In Peru, the right to choose freely among products and services has not been developed in extent, right contained in the Code of Protection and Defense of the Consumer. In that order of ideas, this right is not alleged in courts to be enforced due its content is not well known. Therefore, our research has the purpose of analyzing common situations, where the right to choose freely among products and services is discussed with the objective to limiting its scope clear and evenly, which would greatly contribute to its compliance. / En el Perú, no se han desarrollado en extenso los alcances del derecho a elegir, libremente, entre productos y servicios, consagrado, actualmente, en el artículo 1º, inciso 1, literal f ) del Código de Protección y Defensa del Consumidor. En ese sentido, podemos manifestar que este derecho no se hace respetar a plenitud por parte de los consumidores, en la medida que su real contenido no es conocido. Por ende, en este breve artículo queremos pasar revista a aquellas situaciones de la vida cotidiana, en las cuales el respeto al derecho a elegir está en discusión, con el fin de que aplicando, básicamente, el método deductivo se clarifiquen los alcances del mismo, y situaciones que hoy no son pasibles de cumplimiento por parte de los proveedores, lo sean.

The applicability of the constitutional principle of consumer protection is indicated here as the main solution to fill the legal gap concerning the new electronic contracts. From an unknown and irrelevant precept in the consumption relationships developed during the Liberal State, to a leading factor for the economical activity of the Social and Constitutional State of Right, the constitutional principle of consumer protection walked a long hard path before being reconized and valued, bringing to the extent of consumption relationships the desired placement of a vulnerable consumer in the same level as the businesses that sell goods and services, through protective norms. According to this, The Federal Constitution of 1988 took the consumer protection as one of its icons, including it in the fundamental rights and guarantees and, like one of them, a self-aplicable right, with immediate normative power, in spite of the determination of preparation of the Protection Code, which made it stronger, rulling all developed peculiarities in the consumption relationships so far. With the globalization and one of its most interesting features, the internet, a new stage in the consumption relationships began, as well in the international business: The e-commerce was launched, what, in a chaotic but self-organized way, developed a new comfortable layout for the comsumption relationships, when by a simple mouse click, it is possible to reach any kind of goods or services, from national or international businesses, through their virtual shops. However, although it is just a new way of bringing into effect traditional legal contracts, since they are made through electronic support, a lot of doubts and questions related to the regulation of their main aspects have been coming up, for there is not a whole effective national norm, which has been restricting the practice of consumption relationships due to the remaining suspicion about the way they are done. In this case, it is summoned the normative power of the constitucional principle of consumer protection, displayed in the Federal Constitution of 1988, and, as well, in the other Constitutions of all democratic countries, which values highly the consumer citizen protection and their dignity. Due to the nonexistence, and even the difficulties in preparing a harmonic norm which reaches the national and international e-commerce, it is vented the invocation of this normative power as guidelines for solving the increasing demand coming around the Judicial Power related to this new contract perspective through the matrix. / A aplicabilidade do princípio constitucional de proteção do consumidor é apontada aqui como a principal saída para a solução da lacuna legislativa existente, no que tange aos novos contratos eletrônicos. De preceito desconhecido e irrelevante nas relações de consumo desenvolvidas durante o Estado Liberal, a vetor da atividade econômica do Estado Social e Constitucional de Direito, o princípio constitucional da proteção do consumidor teve que trilhar um árduo e longo caminho até ser reconhecido e valorado, trazendo para o âmbito das relações de consumo a realização da almejada colocação do consumidor vulnerável em um nível de paridade com os fornecedores de bens e serviços, através de normas protetivas daqueles. Nesse sentido, a Constituição Federal de 1988 abraçou a proteção do consumidor como um de seus ícones, consagrando-a dentre os direitos e garantias fundamentais e, como tal, direito auto-aplicável, com força normativa imediata, inobstante a determinação de elaboração de um Código de Proteção que o fortaleceu, regulando todas as particularidades das relações de consumo desenvolvidas até então. Eis que com a globalização e sua faceta mais interessante, a internet, deu-se início a uma nova fase nas relações de consumo, bem como no comércio internacional: Despontou o e-commerce, que de uma forma caótica, mas ao mesmo tempo auto-organizada, impulsionou as relações de consumo em um formato novo, cômodo e confortável, através do qual, com simples toques no mouse, pode-se adquirir bens e serviços de fornecedores nacionais ou estrangeiros, através de suas lojas virtuais. Todavia, apesar de ser apenas uma nova forma de se efetivar os tradicionais negócios jurídicos, já que se perfazem através de suporte eletrônico, muitas dúvidas e questões vêm surgindo quanto à regulação de seus principais aspectos, que ainda não foram agraciados a nível nacional com uma normativa eficaz e plena, fato que vem restringindo o exercício pleno das relações de consumo em linha, máxime em face da persistente desconfiança quanto ao meio. Neste sentido, eis que se convoca a força normativa do princípio constitucional da proteção do consumidor, presente na Carta de 1988, assim como nas Constituições dos demais países democráticos que prezam pela proteção do consumidor cidadão em sua dignidade. De modo que diante da inexistência, e mesmo da dificuldade de elaboração de uma normativa harmônica que alcance o comércio eletrônico interno e o internacional, pugna-se aqui pela invocação desta força normativa como norte para a solução das demandas que começam a bater às portas do Judiciário em torno desta nova perspectiva de formulação contratual através da matrix.

This research established the determinants of the investment choices between the RSA Government Retail Bonds and the stokvel by salaried individuals. The research carried out a comparative analysis between the two investment instruments. The main data was drawn from FinMark for the period 2011 to 2015. The research used a combination of data tables and graphs to analyse frequency (distribution) of use in each of the investment choices. The research used Pearson’s Chi square and Fishers’ t-test to determine the distribution, independence and Cramer’s V coefficient was applied to establish the correlation between the investment choices and the demographic under review. The outcome of the research indicated that more than risk or return inherent in the investment instruments under review, social, psychological and cultural disposition towards these investment instruments played a significant part in influencing the investment choices under review. Furthermore, lower educated individuals at low salary levels had the highest usage in stokvel and the highly educated at the higher level of education opted to invest in the RSA Government Retail Bonds. There was a very low usage in both the investment instruments by the ‘no formal education’ and primary education levels. Pearson’s Chi square and Fishers’ exact tests indicated that, race, education, location and salary levels can be used to explain the differences in investment choices between the RSA Government Retail Bonds and stokvel. According to these tests, age was statistically insignificant to explain the effects of the demographics under review on making investment choices. The results indicate that racial, educational, salary and location differences need to be properly factored into the policy development in so far as investment and savings are concerned. / Finance, Risk Management and Banking / M. Com. (Business Management)

Suretyships given in favour of banks are being challenged in the courts on the basis of equitable doctrines of unconscionable conduct, undue influence, or statutory provisions dealing with unfair conduct or unfair contract terms. This thesis is an enquiry into a bank's duties of disclosure or advice to an intending surety. Such an investigation also necessitates a study of the relationship between banker and customer, as the surety is quite often a customer of the bank as well, and, as a surety's obligation to the bank is an accessory obligation, the obligation is dependent on a valid principal obligation between the bank and the principal debtor - the customer. The face of modern banking has, however, changed dramatically and most major banks have become multi-functional. As a result, the banker-customer relationship may often be seen as a fiduciary relationship. A major problem brought about my multi-functioning banks is that of conflicts of interest between the bank and its customer. Furthermore, the banker-customer relationship is providing much more scope for lender liability than in the past. Various factors are currently having an impact on the law of contract, and this is expected to affect the legal policy makers in their assessments of whether a duty of disclosure of material facts exits or not. A surety has long been a favoured debtor in the eyes of the law, and the courts have developed a plethora of technical principles on which a surety can be relieved of his obligation. The escape routes of the surety, especially if he is a consumer as well, on the new grounds of public policy, unconscionability, good faith or unreasonableness, are growing. The results of these trends is the expected demise of suretyship as an acceptable, cheap form of debt security in the banking sector. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This work deals with consumer protection within travel agencies. A part of the work is a literary research of the current situation of the CK and CA market, an analysis of selected travel agencies, and a questionnaire survey, which aimed to determine how aware consumers are of their rights when purchasing a trip. Consumer protection is still a relevant topic that is necessary to pay attention to.

The aim of this work is to analyze the system alternative dispute resolution of cross-border consumer disputes within the EU, Norway and Iceland and the proposal to improve the system. To create this work was done study of theoretical perspectives on alternative dispute resolution of consumer disputes and consumer protection. It was implemented the managed-depth interviews, the analysis of secondary data and the case study. The conclusion was to evaluate all of the data and defined a proposal to improve cross-court resolution of consumer disputes.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate control activities of selected supervisory authorities in a sphere of consumer protection and to find the opinions and attitudes of selected business entities on supervisory authorities' activities. The thesis includes a questionnaire survey among consumers and controlled in-depth interviews both with business entities and with supervisory authorities. The questionnaire survey confirms or rejects hypotheses of the thesis. Controlled in-depth interviews with selected supervisory authorities focused on their controlling activities. Managed in-depth interviews with business entities aimed to find out their views and attitudes towards supervisory authorities, as well as to identify a scope and a process of controls carried out by supervisory authorities. The thesis further outline how the selected supervisory authorities could evaluate their work with consumers. Changes are mainly concerned with informing consumers of suitable and unsuitable business premises.

Orientador: Jorge David Barrientos-Parra / Banca: Rui Décio Martins / Banca: Jorge Luis Mialhe / Resumo: O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one's private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 balanjunior_o_me_fran.pdf: 1517696 bytes, checksum: ab435b5e58869752ea0cd89ca36317b8 (MD5) / O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á... / The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one´s private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Are State proposals on private self-regulation and administrative procedures on consumption adequate? The present papper analyzes the challenges of its application, providing a final reflection on the complaints in social networks. / ¿Son adecuadas las propuestas Estatales sobre autorregulación privada y procedimientos administrativos en materia de consumo? El presente artículo analiza los retos de su aplicación brindando una reflexión final acerca de los reclamos en redes sociales.