The main purpose of diploma thesis - Consumers protection during the process of contracting - was to analyze the consumer protection legislation at national level and European level. Thesis deals with consumers protection during the process of contracting in Czech Republic with closer focus on distance contracts and off-premises contracts. The general part of thesis provides a comprehensive insight into the private, public and European regulation of consumer law, as well as it summarizes basic concepts and consumer contracts more in detail. Two chapters of the general part are devoted to the distance contracts and to the off-premises contracts. Analytical part of thesis is based on quantitative research made by me. These results are compared with the results of two European surveys (Eurobarometers). The aim of the research was to define the attitude of Czech consumers to the consumer law, protection of the consumer rights and also find out more about their approach within the distance contracts.

The main aim of my thesis is to identify various forms of consumer deception. These include misleading and aggressive practices that consumers encounter in everyday life and which often exceed limits of acceptability regulated by legislation. The thesis emphasises primarily advertising which strongly affects consumer decision-making for buying. Legal means of protection against deception are included in the thesis as well. The deception of consumers in German, Austrian and Spanish legislation is the topic of the final chapter. The thesis is supplemented with practical examples and judicial practice.

Os panoramas social e ambiental estão intimamente relacionados, o que atrai a perspectiva socioambiental. Assim, as interferências nas condições de vida da população proporcionadas pela biotecnologia são compreendidas na proteção ao meio ambiente. A comercialização de organismos geneticamente modificados em alimentos gera muito debate doutrinário e científico na atualidade. No entanto, já é possível revelar alguns mitos e efetivar algumas constatações acerca do tema. Os mitos trazem as promessas de buscar saciar a fome através do aumento da produção com a utilização da biotecnologia na área alimentar, bem como a prioridade na produção de alimentos com propriedades benéficas para a saúde da população. As constatações esbarram em alguns episódios negativos envolvendo a utilização de organismos geneticamente modificados e, também, no forte domínio de grandes corporações, que estão ditando as regras do desenvolvimento biotecnológico. Diante deste quadro, na comercialização dos alimentos, a disponibilização de informações através da rotulagem ganha destaque, sendo importante analisar o tratamento legal que vem sendo dado no âmbito interno, na União Européia, sob a perspectiva dos Estados Unidos e do Codex Alimentarius. Diante do contexto legal, resta claro que ainda existem diversas polêmicas e que a disponibilização de informações ainda encontra alguns desafios, em especial, na fiscalização da rotulagem e na conciliação da informação com a diversidade cultural. Para que a informação tenha plena concretização deve estar inter-relacionada com a educação e a participação dos atores envolvidos. / The social and environmental views are closely related, which attracts the socioenvironmental perspective. All artifacts in the living conditions of the population is comprised of biotechnology in environmental protection. The commercialization of genetically modified organisms in food generates much debate and scientific doctrine today. However, it is possible to draw some myths and commit some observations on the subject. Myths bring the promises of seeking satisfying hunger by increasing production with the use of biotechnology in the food, as well as the priority in food production with properties beneficial to health. The findings run into some negative episodes involving the use of genetically modified organisms and also strong in the domain of large corporations that are dictating the rules of biotechnology development. This picture, in the marketing of food, the availability of information through labeling is emphasized, it is important to consider the legal treatment that has been given at the domestic, European Union, from the perspective of the United States and the Codex Alimentarius. Given the legal context, it remains clear that there are still many controversies and the availability of information is still some challenges, particularly in reviewing the labeling and reconciliation of information about cultural diversity. For information to have full effect should be inter-related education and participation of stakeholders.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-13T17:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_adriano_fabio.pdf: 906201 bytes, checksum: 9af45c534a156c226767cfc7b6220c55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-13T17:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_adriano_fabio.pdf: 906201 bytes, checksum: 9af45c534a156c226767cfc7b6220c55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-01 / Is in the present, a literature survey on controversial aspects of the relations of consumption when faced with the prohibitive detection of defects in goods purchased via the Internet. Aims to understand the implications that this method of procurement brings to society in their trade relations in which, for this reason, the law, therefore, also needs to protect. We discuss here the consequences of consumer relations, with emphasis on links established between consumer and seller, electronic media show will be the differences between the Code of Consumer Protection and the Civil Code, with emphasis on posture should be taken to achieve the procedural protection by the actions of defects before edilicias prohibitive in cases of contracts consumerist character. The methodology will rest on the foundation of the doctrine without forgetting to consider the modern means of information available. To deepen the analysis of reality and appropriate contracts made by means of practicing ecommerce. / Consta o presente, de um levantamento bibliográfico sobre aspectos controversos das relações de consumo quando diante da detecção de vícios redibitórios em produtos adquiridos via Internet. Almeja o entendimento das implicações que esse meio de contratação traz para a sociedade em suas relações comerciais nas quais, por tal razão, o Direito, consequentemente, também precisa tutelar. Discutem-se, aqui, as conseqüências das relações de consumo, com destaque aos vínculos estabelecidos entre consumidor e vendedor, em meios eletrônicos, mostrar-se-ão as diferenças entre o Código de Defesa do Consumidor e o Código Civil, com destaque para a postura que deve ser assumida para se conseguir a tutela processual por via das ações edilícias diante dos vícios redibitórios em casos de contratos de caráter consumerista. A metodologia repousará no alicerce da doutrina sem esquecer de analisar os modernos meios de informações disponíveis. Para aprofundar a análise adequada da realidade e dos contratos realizados por meio dos que praticam o comércio eletrônico.

This thesis is mapping current situation in the area of consumer lending, shows main reasons and impacts of overindebtedness and also its connetion to consumer lending. The target is to suggest appropriate regulation to lower the rate of overindebtedness, that exists in this area due to the absence of regulation in the area of consumer lending in Czech republic. Suggested regulation insures higher consumer protection and compact rules for all the partcipants on the consumer lending market. It also collects complex information about clients and their debt ratio. It has advantages for all participants.

L'émergence du droit de la consommation en tant que discipline autonome, peut être analysée dans les effets qu'elle a produits dans le discours juridique dans sa globalité, de diverses manières. Lors des célébrations de l’anniversaire de la signature du Traité de Rome qui a jeté les bases de l'Union Européenne actuelle, on doit souligner que « L'UE a largement amélioré la vie quotidienne de ses citoyens». Qu'en est-il plus précisément de la protection des consommateurs? Sans l’Europe, le droit de la consommation ne se serait pas développé aussi solidement qu'il ne l’a fait aux cours des quarante dernières années. Le droit européen de la consommation trouve sa source essentielle dans le programme préliminaire d'avril 1975 pour une politique de protection et d’information des consommateurs qui a énoncé cinq droits fondamentaux : droit à la protection de la santé et de la sécurité, droit à la protection des intérêts économiques des consommateurs, droit à la réparation des dommages, droit à l’information et à l'éducation, droit à la représentation. Le E-commerce (achat et vente de services et produits via Internet) a transformé notre manière de consommer, offrant aux consommateurs plus de choix qu'auparavant. Mais il soulève également de nouveaux problèmes, qui doivent être réglés. Les conditions de protection des consommateurs différent encore beaucoup d’un pays à l'autre. Si dans certains pays, 76% des consommateurs déclarent se sentir suffisamment protégés par les mesures existantes, dans d'autres ce chiffre tombe à 28%. Or, depuis qu’ils ont rejoint l’Union européenne, les pays de l'Est de l'Europe, généralement situés assez bas sur l’échelle de satisfaction, ont vu ces pourcentages s'améliorer de façon importante. / In regulatory jurisdictions that provide for this consumer protection is a group of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade, competition, and accurate information in the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent the businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors. Furthermore the importance of the consumer protection is to safeguard the consumer from exploitation. In the absence of consumer protection, consumers were exploited in many ways for example sale of unsafe products, adulteration and hoarding of goods, using wrong weights and measures, charging excessive prices and sale of inferior quality goods. Through various Consumer Protection Acts, business organizations are under pressure to keep away from exploiting consumers. Consumer protection law is considered an area of law that regulates private law relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services. In 2018, the European Commission is proposing a New Deal for Consumers to ensure that all European consumers fully benefit from their rights under Union law. A study on transparency in online platforms, also published, supports the New Deal’s proposals on online market places. Finally, the different theories show the sophisticated aspects of the French consumer law which has been developing since the Code Napoleon.

Con fecha 08 de noviembre de 2012, la Sra. Carmen Tomasa Chávez Benavides, en adelante la demandante, presentó una demanda de Desalojo por Vencimiento de Contrato en contra de la Asociación de Comerciantes “Feria Jerusalén Yanahuara” solicitando que los demandados desocupen el inmueble ubicado en la Calle Jerusalén N°108, esquina Av. Ejército N°313 del Distrito de Yanahuara, Arequipa. Fundamentos de hecho: La Asociación señaló que el demandado se encuentra ocupando su propiedad, debidamente inscrita en la partida electrónica N°01151967 del Registro de Predios de la Zona Registral XII Sede Arequipa, bajo los siguientes fundamentos: Con fecha 08 de mayo de 2012, la Sra. Carmen Tomasa Chávez Benavides adquirió el inmueble ubicado en el distrito de Yanahuara a mérito de una Escritura Pública de Donación, otorgada por su anterior propietario, el Sr. Jesús Oscar Gonzalo Torres Velásquez, la misma que está inscrita en la partida referida. Al adquirir la propiedad, el donante Sr. Jesús Oscar Gonzalo Torres Velásquez, informó a la donataria que el inmueble estaba alquilado a La Asociación de Comerciantes “Feria Jerusalén Yanahuara”, mediante contrato de arrendamiento de fecha primero de setiembre de 2011, por un período de un año, es decir hasta el 31 de agosto de 2012. Asimismo, la propietaria señaló que de conformidad con el inciso 2, artículo 1708 del Código Civil el mismo que establece que en caso el arrendamiento no haya sido inscrito, el adquirente puede dar por concluido y excepcionalmente el adquirente puede respetar el arrendamiento, pero la nueva propietaria al tener conocimiento de este Contrato de arrendamiento, a favor de la demandada, respetó la duración del mismo hasta el 31 de agosto de 2012. Vencido el contrato de arrendamiento, la demandante en ejercicio de su derecho patrimonial invitó a conciliar a la demandada en el Centro de Conciliación Extrajudicial Solidaridad y Justicia, ejecutándose la primera invitación el 16 de octubre de 2012 y la segunda el 23 de octubre del mismo año, emitiéndose finalmente un Acta de Inasistencia. El emplazado omitió la notificación correctamente recibida y no concurrió a la Audiencia de Conciliación extrajudicial, demostrado así su poco interés en cumplir con sus obligaciones de desocupar y entregar el inmueble de su propiedad. Fundamentos de derecho: • Artículos 923° y 1708° inciso 2) del Código Civil. • Art. I del Título Preliminar, Artículos 424°, 425°, 526°, 547°, 585°, 586°, 587°, 589° y 592° del Código Procesal Civil. Medios probatorios: • El mérito de el Testimonio de donación de bien inmueble de fecha 08 de mayo de 2012, otorgada por su anterior propietario Jesús Oscar Gonzalo Torres Velásquez. • El mérito del Certificado Literal de la Partida N°01151967, del Registro de Predios de la Zona Registral XII Sede Arequipa; y de la que se desprende que la demandante Carmen Tomasa Chávez Benavides es la actual propietaria. • El mérito de la Copia Legalizada del Contrato de Arrendamiento, celebrado entre la demandada y su anterior propietario se evidencia que el Contrato vence el 31 de agosto de 2012. • El mérito de la Copia Certificada del Acta de Conciliación N°3219-2012, tramitado en el Centro de Conciliación Solidaridad y Justicia, el mismo que expide un acta de inasistencia por parte de la Asociación. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

This dissertation aims to study the behavior of intermediaries under market imperfections and the consequences of that for the financial market's functioning. To do so, I focus on two classes of market frictions: funding constraints and information asymmetry. Chapter 1 studies how the dealers' capital constraints affect the market liquidity in the presence of imperfect competition and how recent regulations have shifted the competitive landscape of interest rate swaps. On the subject of informational frictions, Chapters 2 and 3 study empirically and theoretically the pace at which prices incorporate private information under the limited learning capacity of the informed traders. Understanding the microstructure of the swap markets is of interest to both policymakers and academics, especially for it helps in the efficient implementation of post-crisis regulations, namely the Dodd-Frank Act. An understudied dimension of the swap market microstructure is the determinants of the cost of the market-making activity. Using a proprietary regulatory dataset collected by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on both the interest rate swap transactions and the collateral requirements at the London Clearinghouse (LCH), in Chapter 1, I study the key balance sheet constraints that affect the ability of the bank-affiliated dealers to provide intermediation service to the end-users. Most of the interest rate swaps are now mandated to be centrally cleared. This has increased the dealer's need for collateral in the form of highly liquid assets (cash and cash equivalents) to back their swap exposures. Facing capital adequacy measures such as Supplementary Leverage Ratio (SLR), dealers find it even costlier to increase the size of their balance sheet to fund these margins. I show that a 1-percentage point increase in SLR leads to an increase of 1.09 percentage points in the bank's cost of capital per unit of margin requirement. Furthermore, I find the funding spread of the dealers (the difference between the cost of external funding and the risk-free rate) is also a relevant factor for determining the dealer's marginal cost of swap transaction; a cost that is evidently transferred to the end-users in the form of less favorable prices. Measuring the cost of intermediation for the dealer-to-client interest rate swap market is challenging because of the high concentration in the market-- the first seven dealers intermediate more than 50% of the total notional traded. Therefore, one must consider the nontrivial effect of markups in transaction prices to estimate the marginal cost of intermediation reliably. For this reason, I model a differentiated product demand for swaps in the spirit of empirical Industrial Organization (IO) literature and structurally estimate this model to account for the markups in the transaction prices using estimated price elasticities. The demand estimations show economically interpretable heterogeneity among the end-users in their taste for duration risk hedging. The structurally estimated equilibrium model of intermediation can serve as a basis for answering counterfactual policy questions, especially in the debate on the social costs and benefits of excluding initial margins in calculating supplementary leverage ratio. In Chapter 2, I turn the focus to the impact of informational frictions on market-making activity. More specifically, we study the informed trading under random stopping time. Empirical evidence is provided based on an episode of time when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) unintentionally disclosed security filings to some investors before the public for several years. For technological reasons, the delay between the private and public disclosure was exogenously random. We exploit the variation in the time window of private information to show the intensity of trades and the speed at which market prices reach their efficiency, decrease with the expected arrival time of public announcement. In addition, we find the learning capacity of the insider determines the evolution of trading intensity over time. In Chapter 3, inspired by the stylized facts observed in the earlier chapter, I extend the Kyle (1985) model of strategic trading to a case with limited learning capacity of both the dealers and the informed traders (insiders). The insider does not perfectly observe the true value of the security, but he continues to hone his knowledge by using private information sources over time. Two classes of equilibria emerge from this model. In one class, the insider trades excessively patiently, and the market efficiency is reached only asymptotically. In the second type, the insider optimally chooses a deterministic time T, before which he trades patiently as in Kyle (1985) until the price reaches its full efficiency. After T, the insider keeps revealing every piece of new information immediately, and the market price stays efficient while the insider keeps making profits. Which equilibrium emerges depends on the insider's learning capacity, initial informational advantage, and the private source's informational content.

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