Thesis (M.B.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 214-221). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

by Leung Bun, Wong Kam Man. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter III. --- RESEARCH MODEL --- p.10 / Chapter IV. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.15 / Chapter V. --- RESEARCH RESULTS --- p.20 / Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RESULTS --- p.34 / Chapter VII. --- IMPLICATIONS TO MANAGERS AND RESEARCHERS --- p.42 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.48 / APPENDIX --- p.49 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.78

Clothing labels are considered to be a source of information to consumers in a developing (Potchefstroom, in the North West Province of South Africa) and a developed country (Fayetteville, Arkansas, in the United States of America) context, which serve to promote the standard of consumer decisions by providing information on the intrinsic and extrinsic product properties and care instructions. Once consumers in these two contexts come in contact with clothing labels, the sensory information is registered into buffers that are located in their sensory memory store and the relocation of (clothing label) information to their long-term memories (knowledge) depends on their level of attention and information rehearsal. Although a number of studies have been conducted on clothing labels and the construct of knowledge separately, few studies were found to focus on consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels while none have compared the knowledge of consumers from different settings. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective and objective knowledge of the information on clothing labels of consumers in a developing (Potchefstroom, SA) and a developed (Fayetteville, USA) country context in order to determine the differences between these consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels. Furthermore, the objectives of this study were to determine the demographic profiles of respondents in a developing and a developed country context; the differences in the subjective knowledge of respondents on clothing labels; the differences in the objective knowledge of respondents with regard to the written and pictorial information on clothing labels; the association between respondents’ subjective and objective knowledge of the information on clothing labels and the differences in the subjective and objective knowledge of respondents from different demographic subgroups. The aim and objectives of this study were reached by employing a quantitative, comparative, descriptive approach. Furthermore, purposive sampling was used to recruit respondents in Potchefstroom and Fayetteville who met specific inclusion criteria. Respondents in this study had to be between the ages of 18 and 70 years, participate in clothing shopping, be able to read clothing labels and respondents and their spouses should not have worked in a clothing-related sector. Potential respondents in both cities were approached at predetermined public and private areas, such as universities, municipal offices, retirement facilities, parking areas and shopping centres which existed within both cities at the time. Data were collected simultaneously in Potchefstroom (N=445) and Fayetteville (N=336) by employing an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Male and female respondents and the Black/African and White/Caucasian population group in Potchefstroom were well distributed; however, female respondents were more and the White/Caucasian population group was the largest in Fayetteville. Furthermore, respondents of the different age groups were well distributed in Potchefstroom while there were more respondents in Fayetteville who were between 18 to 24 years of age and less respondents who were 25 to 34 years of age. The largest percentage of respondents in Potchefstroom completed a secondary education while the largest percentage of respondents in Fayetteville completed a tertiary education. In addition, in both Potchefstroom and in Fayetteville, the largest number of respondents did not have any children under the age of 18 years residing with them. Some demographic subgroups of respondents in a developing country context indicated that they did not use clothing labels because it is confusing, difficult to locate information and too detailed. In contrast, some demographic subgroups of respondents in a developed country context experienced problems with the small size of the label content and the trustworthiness of clothing labels. The results indicated that objective knowledge regarding “symbols” of respondents from Potchefstroom and Fayetteville differed practically significantly while only a tendency was evident for the difference in their objective knowledge regarding the written information on clothing labels. No practically significant differences were found for their subjective knowledge and objective knowledge of “do not symbols”. Results further indicated a negative association between respondents’ subjective and objective knowledge of the written information on labels, implying that the higher respondents’ perceived knowledge, the lower their actual knowledge of the written information was. Subjective knowledge among respondents in these two cities and countries were found to differ regarding age and education, while objective knowledge of “symbols” and “do not symbols” were found to differ regarding age, education and amount of time spent shopping for clothing products. Some differences with regard to gender were also evident for “symbols”. The results of this study clearly indicated a lack of clothing label knowledge, predominantly among consumers in a developing country context with regard to “symbols” as well as a lack of objective knowledge concerning “do not symbols” among respondents in Potchefstroom and Fayetteville. It is therefore suggested that the results of this study should be used for the development of educational programmes and/or extension services in Potchefstroom. Such programmes and services should primarily be aimed to promote consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels, more predominantly within SA. Manufacturers, clothing retailers and marketers within both contexts can also contribute to improve the lack of objective knowledge regarding all the information on clothing labels among respondents in Potchefstroom as well as Fayetteville respondents’ knowledge of “do not symbols”. This can be done by employing information provision techniques aimed to provide consumers with more information on how to read and interpret the written information and care symbols on clothing labels that may positively influence consumers in both contexts to use labels to a greater extent, also having a positive influence on their current lack of objective knowledge regarding some label aspects. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Clothing labels are considered to be a source of information to consumers in a developing (Potchefstroom, in the North West Province of South Africa) and a developed country (Fayetteville, Arkansas, in the United States of America) context, which serve to promote the standard of consumer decisions by providing information on the intrinsic and extrinsic product properties and care instructions. Once consumers in these two contexts come in contact with clothing labels, the sensory information is registered into buffers that are located in their sensory memory store and the relocation of (clothing label) information to their long-term memories (knowledge) depends on their level of attention and information rehearsal. Although a number of studies have been conducted on clothing labels and the construct of knowledge separately, few studies were found to focus on consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels while none have compared the knowledge of consumers from different settings. The aim of this study was to compare the subjective and objective knowledge of the information on clothing labels of consumers in a developing (Potchefstroom, SA) and a developed (Fayetteville, USA) country context in order to determine the differences between these consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels. Furthermore, the objectives of this study were to determine the demographic profiles of respondents in a developing and a developed country context; the differences in the subjective knowledge of respondents on clothing labels; the differences in the objective knowledge of respondents with regard to the written and pictorial information on clothing labels; the association between respondents’ subjective and objective knowledge of the information on clothing labels and the differences in the subjective and objective knowledge of respondents from different demographic subgroups. The aim and objectives of this study were reached by employing a quantitative, comparative, descriptive approach. Furthermore, purposive sampling was used to recruit respondents in Potchefstroom and Fayetteville who met specific inclusion criteria. Respondents in this study had to be between the ages of 18 and 70 years, participate in clothing shopping, be able to read clothing labels and respondents and their spouses should not have worked in a clothing-related sector. Potential respondents in both cities were approached at predetermined public and private areas, such as universities, municipal offices, retirement facilities, parking areas and shopping centres which existed within both cities at the time. Data were collected simultaneously in Potchefstroom (N=445) and Fayetteville (N=336) by employing an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Male and female respondents and the Black/African and White/Caucasian population group in Potchefstroom were well distributed; however, female respondents were more and the White/Caucasian population group was the largest in Fayetteville. Furthermore, respondents of the different age groups were well distributed in Potchefstroom while there were more respondents in Fayetteville who were between 18 to 24 years of age and less respondents who were 25 to 34 years of age. The largest percentage of respondents in Potchefstroom completed a secondary education while the largest percentage of respondents in Fayetteville completed a tertiary education. In addition, in both Potchefstroom and in Fayetteville, the largest number of respondents did not have any children under the age of 18 years residing with them. Some demographic subgroups of respondents in a developing country context indicated that they did not use clothing labels because it is confusing, difficult to locate information and too detailed. In contrast, some demographic subgroups of respondents in a developed country context experienced problems with the small size of the label content and the trustworthiness of clothing labels. The results indicated that objective knowledge regarding “symbols” of respondents from Potchefstroom and Fayetteville differed practically significantly while only a tendency was evident for the difference in their objective knowledge regarding the written information on clothing labels. No practically significant differences were found for their subjective knowledge and objective knowledge of “do not symbols”. Results further indicated a negative association between respondents’ subjective and objective knowledge of the written information on labels, implying that the higher respondents’ perceived knowledge, the lower their actual knowledge of the written information was. Subjective knowledge among respondents in these two cities and countries were found to differ regarding age and education, while objective knowledge of “symbols” and “do not symbols” were found to differ regarding age, education and amount of time spent shopping for clothing products. Some differences with regard to gender were also evident for “symbols”. The results of this study clearly indicated a lack of clothing label knowledge, predominantly among consumers in a developing country context with regard to “symbols” as well as a lack of objective knowledge concerning “do not symbols” among respondents in Potchefstroom and Fayetteville. It is therefore suggested that the results of this study should be used for the development of educational programmes and/or extension services in Potchefstroom. Such programmes and services should primarily be aimed to promote consumers’ knowledge of clothing labels, more predominantly within SA. Manufacturers, clothing retailers and marketers within both contexts can also contribute to improve the lack of objective knowledge regarding all the information on clothing labels among respondents in Potchefstroom as well as Fayetteville respondents’ knowledge of “do not symbols”. This can be done by employing information provision techniques aimed to provide consumers with more information on how to read and interpret the written information and care symbols on clothing labels that may positively influence consumers in both contexts to use labels to a greater extent, also having a positive influence on their current lack of objective knowledge regarding some label aspects. / M Consumer Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Die onlangse sosio-politieke omstandighede in Suid-Afrika het marksegmentering vereenvoudig tot die verdeling van die mark in 'n wit mark aan die een kant wat gekenmerk is deur ekonomiese welvarendheid, en 'n swart mark aan die ander kant wat beskou is as 'n mark vir basiese, goedkoop produkte. Huidige veranderinge in die sarnelewing breek die kunsn.•..·:ge grense tussen wit en swart verbruikers af, en dwing bemarkers om ondersoek in te stel na die rnoontlikheid van rnulti-etniese verbruikersmarksegmentering. In die Jig hiervan is 'n ondersoekende studie gedoen wat poog om ooreenstemende veranderlikes te identifiseer wat ebruik kan word om 'n gekose, multi-etniese verbruikersmark, te beskryf. Die self-konsep, en die hulpbronne wat die self-konsep . onderhou, is die kern van hierdie ondersoek. Die self-konsep word verteenwoordig · deur die belewenis van eienskappe soos intelligensie, leierseienskappe, aanvaarding van en deur ander, vermoe om vriende te maak, aanvaarding van jou andersheid en vertroue in jou eie vermoens. Hulpbronne sluit opleiding, inkomste, gesondheid, selfvertroue, gretigheid om te koop, intelligensie en energievlak in. Gestruktureerde vraelyste is uitgestuur na die ouers van Yellawwoods School, 'n veelrassige verbruikersmark. Gemeenskaplikhede ten opsigte van die self-konsep is getoets en daar is bevind dat daar genoegsame ooreenkomste bestaan om 'n enkele verbruikersprofiel van die mark op te stel. / The recent socio-political climate in South Africa simplified market segmentation by forcing the market into two extremes. On the one hand there was a prosperous white market and on the other hand a black market at which basic, low cost products, were aimed. Current changes in society eliminate the artificial boundaries between black and white consumers and marketers are forced to look into the possibility of multi-ethnic market segmentation. Therefore, exploratory research was done to identify common variables, which can be used to describe a selected multi-ethnic market segment. The elf-concept of the consumer, and the resources that sustain it, is the focus of this study. Structured questionnaires were send to the parents of Yellaunvoods School, a multi­ ethnic market. Similarities related to the self concept were investigated and sufficient evidence was found to support the notion that one profile can be use to describe this market. / Communication Science / M.A. (Kommunikasiekunde)

No description available.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

No description available.

No description available.

The number of people aged 60 years and above is increasing in the UK. In total, this age group represents 22% of the population with estimates indicating a rise to 29% by 2050 (United Nations, 2009). One market sector that is extremely important to the health and wellbeing of older people is grocery retail (Khan, 1981). However, little previous research has addressed how older people rate the service delivered by their grocery provider, particularly in regard to satisfaction. To reconcile this gap in theoretical understanding, a sequential transformative mixed-method research design was specified using 36 qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires with 524 subjects. A model including both drivers and consequences of satisfaction was formulated using past research. As such, an antecedent scale for grocery store image was developed via procedures suggested in the extant literature (e.g. DeVellis, 2003). Pre-existing scales (i.e. commitment and loyalty) representing exemplary reliability and validity were borrowed and specified as consequences. The scales were modified and integrated into a ‘structural equation model’. Older people were found to place a high level of importance in aspects of merchandise, store environment, personnel and services. Price/promotions and clientele were found to be insignificant in driving satisfaction. Differences in factor mean scores and structural parameters were then analysed using ‘finite mixture structural equation modelling’ to identify segments of similar respondents (Jedidi et al, 1997). Using posterior probabilities, the emerging segments were subjected to profiling using personal and behavioural variables (Hahn et al, 2002). Market Segmentation showed three groups of similar respondents in the sample population, differing in factor mean scores and psychological operationalisation of satisfaction. Nonetheless, only several differences in personal and behavioural characteristics were found between the segments. Whilst, the results show that segmenting this group is necessary when measuring satisfaction, basing this purely on a priori descriptive variables might be erroneous given the inherent levels of unobserved heterogeneity. The model developed and tested in this study is considered the most up-to-date available in the literature.