Många företags användande av konsulter har under de senaste åren ökat och det finns luckor i forskningen kring denna yrkeskategori. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida individuella och arbetsrelaterade faktorer hos konsulter påverkar uppfattning av fullföljande samt omfattning av psykologiska kontrakt i relation till en uppdragsgivare. Deltagarna var 172 konsulter, från tre konsultföretag, som besvarade en enkät delvis hämtad från projektet PSYCONES. Resultatet visade att konsulternas individuella samt arbetsrelaterade faktorer påverkade det psykologiska kontraktet och att det som påverkade mest är grad av tillit gentemot uppdragsgivare, antal arbetade timmar i veckan samt ålder. Dock påverkade inga av faktorerna kopplade till konsultrollen uppfattning av fullföljande samt omfattning av psykologiska kontrakt. Denna studie bidrar med vetskap om att psyko-logiska kontrakt skapas mellan konsult och uppdragsgivare, att tillit är en viktig komponent även i denna form av arbetsrelation samt en antydan att konsulters arbetssituation inte skiljer sig anmärkningsvärt från andra an-ställningsformer.

Lean is one of the recent years most popular methods for organizations to use in order to increase efficiency, productivity and quality. Despite Lean's increased popularity, Lean is still difficult to define and can be explained and described in different ways. Previous studies have also shown that Lean is difficult to implement and challenging to maintain successfully. Knowledge of Lean is viewed as a necessity in the implementation of Lean, which leads to that organizations often chooses to bring in this knowledge through external consultants or other experts in order to implement Lean in their organization. Thus, it is interesting to examine the consultants view on Lean and the implementation process of Lean. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the consultants' assumptions about Lean and how the implementation of Lean should be performed in organizations, and what those assumptions are based on. This study is based on three semi-structured interviews with different consulting firms in Sweden. The findings in this study impose that the consultants have a philosophical and strategical view on Lean with some elements of social control. The assumption on that Lean is characterized by a holistic and continuously never ending process. The managers’ ability to create dedication, enthusiasm and motivation among the employees is important during the implementation. Therefore it’s also important for the managers to believe in the Lean concept in order for the implementation of Lean to become successful. Findings in this study show that a coaching aspect is also imposed to be important when working with Lean and implementing of Lean in organizations. Based on these results the paper impose further research on the impact of coaching in conjunction with Lean and implementation of the concept, both with and without the present of consultants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Martins dos Anjos.pdf: 816323 bytes, checksum: f01807d9e2ff56f55d3005a95cab513a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-24 / This dissertation defines a method to support the use of an interface in natural language mediated by the Web for the indication of supplementary services to the customers of telecommunications carriers. The method is based on the generation of indicative patterns of the presence of suplementary services in texts starting from the central ideas that capture the main meaning of the suplementary services and from hypothetical users questions, named generating questions in this dissertation. The set of indicative patterns associated to a given suplementary service is compared to a given user question that describes a situation to be resolved through the use of a suplementary service. When the matching between the question and an indicative pattern associated to the suplementay service occurs, this service is indicated to the user. Only the suplementary services pertaining to a predefined scope determined by the carrier will be indicated. The objective of the considered method encloses neither the diagnostic of problems related to the services nor the treatment of questions that require the description of a service as a reply. This dissertation also presents an experiment where potential telecommunication carriers users write their questions in natural language, supposing the use of an hipothetical Web interface to request indications of suplementary services in order to address a specific demand. The results of this study are analyzed taking into account the problems found as well as the rate of success obtained by the application of the method. The method specially aims to offer a new option to attend a fixed or mobile carrier s customers, making possible the use of its human resources for nobler interactions where the intervention of a human being is essential. / Este trabalho define um m?todo para suportar a utiliza??o de uma interface em linguagem natural via Web para a indica??o de servi?os suplementares a usu?rios de companhias operadoras de servi?os de telecomunica??es. O m?todo baseia-se na gera??o de padr?es indicativos da presen?a de servi?os suplementares em textos a partir das id?ias centrais que capturam o significado principal dos servi?os suplementares e de quest?es hipot?ticas de usu?rios, denominadas nesta disserta??o de quest?es geradoras. O conjunto de padr?es indicativos associado a um dado servi?o suplementar ? comparado com uma dada quest?o de usu?rio, que descreve uma situa??o a ser resolvida pela utiliza??o de um servi?o suplementar. Quando ocorre matching entre a quest?o e um padr?o indicativo associado ao servi?o suplementar, este ? indicado ao usu?rio. Somente ser?o indicados servi?os suplementares pertencentes a um escopo pr?-definido de servi?os e determinado pela operadora. O escopo do m?todo proposto n?o abrange o tratamento de diagn?sticos de problemas relativos a servi?os nem o tratamento de quest?es que requeiram a descri??o de um servi?o como resposta. Esta disserta??o apresenta ainda um experimento onde usu?rios potenciais de uma companhia operadora de servi?os de telecomunica??espodem postar suas quest?es em linguagem natural, supondo a utiliza??o de uma interface hipot?tica via Web para solicitar indica??es de servi?os suplementares que atendam a uma demanda espec?fica. Os resultados deste estudo s?o analisados do ponto de vista dos problemas encontrados, bem como da taxa de sucesso obtida pela aplica??o do m?todo. O m?todo visa, em especial, oferecer uma nova op??o de atendimento aos usu?rios de uma operadora de telefonia fixa ou m?vel, possibilitando assim o direcionamento dos seus recursos humanos para atendimentos onde a interven??o de um ser humano se fa?a imprescindivelmente necess?ria.

<p><strong>Problem: </strong>How does project managing appear in small IT-consulting companies and how does the project manager carry out their projects to create successful solutions for their customers?</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The research has the purpose to analyze and review how IT-consults in small companies work and lead their projects to create profitability for the company, which leads to a good development for the company. </p><p><strong> </strong><strong>Methodology: </strong>The research is made on eight research objects in IT-consulting business and the sizes of them are between 1-49 employees. The research is made with a qualitative method to get closer to the research objects. Therefore the research is made in forms of interviews. The analysis is grounded on a comparison between the research data and the theories that are used in the research.</p><p><strong>Theoretical perspectives: </strong>The theories which have been used in the research are Involvement theory (Fill, 1999), PAFF-metoden (Marcusson & Ahlin, 2002), Projektledning (Tonnquist, 2006), Jakten på det effektiva projektet (Engwall, 1999) och Mervärde (Grönroos, 2002)</p><p><strong>Empirical foundation: </strong>The research data<strong> </strong>are founded from the interviews of the eight research objects, they have the fictive names: Gondor, Minas Morgul, Minas Tirith, Mordor, Osgiliath, Rivendell, Rohan and The Shire.</p><p><strong> </strong><strong>Analysis/Result:</strong> Each study object starts their projects with a pre-study phase, as the PAFF-method describes it. Each study object majorly involves their customers, which is equal to Fill’s theory about high involvement buying processes. This shows that the study objects are aware that they sell solutions that require high involvement of the customers. Four of the study object enjoy seeing that the customer contributes with high engagement and maintain a good level of ambition for the project; this is consistent with Engwall’s theory about organizational ideal types. </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The project manager chooses not to rupture the present institutionalism. The project manager initiates the project with a pre-study phase. The project manager is sure to involve their customers. The service guaranty the project manager uses is “problem-free-guaranty”. The role of the project manager is to plan and organize the project; the project manager should also be a good communicator.<strong></strong></p>

Problem: How does project managing appear in small IT-consulting companies and how does the project manager carry out their projects to create successful solutions for their customers? Purpose: The research has the purpose to analyze and review how IT-consults in small companies work and lead their projects to create profitability for the company, which leads to a good development for the company.   Methodology: The research is made on eight research objects in IT-consulting business and the sizes of them are between 1-49 employees. The research is made with a qualitative method to get closer to the research objects. Therefore the research is made in forms of interviews. The analysis is grounded on a comparison between the research data and the theories that are used in the research. Theoretical perspectives: The theories which have been used in the research are Involvement theory (Fill, 1999), PAFF-metoden (Marcusson &amp; Ahlin, 2002), Projektledning (Tonnquist, 2006), Jakten på det effektiva projektet (Engwall, 1999) och Mervärde (Grönroos, 2002) Empirical foundation: The research data are founded from the interviews of the eight research objects, they have the fictive names: Gondor, Minas Morgul, Minas Tirith, Mordor, Osgiliath, Rivendell, Rohan and The Shire.  Analysis/Result: Each study object starts their projects with a pre-study phase, as the PAFF-method describes it. Each study object majorly involves their customers, which is equal to Fill’s theory about high involvement buying processes. This shows that the study objects are aware that they sell solutions that require high involvement of the customers. Four of the study object enjoy seeing that the customer contributes with high engagement and maintain a good level of ambition for the project; this is consistent with Engwall’s theory about organizational ideal types.  Conclusion: The project manager chooses not to rupture the present institutionalism. The project manager initiates the project with a pre-study phase. The project manager is sure to involve their customers. The service guaranty the project manager uses is “problem-free-guaranty”. The role of the project manager is to plan and organize the project; the project manager should also be a good communicator.

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