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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Surface Modification of Model Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses with Densely Grafted Phosphorylcholine Polymers

Spadafora, Alysha January 2017 (has links)
When a biomaterial is inserted into the body, the interaction of the surface with the surrounding biological environment is crucial. Given the importance of the surface, the ability to alter the surface properties to support a compatible environment is therefore desirable. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses (CL) allow for improved oxygen permeability through the incorporation of siloxane functional groups. These groups however are extremely surface active and upon rotation, can impart hydrophobicity to the lens surface, decreasing lens wettability and increasing protein and lipid deposition. Lens biofouling may be problematic and therefore surface modification of these materials to increase compatibility is exceedingly recognized for importance in both industry and research. The current work focuses on the creation of a novel anti-fouling polymer surface by the incorporation of 2-methacryoyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), well known for its biomimetic and anti-fouling properties. A controlled polymerization method was used to generate a unique double-grafted architecture to explore the effect of increasing surface density of polyMPC chains on corresponding anti-fouling properties. The novel free polymer was synthesized by a 3-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). First, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) was polymerized by ATRP, where the hydroxyl (OH) groups of the polymer then underwent an esterification to create macroinitiating sites. From these sites, a second ATRP of poly(MPC) varying in length occurred, yielding the double-grafted polymer poly(2(2-bromoisobutyryloxy-ethyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (pBIBEM-g-pMPC). The polymer was designed for resistance to protein adsorption through a possible synergistic effect between the surface induced hydration layer by surrounding PC groups coupled with steric repulsion of the densely grafted chains. To test its potential as a surface modifier, the polymer was grafted from model silicone hydrogel CL through a 4-step surface initiated ATRP (SI-ATRP) in a similar manner to the free polymer. First, the ATRP initiator was immobilized from the HEMA OH groups of the unmodified CL, generating Intermedate-1. A polyHEMA brush was grafted from the initiating sites yielding pHEMA-50, followed by the generation of a second initiator layer (Intermediate- 2). A sequential ATRP of poly(MPC) then generated the target pMPC-50/pMPC-100 surfaces. For the free pBIBEM-g-pMPC polymer analysis, 1H-NMR and GPC determined polymers formed with a predictable MW and low polydispersity (PDI). For surface grafting, using a sacrificial initiator, 1H-NMR and GPC indicated that the pHEMA-50 and pMPC-50/pMPC-100 polymers were well-controlled, with a MW close to the theoretical and a low PDI. For surface chemical composition, ATR-FTIR showed the presence of the ATRP initiator (Intermediate-1 and 2) by the appearance of a C-Br peak and disappearance of the OH peak. XPS confirmed the chemical composition of the 4-step synthesis by a change in the fraction of expected surface elements. Both the surface wettability and EWC of the materials increased upon pMPC modification, further improving upon increasing pMPC chain length. The contact angle was as low as 16.04 ± 2.37º for pMPC-50 surfaces and complete wetting for pMPC-100. Finally, the single protein adsorption using lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA) showed significantly decreased protein levels for pMPC-50/100 lenses, as much as 83% (p 0.00036) for lysozyme and 73% (p 0.0076) for BSA, with no significant difference upon chain length variation. The aforementioned data demonstrates that the novel polymer has potential in providing an anti-fouling and extremely wettable surface, specifically regarding silicone hydrogel CL surfaces. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)
72

Correcting ocular spherical aberration with soft contact lenses.

Cox, Michael J., Dietze, Holger H. January 2004 (has links)
No / Following aberroscopy, aspheric front surface soft contact lenses (SCLs) were custom-made to correct spherical refractive error and ocular spherical aberration (SA) of 18 myopic and five hypermetropic subjects (age, 20.5 . 5 yr). On-eye residual aberrations, logMAR visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity were compared with the best-correcting spectacle lens, an equally powered standard SCL, and an SCL designed to be aberration free in air. Custom-made and spherical SCLs reduced SA ( p . 0.001; p . 0.05) but did not change total root-meansquare (rms) wave-front aberration (WFA). Aberration-free SCLs increased SA ( p . 0.05), coma ( p . 0.05), and total rms WFA. Visual acuity remained unchanged with any of the SCL types compared with the spectacle lens correction. Contrast sensitivity at 6 cycles/degree improved with the custom-made SCLs ( p . 0.05). Increased coma with aspheric lens designs and uncorrected astigmatism limit the small possible visual benefit from correcting ocular SA with SCLs.
73

Zavedení nového výrobku na trh / Introduction of new product to the market

Horáčková, Andrea January 2009 (has links)
This Master's Thesis deals with the introduction of the new type of contact lenses ACUVUE to the Czech market. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first is focused on theoretical analysis of the standard procedure for introducing of new products to the market which is possible to find in professional publications. The practical part analyses the introduction procedure of new ACUVUE contact lenses in Vision Care Division of Johnson & Johnson company. Final part of this thesis includes evaluation of the Vision Care marketing strategy and recommendations which can improve the introducing procedure for the future. The required outcome of this work is the evaluation of the analysis and set a few recommendation for improvement of the introduction process for the future.
74

Video based monitoring of torsional eye movements

Edelman, Elazer Reuven January 1979 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 177-181. / by Elazer Reuven Edelman. / M.S.
75

Optimisation des optiques bifocales destinées à la correction de la presbytie / Optimization of bifocal optics used to compensate for presbyopia

Rio, David 16 September 2016 (has links)
Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population, et donc d’augmentation du nombre de presbytes, l’amélioration des optiques destinées à la correction de ce défaut visuel est un enjeu crucial. Nous avons cherché à optimiser le design des optiques bifocales, qui ne présentent que deux puissances différentes: une pour la vision de loin et une pour la vision de près. Pour cela, nous avons simulé des images telles qu’elles seraient vues à travers nos designs, et les avons fait noter par des sujets. La première étude s’est penchée sur le ratio d’aire optimisant la vision au loin comme au près. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus pour un ratio de 40% de vision de près au centre, même si des valeurs de 20 à 50% étaient satisfaisantes. Cependant, ces optiques à deux zones concentriques ont un défaut : elles sont très sensibles au changement de diamètre pupillaire, qui est très fréquent. Un changement de taille de pupille entrainant une modification du ratio d’aires, la solution consiste à utiliser plusieurs zones concentriques alternant entre correction de loin et de près. La seconde étude s’est focalisée sur l’optimisation du nombre de zones concentriques dans ces optiques bifocales par la même méthode. Lorsque le nombre de zones est augmenté suffisamment, des interférences permettent d’augmenter également la qualité de vision intermédiaire, nos profils étant disposés comme des réseaux de Fresnel. Les profils à 5 zones permettent une bonne vision de loin et de près en redonnant une légère vision intermédiaire, et les profils à 8 zones donnent une qualité de vision similaire au loin, en intermédiaire et au près. Ces profils ont ensuite été évalués dans des conditions plus réalistes, en présence d’aberrations, de décentrement, de différents diamètres pupillaires par deux populations d’âge différent. L’âge des sujets n’influence pas leur évaluation des optiques. Les aberrations ont plus d’impact sur la qualité visuelle que le décentrement. Le diamètre pupillaire a une influence plus forte sur les profils possédant moins de zones. Enfin, nous avons comparé nos profils optimisés avec des lentilles de contact disponibles sur le marché. Du point de vue de la qualité visuelle comme de la profondeur de champ, nos profils étaient meilleurs que les lentilles du marché. Il serait donc intéressant d’en créer des prototypes pour effectuer des tests au porté. Les designs développés dans cette thèse pourraient servir à effectuer une personnalisation de la correction optique des presbytes. Différents designs pourraient être proposés pour chaque oeil, permettant de combiner deux profils par sujets. De nombreuses variations inter-individuelles, également observées dans les études précédentes, restent toujours imprévisibles. Elles pourraient être dues à des différences de sensibilité au contraste ou de tolérance au flou. Il serait donc intéressant de développer un test optométrique, consistant à faire évaluer des images floues par le sujet, de façon à prédire s’il s’agit d’un bon candidat au port de lentilles bifocales. / Giving the aging of the population, and therefore the augmentation of presbyopes, the improvement of optics used to compensate for this visual impairment are at stake. We optimized bifocal optics designs, which only have two powers: one dedicated to distance vision and one dedicated to near vision. For this, we simulated images as they would appear through our designed optics, and asked subjects to grade the quality of these simulated images. First study dealt with the ratio of area optimizing visual quality at distance and at near. The best results were obtained for a ratio of 40% of central near vision, even if values from 20 to 50% gave quite comparable satisfying results. However, these 2 zone optics have a drawback they are very sensitive to the change of pupil diameter, which happens very often. A change in pupil size leads to a change of ratio of areas, the solution consists in using several concentric zones alternating between distance and near correction. The second study was about the optimization of the number of concentric zones in these bifocal optics using the same method. When the number of zones is increased enough, interferences allow to improve intermediate visual quality, as our profiles are built as Fresnel networks. Five zone profiles give a good distance and near vision with a little intermediate vision, and 8 zone profiles give an acceptable quality of vision from far to near. These profiles were evaluated in more realistic conditions, in presence of aberrations, decentration and different pupil diameters by two populations with different age. The age of subjects did not influence their evaluation of the optics. Aberrations had more impact on visual quality than decentration. Pupil diameter had a stronger influence on the optics with less number of zones. Eventually, we compared our optimized profiles with actual contact lenses available on the market. When looking at visual quality and depth-of-focus, our profiles were better than the ones available on the market. Therefore, it would be interesting to make prototypes to try them on real subjects. The designs developed in this work could be used to personalize presbyopes optical compensation. Different designs could be tried on each eye, allowing to combine two profiles per subject. A lot of inter-individual variations, also observed in previous studies, remain unpredictable. They could be linked to differences in contrast sensitivity or tolerance to blur. It would be interesting to create a visual test consisting in evaluating blurred images, in order to predict of a subject is a good candidate to fit with bifocal optics.
76

Collection, Quantification, and Analysis of Meibum and Tear Lipids

Pucker, Andrew David 21 July 2011 (has links)
No description available.
77

Développement d’une lentille cornéenne médicamentée

Latreille, Pierre-Luc 08 1900 (has links)
L’utilisation de lentilles cornéennes peut servir à améliorer le profil d’administration d’un principe actif dans les yeux. Avec une efficacité d’administration de 5% par l’utilisation de gouttes, on comprend rapidement que l’administration oculaire doit être améliorée. Cette faible administration a donné naissance à plusieurs tentatives visant à fabriquer des lentilles cornéennes médicamentées. Cependant, à cause de multiples raisons, aucune de ces tentatives n’a actuellement été mise sur le marché. Nous proposons dans cette étude, une possible amélioration des systèmes établis par le développement d’une lentille cornéenne à base de 2-(hydroxyéthyle)méthacrylate (HEMA), dans laquelle des microgels, à base de poly N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM) thermosensible encapsulant un principe actif, seront incorporé. Nous avons donc débuté par développer une méthode analytique sensible par HPCL-MS/MS capable de quantifier plusieurs molécules à la fois. La méthode résultante a été validée selon les différents critères de la FDA et l’ICH en démontrant des limites de quantifications et de détections suffisamment basses, autant dans des fluides simulés que dans les tissus d’yeux de lapins. La méthode a été validée pour sept médicaments ophtalmiques : Pilocarpine, lidocaïne, proparacaïne, atropine, acétonide de triamcinolone, timolol et prednisolone. Nous avons ensuite fait la synthèse des microgels chargés négativement à base de NIPAM et d’acide méthacrylique (MAA). Nous avons encapsulé une molécule modèle dans des particules ayant une taille entre 200 et 600 nm dépendant de la composition ainsi qu’un potentiel zêta variant en fonction de la température. L’encapsulation de la rhodamine 6G (R6G) dans les microgels a été possible jusqu’à un chargement (DL%) de 38%. L’utilisation des isothermes de Langmuir a permis de montrer que l’encapsulation était principalement le résultat d’interactions électrostatiques entre les MAA et la R6G. Des cinétiques de libérations ont été effectuées à partir d’hydrogels d’acrylamide chargés en microgels encapsulant la R6G. Il a été trouvé que la libération des hydrogels chargés en microgels s’effectuait majoritairement selon l’affinité au microgel et sur une période d’environ 4-24 heures. La libération à partir de ces systèmes a été comparée à des formules d’hydrogels contenant des liposomes ou des nanogels de chitosan. Ces trois derniers (liposomes, microgels et nanogels) ont présenté des résultats prometteurs pour différentes applications avec différents profils de libérations. Enfin, nous avons transposé le modèle développé avec les gels d’acrylamide pour fabriquer des lentilles de contact de 260 à 340 µm d’épaisseur à base de pHEMA contenant les microgels avec une molécule encapsulée devant être administrée dans les yeux. Nous avons modifié la composition de l’hydrogel en incorporant un polymère linéaire, la polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). L’obtention d’hydrogels partiellement interpénétrés améliore la rétention d’eau dans les lentilles cornéennes. L’encapsulation dans les microgels chargés négativement a donné de meilleurs rendements avec la lidocaïne et cette dernière a été libérée de la lentille de pHEMA en totalité en approximativement 2 heures qu’elle soit ou non encapsulée dans des microgels. Ainsi dans cette étude pilote, l’impact des microgels n’a pas pu être déterminé et, de ce fait, nécessitera des études approfondies sur la structure et les propriétés de la lentille qui a été développée. En utilisant des modèles de libération plus représentatifs de la physiologie de l’œil, nous pourrions conclure avec plus de certitude concernant l’efficacité d’un tel système d’administration et s’il est possible de l’optimiser. / The development of corneal contact lenses initially aimed to correct vision troubles but more recently targets to improve administration of ophthalmic drugs. Eye drops from ophthalmic solutions has a poor administration efficiency of 5% or less and is currently the most used method to deliver drugs to the eye. Such administration technique needs to be improved and contact lenses could be the solution according to many opticians. However, no marketed therapeutic contact lenses has been marketed up to date. In this project we have developed a model of a contact lens made of 2-(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate embedding microgels of poly N-isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAM), encapsulating a model drug. We first developed an analytical method capable to quantify simultaneously seven ophthalmic drugs: Pilocarpine, lidocaine, proparacaine, atropine, triamcinolone acetonide, timolol and prednisolone. This method was developed on a HPLC-MS/MS device and was validated according to FDA and ICH criteria. Using this method, we achieved very low detection and quantitation limits with high precision and accuracy in both simulated lachrymal fluids and in rabbit ocular tissues. Each seven drugs was validated using this method. We proceeded with the synthesis of negatively charged microgels of NIPAM using methacrylic acid (MAA) as comonomer. Resulting size were ranging between 200-600 nm and zeta potential was found to increase (absolute value) with temperature. The microgels were used to encapsulate a model molecule, rhodamine 6G (R6G), in different medium and were loaded in the microgel up to 38% (drug loading, DL%). Using Langmuir isotherms to measure affinity and adsorption of R6G, it was found well correlated to MAA content in microgels, suggesting electrostatic interaction was the main parameter for drug loading. Release kinetics was performed using a model hydrogel of acrylamide embedding the R6G-loaded microgels. The measured release was found to follow an affinity-based mechanism for over 4-24 hours. The release kinetics were then compared to a formulation of liposomes and nanogels of chitosan embedded in hydrogel. All formulations exhibited interesting release profiles making them promising systems for different therapeutic applications. Finally, we changed the acrylamide gels for pHEMA designed to reproduce contact lenses containing drug-loaded microgels. The hydrogel composition, in terms of monomer / cross-linker ratio, was first optimized to fit contact lenses properties of 260-340 µm thick contact lenses. We also made use of semi-interpenetrated polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP) in the pHEMA hydrogel matrix to increase its water content. The highest DL% of negatively charged microgels were obtained using lidocaine and were used for release studies, where the total content of lidocaine was released in approximately 2 hours with and without microgels. In the end, this was a pilot study aiming to evaluate the potential of microgel usability in contact lenses. However, the impact of microgels on release was not fully conclusive. Additional studies should be undertaken to achieve a better comprehension and characterization of the release mechanism such as using more eye relevant physiological models. Such studies would provide further insights on the use of such materials for eye drug delivery and its applicability.
78

Acanthamoeba: hrozba pro lidské oko / Acanthamoeba: A Threat to the Human Eye

Veselá, Kateřina January 2020 (has links)
This thesis examines unicellular microorganism of the genus Acanthamoeba, as well as the disease it causes - acanthamoeba keratitis. It is an eye disease, which occurs mainly in people using contact lenses. Since acanthamoeba attacks visual apparatus, several parts of the thesis are dedicated to the anatomy of said apparatus, especially to the eye ball. The symptoms, diagnostics, treatment as well as prevention of the disease are included as well. The thesis furthemore mentions individual types of contact lenses, their proper hygiene and care and most of all, the danger, that comes with improper handling - acanthamoeba keratitis. A survey, that took place among elementary school and high school students, found out, that almost none of the elementary school students wear contact lenses, whereas contact lenses are worn by approximately 15% of students at high school. Among other issues, the survey concludes, that only a small part of elementary school students prefers contact lenses to glasses, though glasses are needed by a vast majority of them. At high school level, wearing contact lenses becomes more common, for aesthetics or other reasons. Ophtalmologist is regularly visited by 35 % of interviewed students. An analysis of six different natural science and biology textbooks for the 8th grade of...
79

Effets de la variation de la zone optique de lentilles cornéennes multifocales à addition élevée sur le flash global mfERG

Boily, Laurence 12 1900 (has links)
La myopie est désormais considérée un problème de santé publique par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé et de multiples méthodes ont été mises en place afin de contrôler sa progression chez les jeunes en croissance. Parmi celles-ci, les lentilles cornéennes multifocales sont utilisées, permettant une focalisation au niveau de la rétine centrale et un défocus myopique en périphérie. Ce défocus rétinien aurait comme effet de diminuer la progression de la myopie et l’élongation du globe oculaire. Comme plusieurs études ont montré que la rétine est apte à percevoir le défocus et à différencier son sens, l’utilisation d’outils tels que l’électrorétinographie permet d’étudier ce phénomène plus en profondeur. Cette étude vise donc à mesurer la réponse rétinienne, à 5 différentes excentricités, avec l’électrorétinographie lorsqu’on soumet la rétine à un défocus myopique en utilisant des lentilles cornéennes multifocales à addition élevée et à comparer cet effet lorsque le diamètre de leurs zones optiques varie. Le flash global mfERG a été effectué sur 27 participants à trois reprises, soit avec une lentille cornéenne ne causant pas de défocus et avec deux lentilles multifocales ayant des zones optiques de différents diamètres (4mm et 7mm), permettant ainsi de varier l’aire du défocus. Les résultats montrent que l’amplitude de l’onde directe, causée principalement par les photorécepteurs et les cellules bipolaires, n’est pas influencée par le design des lentilles. L’amplitude de l’onde induite est toutefois diminuée de façon significative avec la LC ayant une zone optique plus petite et causant un défocus sur une plus grande surface rétinienne. Cette différence est présente au niveau de l’anneau 5, qui correspond à une excentricité rétinienne de 15,7o à 24,0o. Ceci précise l’endroit qui semblerait le plus sensible au défocus myopique. Ces données peuvent influencer le design des lentilles souples multifocales utilisées pour le contrôle de la myopie. / Myopia is now considered a public health issue by the World Health Organization and multiple methods have been developed to control its progression. Among these methods, soft multifocal contact lenses are used, which allow a focused image on the central retina and a myopic defocus peripherally. This retinal defocus impacts the progression of myopia and axial length. Since several studies have shown that the retina is sensitive to the type of defocus, the use of tools such as electroretinography allow the study of the retinal response in greater depth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the retinal response, at 5 different eccentricities, with electroretinography when the retina is subjected to myopic defocus using different high addition soft multifocal contact lenses and to compare this effect when the diameter of their optical zones varies. 27 participants performed a global flash mfERG three times, either with a single vision contact lens or with two multifocal lenses carrying different optical zone diameters (4mm and 7mm), allowing for the variation in defocus area. The results show that the amplitude of the direct wave, caused mainly by photoreceptors and bipolar cells, is not influenced by the design of the lenses. The amplitude of the induced wave, however, is significantly decreased when the optical zone is smaller and the lenses cause a defocus over a larger retinal area. This difference is present at ring 5, which corresponds to a retinal eccentricity of 15.7o to 24.0o. This specifies the location that would appear to be most sensitive to myopic defocus. This data may influence the design of multifocal soft lenses used for myopia control.
80

Bimodal Amphiphilic Polymer Conetworks: Structure-Property Characterization, Processing and Applications

Guzman Cardozo, Gustavo A., Guzman January 2016 (has links)
No description available.

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