtividade dos mecanismos de construção deste tipo de nomes, cujo impacto no uso do português, sobretudo em contextos formais de uso, não é irrelevante. Faltam, no entanto, estudos que nos permitam conhecer, por um lado, o Português do Brasil (PB) em nível destes mecanismos e, por outro, ter uma perspectiva diacrônica deles. Acreditamos que os mecanismos de construção atuais para o PB sejam iguais aos dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, podendo existir alterações relacionadas aos sufixos mais produtivos e à mudança dos processos de construção mais produtivos para determinadas palavras. A realização do projeto Dicionário Histórico do Português do Brasil (DHPB) dos séculos XVI a XVIII, financiado pelo Programa Institutos do Milênio, associada à construção do corpus coligido para esse efeito constituem ao mesmo tempo um desafio e uma oportunidade para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre este aspecto da língua portuguesa. Por um lado, a análise do corpus dános a oportunidade de verificar como se processou a evolução destes mecanismos de construção no português. Porém (e este é o desafio), não existem ainda ferramentas para realizar tais pesquisas de forma (semi-) automática, que permitam aos morfologistas obter os dados necessários para o seu trabalho com agilidade e eficiência. O objetivo desta pesquisa de mestrado foi, em primeiro lugar, descrever os diferentes mecanismos de construção de nomes deverbais em PB de acordo com o modelo de morfologia construcional SILEX (cf. Corbin 1987, 1991, 1997, Correia 1999, Rio-Torto (org.) 2004 e Rodrigues 2006) e, em segundo, desenvolver um sistema computacional denominado EXTRADEV que permitiu um acesso fácil aos seguintes dados: (a) nomes deverbais de ação históricos com as mais diversas estruturas morfológicas; e (b) variantes gráficas desses nomes deverbais (históricos), que facilitem o trabalho de recuperação de informação relativa aos mesmos. A metodologia utilizada para a construção deste sistema se embasa: (i) na descrição dos deverbais e na contrução de regras; (ii) em um estudo piloto dos cinquenta verbos mais frequentes do corpus do projeto DHPB, extraídos por meio da ferramenta UNITEX e na análise das variantes gráficas destes verbos; (iii) no conhecimento da linguagem de programação Python e expressões regulares; e (iv) no uso de recursos criados no projeto DHPB, como o sistema de geração de variantes gráficas SIACONF. Foram encontrados 1.742.663 ocorrências de deverbais de ação e 15.633 formas distintas dos mesmos sem variação de grafia. Este número, mais as variantes extraídas no segundo módulo do EXTRADEV, somam um total de 22.442 ocorrências de deverbais históricos, sendo eles 6.809 variantes e 15.633 deverbais sem variação de grafia. Seguimos os seguintes critérios de análise: frequência, análise da estrutura morfológica com auxílio de dicionários históricos e etimológicos, e observação da lista final de deverbais históricos. Com este trabalho pretendemos contribuir para um melhor conhecimento da variação diacrônica na construção de nomes deverbais através dos dados que foram encontrados, mas, sobretudo, motivar a aliança entre linguística e a ciência da computação, particularmente o processamento de língua natural, de modo a potencializar estudos futuros sobre a língua portuguesa.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-12-07T17:03:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-12-10T10:28:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-10T10:28:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Agameton Ramsés Justino - 2018.pdf: 2861692 bytes, checksum: bd28c42c064c9a7535a55e9d6f5e9f5f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / We conceive language as a conceptual network of constructions, related by inheritance of form and meaning, and grammar ruled by syntactic-semantic patterns that instantiate in the uses of cognitive representations shared by speakers. Linguistic change, in this sense, is inherent to the functioning of the language, occurring in a gradient and radial manner and inseparable from the contexts of communication use. In this thesis, we study the grammatical construction que só, which acts as an intensifier in the assessments that the speakers make during the interaction. This grammatical construction is a focusing construct instantiated in the uses from the chunking of a focus marker (que) and a focusing adverb (só). Their different uses crystallize in the language three subschemas with contexts of different shape and direction: the focal subschema, the focal-intensifying subschema and the intensifying subschema. Our general objective is to characterize these subschemas, also evidencing their linkages to the more abstract schemes of the focus and to the scheme of intensification in Brasilian Portuguese. To do this study, we seek theoretical support in Cognitive Linguistics, from authors such as LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF and JOHNSON, 1980; LANGACKER, 1987; TAYLOR, 1995; FILLMORE, 1982; FILLMORE, KAY and O'CONNOR, 1988; FAUCONNIER, 1994; 1997; among others. We also sought guidance in the Constructional Grammar, considering LANGACKER, 2009; GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; CROFT, 2001; CROFT and CRUISE, 2004; BYBEE, 2010; 2015; among others. And we still seek theoretical methodological support in Usage Based Linguistics from the works of DIEWALD, 2002; TRAUGOTT and DASHER, 2005; TRAUGOTT, 2008; MARTELOTTA, 2011; TRAUGOTT and TROUSDALE, 2012; 2013; DIESSEL, 2015; OLIVEIRA and ROSÁRIO, 2015; JUNIOR and ALONSO, 2016; CASSEB-GALVÃO, 2017; among others. Through synchronic analysis of data from different corpora (Corpus de Português, data collection on the web, Que Só, from Liedo Maranhão), we understand that the focusing construct que só starts in the comparative focusing subschema with a reference and emphasis function, within the scheme of the focusing constructs in PB. Some uses in this subschema present semantic ambiguity, forming a prefabricated grammatical construct with adverbial intensifying value. In a more abstract level of the uses of the focalization appears the intensifying focus subschema, belonging to the PB intensification scheme. The focusing constructs que só function in PB as a trigger for cognitive representations of measures of magnitude, with gradients in the abstraction of the senses crystallized by contexts of use. / Concebemos a língua como uma rede conceptual de construções, relacionadas por heranças de forma e sentido, sendoe a gramática regida por padrões sintático-semânticos que instanciam nos usos representações cognitivas compartilhadas pelos falantes. A mudança linguística, neste sentido, é inerente ao funcionamento da língua, ocorrendo de forma gradiente e radial e indissociável dos contextos de uso da comunicação. Nesta tese, estudamos a construção gramatical que só, a qual funciona como um intensificador nas avaliações que os falantes fazem durante a interação. Esta construção gramatical é uma construção focalizadora instanciada nos usos a partir do chunking de um marcador de foco (que) e um advérbio focalizador (só). Seus diferentes usos cristalizam na língua três subesquemas com contextos de forma e sentido diferentes: o subesquema focalizador, o subesquema focalizador-intensificador e o subesquema intensificador. Nosso objetivo geral é caracterizar esses subesquemas, evidenciando também suas vinculações aos esquemas mais abstratos da focalização e ao esquema da intensificação no PB. Para fazer esse estudo, buscamos respaldo teórico na Linguística Cognitiva, a partir de autores como (LAKOFF, 1987; LAKOFF e JOHNSON, 1980; LANGACKER, 1987; ); TAYLOR, 1995;); FILLMORE, 1982;); FILLMORE, KAY e O’CONNOR, 1988;); FAUCONNIER, 1994; 1997; dentre outros). Também buscamos orientação na Gramática das Construções, considerando ( LANGACKER, 2009; ); GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; ); CROFT, 2001; CROFT e CRUISE, 2004; BYBEE, 2010; 2015; dentre outros). E ainda buscamos suporte teórico metodológico na Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso a partir dos trabalhos de DIEWALD, 2002; TRAUGOTT e DASHER, 2005; TRAUGOTT, 2008; MARTELOTTA, 2011; TRAUGOTT e TrausdaleTROUSDALE, 2012; 2013; DIESSEL, 2015; OLIVEIRA e ROSÁRIO, 2015; JUNIOR e ALONSO, 2016; CASSEB-GALVÃO, 2017; dentre outros). Por meio de análise sincrônica de dados de diferentes coórpora (Corpus de Português; coleta de dados na web; livro Que Só, de Liedo Maranhão), entendemos que a construção focalizadora que só se inicia no subesquema focalizador comparativo, com função referencial e de ênfase, dentro do esquema das construções focalizadoras no PB. Alguns usos nesse subesquema apresentam ambiguidade semântica, formando uma construção gramatical pré-fabricada com valor adverbial intensificador. Num nível mais abstrato dos usos da focalização surge o subesquema focalizador intensificador, pertencente ao esquema da intensificação do PB. As construções focalizadoras que só funcionam no PB como um gatilho para representações cognitivas de medidas de grandeza, com gradiência na abstratização dos sentidos cristalizados pelos contextos de uso.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T14:26:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-28T15:47:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T15:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliafelixdeoliveira.pdf: 1744056 bytes, checksum: c1ae733638dc1cc5af8aef58174d0fd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho investiga o desenvolvimento do uso volitivo dos verbos “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” na língua portuguesa. Assumindo como perspectiva teórica a abordagem construcional da mudança linguística (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2011a; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014), partimos do pressuposto de que a instanciação da acepção volitiva desses verbos consiste na emergência de construções gramaticalmente identificáveis que indexam a vontade do falante. Assim sendo, procuramos estabelecer, alinhando-nos, mais especificamente, aos postulados da construcionalização, uma rede construcional, com diferentes níveis de esquematicidade, que estaria na base desse processo (TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014). Diante de nosso objetivo, foi selecionado um banco de dados pancrônico, considerando a distribuição dos verbos “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” desde o século XIII até o português contemporâneo. Os dados sincrônicos recobrem tanto a modalidade oral quanto a modalidade escrita da língua. A oralidade foi composta por entrevistas selecionadas em três corpora distintos, a saber: o corpus do Projeto “Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, o corpus do Projeto “PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” e o corpus do Projeto NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro. Já os dados sincrônicos escritos foram formados por textos disponíveis na Internet retirados de blogs e de revistas de grande circulação nacional (“Revista Veja”, “Revista Isto é”, “Revista Época”, “Revista Caras”, “Revista Cláudia” e “Revista Ana Maria”). Por sua vez, os dados diacrônicos foram coletados do corpus do Projeto “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” e do corpus do Projeto “Tycho Brahe”. Mediante o equacionamento do cálculo da frequência de uso e da análise qualitativa das ocorrências identificadas, os resultados demonstram que, como volitivos, os verbos – que antes apresentavam em suas acepções iniciais a ideia de movimento – passam a indexar as vontades do sujeito. Destacamos que entendemos a volição a partir de um continuum de escalaridade, que compreende as noções de intenção e desejo. Ela refere-se a um evento a ser desempenhado em um tempo futuro e é codificada por meio de diferentes graus de incerteza epistêmica que o falante possui acerca da atualização desse evento. Nesse sentido, defendemos que o esquema envolvendo verbos volitivos do português estaria diretamente relacionado à manifestação da categoria irrealis expressa pela presença de um sujeito [+ animado] – mesmo que metaforizado –, acompanhado pelo verbo e seu complemento. Os subesquemas desse padrão macroconstrucional se diferenciariam entre si, formalmente, a depender da proximidade cognitiva estabelecida entre o sujeito volitivo e o evento alvo de sua vontade, ou seja, a partir do entendimento do evento, pelo falante, como [+/- irrealis]. Tendo em vista esse(s) (sub)esquema(s), é possível relacionarmos a emergência de construções individuais 7 (microconstruções) volitivas com “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” e “tentar” e estabelecer uma rede construcional referente ao desenvolvimento de verbos volitivos na língua portuguesa. / This work investigates the development of the volitional use of the verbs “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” in the Portuguese language. Assuming as the theoretical perspective the constructional approach of the linguistic change (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2011c; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; TROUSDALE, 2014), we part from the principle that the instantiation of the volitional meaning of these verbs consists in the emergence of grammatically identifiable constructions, which index the speaker‟s will. Therefore, we seek to establish, aligning ourselves more specifically to constructionalization postulates, a constructional network with different levels of schematicy, which would be the basis of this process (TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE 2013; TROUSDALE , 2014). In the face of our goal, we selected a panchronic database, considering the distribution of the verbs “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” from the XIII century until the contemporary Portuguese. The diachronic data were collected from the corpus of “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” and the corpus of “Tycho Brahe” project. In its turn, the synchronic data cover both the oral and written modalities of the language. The orality was composed of interviews selected from three different corpora: the corpus of the “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, the corpus of “PEUL - Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” and the corpus of “NURC/RJ - Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”. In its turn, the syncronic data were also formed by written texts available on Internet, taken from blogs and magazines of wide national circulation (“Veja”, “Isto É”, “Época”, “Caras”, “Cláudia” e “Ana Maria”). In front of the equation between the consideration of the frequency of use and the qualitative analysis of identified occurrences, the results demonstrate that the verbs – which presented the idea of movement in their early meanings – start to index the subject‟s will. We emphasize that we understand volition as a scalar continuum, which comprises the ideas of intention and desire. It refers to an event to be played at a future time, and it is coded by different degrees of epistemic uncertainty that the speaker has about the achievement of this event. In this sense, we argue that the scheme involving volitional verbs in Portuguese would be directly related to the manifestation of irrealis category expressed by the presence of a [+ animated] subject – even if it is metaphorized –, accompanied by the verb and its complement. The subschemes of this macroconstructional pattern would differ from each other, formally, depending on the cognitive proximity established between the volitional subject and the target event of his/her will; in other words, from the understanding of the event, by the speaker, as [+/ irrealis]. Bearing in mind these (sub)schemas, we can relate the emergence of individual volitional constructions (micro-constructions) with “querer”, “esperar”, “procurar”, “buscar” and “tentar” and establish a constructional network on the development of volitional verbs in the Portuguese language.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T17:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-29T14:45:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Ao postularmos que a língua é um inventário de construções, assumimos a visão de língua como arquitetura complexa de um sistema adaptativo com padrões mais ou menos regulares. Nesta perspectiva, investigamos o padrão construcional responsável pela formação dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual olhar e ver, no português brasileiro do século XX. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar, levantar e descrever esse padrão construcional, contribuindo para o entendimento de suas formas de apresentação, principalmente as microconstruções, virtualmente, tipos individuais de construção. Para tal investigação, utilizamos a base teórica da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, apoiada pelo modelo da Gramática de Construção, e os corpora: Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta e Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. Como resultado da coleta de dados, levantamos dez exemplares de marcadores discursivos formados pela base verbal olhar e treze pela base verbal ver. Partimos da hipótese de que, por motivações cognitivo-interacionais, funções discursivo-pragmáticas são desempenhas pelos marcadores como um conjunto de funções para cada contexto específico. Averiguamos que, sincronicamente, pressões discursivas resultam em variabilidade de alinhamento de forma-função, demonstrada no compartilhamento morfossintático entre marcadores discursivos em rede construcional. Através das análises dos contextos de uso, concluímos que a função dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual consiste em manipular o espaço de atenção para regular a interação entre os interlocutoresAo postularmos que a língua é um inventário de construções, assumimos a visão de língua como arquitetura complexa de um sistema adaptativo com padrões mais ou menos regulares. Nesta perspectiva, investigamos o padrão construcional responsável pela formação dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual olhar e ver, no português brasileiro do século XX. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar, levantar e descrever esse padrão construcional, contribuindo para o entendimento de suas formas de apresentação, principalmente as microconstruções, virtualmente, tipos individuais de construção. Para tal investigação, utilizamos a base teórica da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, apoiada pelo modelo da Gramática de Construção, e os corpora: Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta e Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. Como resultado da coleta de dados, levantamos dez exemplares de marcadores discursivos formados pela base verbal olhar e treze pela base verbal ver. Partimos da hipótese de que, por motivações cognitivo-interacionais, funções discursivo-pragmáticas são desempenhas pelos marcadores como um conjunto de funções para cada contexto específico. Averiguamos que, sincronicamente, pressões discursivas resultam em variabilidade de alinhamento de forma-função, demonstrada no compartilhamento morfossintático entre marcadores discursivos em rede construcional. Através das análises dos contextos de uso, concluímos que a função dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual consiste em manipular o espaço de atenção para regular a interação entre os interlocutores / When we say that language is an inventory of constructions, we assume language‘s view like a complex building of an adaptative system with constructional patterns with some regularity. In this way, we investigate the constructional pattern of the discourse markers formed by visual perceptive verbs to look (olhar) and to see (ver), from the Brasilian Portuguese, 20th century. The aim of this paper is to identify, to list, and to describe this constructional pattern, contributing to the raising of their forms, mainly, – the micro-constructions. For this purpose, we use as theoretical base the Usage-Based Functional Linguistics. The corpus is from Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta and the Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. As a result of data collection, we list ten exemplars of discourse markers by the verbal base to look (olhar), and thirteen exemplars of discourse markers by the verbal base to see (ver). We have, as first hypothesis that, because for cognitive and interactional motivations, discursive-pragmatic functions are fulfilled by the discourse markers as a conjunct of functions to each specific context. We investigate, synchronically, discursive pressions result in a variation of form-function arrangements, evident in the morphosyntactic partaking among the discourse markers in the constructional network. From the analysis of usage contexts, we conclude that the function of discourse markers consist of manipulating the attention‘s space to regulate the interaction between speaker and hearer

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute with new knowledge about nanocellulose-based insulation products. It is an innovation that could potentially be applied as a building insulation material and possibly compete with today’s insulation materials. At this time, there is limited knowledge about nanocellulose-based insulation in the construction industry and with this study the interest should increase for nanocellulose-based insulation which may drive the research further in the field. The objective of the study is to demonstrate with focus on the environmental impact, constructional properties and economics whether nanocellulose-based insulation materials have the ability to compete with traditional insulation materials. Method: Literature studies, interviews, document analysis and calculations have been the implemented research methods in order to achieve the objective of the study. Literature studies has been carried out on previous research within the subject which constituted the scientific basis for the work under the theoretical framework. Interviews with experts in the subject provides experience within different perspectives studied in this report. Document analysis has given the study reality linked information regarding the constructional properties of nanocellulose insulation. Theoretical U-value calculations have been performed on walls with mineral wool, nanocellulose aerogel and nanocellulose foam. Findings: The study differentiates nanocellulose-based insulation into two categories; foam and aerogels. Nanocellulose foam could compete with the traditional insulation materials with regard to constructional properties and environmental perspectives, but not the economical since the cost of nanocellulose is too high. The price for nanocellulose foam could decrease to similar price levels as current materials when nanocellulose as a material begins to be applied in a greater extent. Both nanocellulose aerogel and nanocellulose foam are extracted from completely renewable sources, but in addition to that attribute, the insulation types are different in character. The study also shows that nanocellulose aerogel cannot compete with traditional insulation due to its high production cost. Implications: The study’s conclusion is that there is an existing technique with the potential to develop a nanocellulose-based foam material that have the potential to compete with the traditional insulation materials used today. In order for a nanocellulose-based aerogel to be competetive the development of cost-effective production techniques is required and the study shows that this type cannot compete with traditional insulation materials today. Limitations: The work was limited to deal with the three different perspectives; constructional properties, environment and economy when studying nanocellulose insulation. The constructional properties have been given greater importance, because it is the properties that determines if the material can be applied as an insulation or not.

This thesis deals with the issue of extra performences, ie. constructional procurement contracts amendments. The main objektive was to compare the legislativ of extra performances in the Czech Republic and Germany and to study the influence of both legislations on the practice in the construction industry. There have been solved causes why the extra performances are needed and their legitimacy, as well as the consequences which are result from the imperfection of the legislative in both countries. There are also analyzed the cancelled perfomances and the question of edgibility against the extra performances. Finally there are sumarized some recommendations for both countries to improve their legal basis in this area.

The aim of this diploma thesis is the preparation of a constructional-technology study into the realization of carcass industry hall in the village Moravany u Brna. An itemized budget has been created for the framework alongside a proposal for the main building mechanisms, time management, health and safety plan and environmental management. The thesis is focused on detailed realization of the precast concrete frame which outlines technological regulation and inspection and a trial plan. The thesis further deals with site equipment, possible public transport routes into specific areas and how the main technological stages are developed. In creation of this thesis were used constructional-technological softwares BuildPowerS, CONTEC, ArchiCAD, AutoTurn, Vehicle Tracking and Hluk+9.

This diploma thesis is focused on construction of one-cylinder four stroke engine designed for motocross competition. The target was create the 3D model, which has foundation on the thermodynamic simulation. Kinematics of timing mechanism was designed in Lotus Simulation. For checking the main bearings life calculation was performed.

The dissertation named “kindergarten” is elaborated as a building documentation in agreement with the current standards and legal norms and acts. It is a two storey building, is basementless with a flat roof and applying the combined constructional system. The building is constructed on the concrete strip foundations; vertical bearing structures are constructed of reinforced concrete and wooden pillars, the roof and ceiling bearing structures consist of wooden beams. The building is designed for educational activities and related activities. Walls are constructed of reinforced concrete, using sandwich wall system with wooden elements.