Amending old projects of legacy code to include agile practices such as extensive unit testing and refactoring has proven difficult. Since automated unit testing was not widely used a decade ago, much code has been written without unit testing in mind. This is especially true for C++ where RAII has been the dominant pattern .This has resulted in a lot of code that suffers from what best can be described as low testability. This also strongly impedes the creation of new unit tests to already existing code. Due to the lack of unit tests, refactoring is done sparsely and with great reluctance. This thesis work tries to remedy that and, in the scope of a limited case study on an existing code base, looks into different ways of creating and utilizing object seams in legacy C++ code to decouple dependencies to make isolated testing possible. This regards to: What are the impediments for code to be testable in an isolated setting? What are the steps for refactoring code to a testable state? The results can be summarized as to contain a list of factors affecting testability, among them: the use of asserts, global state, object instantiation, work in constructor and breaking Law of Demeter. Further with regards to patterns for refactoring code to a testable state, two types of patterns have crystallized: the injection of dependencies and the masking of dependencies using various techniques. The effect these two base patterns have on breaking dependencies on the base level and the Meta level is outlined. A catalogue of patterns has been compiled as part of the appendix.   Inversion of Control (IoC) is a principle used to decoupling classes and since strong dependences is often an attribute giving grievances with regard to testability, it was a central concern in this thesis. IoC can be simplified from a developer standpoint with the help of frameworks or what is usually referred to as IoC containers. Two IoC containers for C++ were evaluated: Autumn Framework PocoCapsule In the evaluation of the two IoC containers it was concluded that Autumn was not mature enough as of the time of the evaluation to be used in production setting. PocoCapsule, even though compelling for some of its powerful features with regard to DSM and HOT, its configuration sometimes require in-code workarounds, affecting its usability in some set of scenarios. However, the big difference was with regard to how the two containers approaches configuration. PocoCapsule uses static analysis of its XML configuration file making it truly declarative while Autumn does runtime parsing and dynamic invocations resulting in a situation closer to procedural scripting.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study were to evaluate the productivity of mini-stumps, the rooting capability of mini-cuttings, and the plantlet quality of holly clones. For rooting, shoots were collected from mini-stumps of four holly clones (10SM07, 06SM17, 06SM15 and 06SM12) in four times during the year. The survival percentage of mini-stumps and the number of mini-cuttings per mini-stump were evaluated. Produced shoots were cut in single-budded mini-cuttings with one leaf reduced to 50% of its original area, which were treated or not with 2000 mg L-1 of indolbutyric acid (IBA). At 30 and 60 days in humid chamber, the percentages of survival, rooting and callus formation in mini-cuttings, and the number and length of roots were evaluated. To determine the optimal time for mini-cuttings rooting, shoots were collected and cut into single-budded ones, which were treated or not with 2000 mg L-1 of IBA and evaluated as to the percentage of rooting, number and length of roots at seven-day intervals from 30 to 107 days of cultivation. To evaluate the quality of the plantlets, mini-cuttings were collected four times during the year and cultivated for 60 days in a humid chamber. Rooted mini-cuttings were transferred to rigid polyethylene tubes of 100 cm³ and polyethylene bags of 500, 1500 and 3000 cm3. At 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of cultivation in green house, the plantlets were evaluated for the percentage of survival, shoot height, stem diameter, ratio of shoot height / stem diameter and number of leaves. At 120 days of cultivation, plantlets were also evaluated for the Dickson quality index, shoot and root dry mass ratio, largest total length, surface area, total volume and number of root tips. The mini-stumps of the four holly clones had high survival, constant production of mini-cuttings by mini-stump of clones 06SM17, 06SM12 and 06SM15 during the four collection times. IBA treatment is not required for rooting mini-cuttings. Rooting of mini-cuttings varied among clones and collection times of the year. The best rooting percentage was gotten at fall and winter for all clones. The clone 06SM15 had the highest rhizogenesis capability in all collection times. The intercept between the daily current increment and the daily medium increment can be used to determine the optimal time for mini-cuttings rooting in humid chamber, which ranged from 58 to 100 days of cultivation, depending on the clone. The best shoot and root dry mass ratio, the largest total length, surface area, and total volume of roots, and Dickson quality index were observed in plantlets produced in July, without differing from those produced in October and January. The polyethylene bags, regardless of the volume (500, 1500 and 3000 cm³), allowed the production of holly plantlets with satisfactory morpho-physiological quality, for both shoot and root system. Holly plantlets can be produced by minicuttings from July to January and grown in polythene bags of 500 cm3. / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a produtividade de minicepas, o enraizamento de miniestacas e a qualidade das mudas de clones de erva-mate. Para o enraizamento, brotos foram coletados de minicepas de quatro clones (10SM07, 06SM17, 06SM15 e 06SM12) em quatro épocas do ano. Em cada coleta foi avaliada a porcentagem de sobrevivência das minicepas e o número de miniestacas produzidas. Os brotos foram seccionados em miniestacas de gema única com uma folha reduzida em 50% da área original, as quais foram ou não tratadas com 2000 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Aos 30 e 60 dias foram avaliados as porcentagens de sobrevivência, enraizamento e calogênese, o número e comprimento das raízes das miniestacas. Para determinar o tempo ótimo de permanência das miniestacas em câmara úmida, brotos foram coletados e seccionados em miniestacas de gema única, as quais foram ou não tratadas com 2000 mg L-1 de AIB e avaliadas quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento e o número e o comprimento das raízes, em intervalo de sete dias dos 30 aos 107 dias de cultivo. Para avaliar a qualidade das mudas produzidas, miniestacas coletadas em cada época do ano, após serem cultivadas por 60 dias em câmara úmida para o enraizamento, foram transferidas para tubetes de polietileno rígido de 100 cm³ e sacos de polietileno de 500, 1500 e 3000 cm3. As avaliações ocorreram aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de cultivo em casa de vegetação, avaliando-se a porcentagem de sobrevivência, a altura da parte aérea, o diâmetro de colo, a relação altura da parte aérea e diâmetro de colo e o número de folhas. Também, aos 120 dias de cultivo, foi realizada a avaliação do índice de qualidade de Dickson, relação entre a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, comprimento total, área superficial, volume total e número de extremidades das raízes das mudas de erva-mate produzidas por miniestaquia. As minicepas dos quatro clones de erva-mate apresentaram alta sobrevivência, além de produção constante de miniestacas por minicepa dos clones 06SM17, 06SM12 e 06SM15 durante as quatro épocas do ano. O tratamento com AIB não é necessário para o enraizamento de miniestacas de erva-mate. O enraizamento das miniestacas variou conforme o clone e a sazonalidade. As melhores porcentagens de enraizamento foram verificadas nas épocas do outono e inverno para os quatro clones avaliados. O clone 06SM15 apresentou alta capacidade rizogênica nas quatro épocas do ano. O ponto de intercepto entre as curvas de incremento corrente diário e incremento médio diário pode ser utilizado para determinar o tempo ótimo de permanência das miniestacas de erva-mate em câmara úmida, o qual variou de 58 a 100 dias, conforme o clone. A melhor relação massa seca da parte aérea e raízes, bem como o maior comprimento total, área superficial, volume total das raízes e índice de qualidade de Dickson foram observadas em mudas de miniestacas coletadas em julho, sem diferir estatisticamente das mudas produzidas em outubro e janeiro. Os sacos de polietileno, independentemente do volume (500, 1500 e 3000 cm³), permitiram a produção de mudas de erva-mate com qualidade morfo-fisiologica satisfatória, tanto da parte aérea quanto do sistema radicular. Mudas de erva-mate podem ser produzidas por miniestaquia durante, pelo menos, os meses de julho a janeiro e cultivadas em sacos de polietileno de 500 cm3.

De nos jours, le transport maritime, en pleine évolution, joue un rôle très important dans le monde économique. Face à ce contexte, les différents maillons des chaînes logistiques portuaires sont tenus à améliorer continuellement leur performance pour rester compétitifs. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche, appelée ECOGRAISIM, pour l'évaluation de la performance d'une chaîne logistique portuaire. Elle combine la méthode ECOGRAI et la simulation afin de déterminer et de mesurer les indicateurs de performance. L’originalité dans ce travail est que l’approche ECOGRAISIM offre une étape supplémentaire qui consiste à montrer efficacement comment peut-on agir sur le système à évaluer. Dans notre démarche ECOGRASIM, nous nous intéressons à la phase concernant les variables d'action et nous proposons une nouvelle étape pour réaliser le pilotage par la performance. Nos travaux de recherche concernent tout particulièrement le terminal multimodal du port du Havre. Nous nous focalisons sur les processus de manutention et de transfert massifié des conteneurs par navettes ferroviaires. Le but est d’obtenir un mode d’exploitation performant du terminal multimodal en comparant les différents scénarios de transfert des conteneurs par rapport à la minimisation des retards, des coûts et des émissions de CO2. / Nowadays, maritime transport, in full evolution, plays a very important role in the economic world. Against this background, the different seaport supply chains entities must improve continuously their performance to remain competitive. In this thesis, we propose an approach called ECOGRAISIM for evaluating the performance of seaport supply chain. It combines ECOGRAI method and simulation to identify and to measure performance indicators. The originality of the ECOGRAISIM approach is to provide an additional step to show how to act on the system to be evaluated. In this approach, we focus on action variables and we propose a new step to achieve the performance control. Our research works concern the multimodal terminal of Le Havre seaport. We focus on the processes of handling and massified transfer of containers by rail shuttles. The goal is to obtain an efficient operating process for the multimodal terminal by comparing different scenarios of containers transfer according to the minimization of delays, costs and CO2 emissions.

Assessment of odor thresholds is a widely recognized method of measuring olfactory abilities in humans. To date no attempts have been made to assess whether chemical complexity of odors used can produce more reliable results. To this end, we performed two studies of repeated measures design with 121 healthy volunteers (age 19–62 years). In Study 1, we compared thresholds obtained from tests based on one odor presented in a pen-like odor dispensing device with three odors and six odors mixtures presented in glass containers. In study 2 we compared stimuli of one and three odors, both presented in glass containers. In both studies measurements were performed twice, separated by at least three days. Results indicate that the multiple odor mixtures produced more reliable threshold scores, as compared to thresholds based on a single substance.

This diploma thesis deals with the transport packages in Škoda Auto a.s.The aim of the thesis is to show the importance and problematic aspects of planning packages in the proces of logistics planning in the automotive industry. In the first part of the thesis are described the automotive industry as a whole, the packaging industry, its history, current trends, package types and functions, materials for their production and life cycle of the package. In the second part are introduced firm Skoda Auto, a.s.including its history, current information on the financial condition and produced quantity. There are described the types of transport containers and the process of their planning.On the example of the project CKD GAZ - Yeti is explained the development process of transport containers and then general management ot packages in circulation.

El puerto del Callao es uno de los nodos marítimos más importantes de la región. Con una ubicación geográfica estratégica, los volúmenes de carga movilizados en los últimos 15 años han mantenido un crecimiento sostenido, el cual no sería posible sin el desarrollo de los actores circundantes a las actividades logísticas del puerto. Si bien el servicio portuario es ofrecido a exportadores e importadores, son también las líneas navieras las acreedoras de los espacios para cargar y descargar sus naves; sin embargo, el puerto no es la única entidad a cargo de brindarle los servicios necesarios a las navieras para que estas sigan operando. En el presente estudio se analizará la percepción del servicio y la optimización de operaciones de despacho de contenedores vacíos por parte de los depósitos del Callao a las líneas navieras en el 2020. En el primer capítulo, conoceremos los antecedentes de esta investigación: estudios previos sobre las operaciones de ciertos depósitos y teoría relacionada a los servicios y procesos de los mismos. Respecto a los estudios previos, se podrá visualizar que la gran mayoría de estos son cuantitativos (54%). En el segundo capítulo, se plantearán los problemas e hipótesis del tema, así como sus justificaciones. En el tercer capítulo, se detallará la metodología del trabajo. En este capítulo se da a conocer que la presente investigación tendrá un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance correlacional y un diseño no experimental transversal. En el cuarto capítulo, se detallará el perfil de las personas a las cuales se les aplicó el instrumento. Estas personas trabajan en líneas navieras, con énfasis las áreas que mantienen relación y comunicación constantemente con los depósitos de contenedores vacíos. Además, en este capítulo de detallará el tratamiento estadístico llevado a cabo. En el quinto capítulo, se analizarán los resultados obtenidos para validar las hipótesis planteadas, para finalmente, en el sexto capítulo, brindar conclusiones y recomendaciones al respecto. / The port of Callao is one of the most important maritime nodes in the region. With a strategic geographical location, the volumes of cargo mobilized in the last 15 years have maintained a sustained growth, which would not be possible without the development of the actors surrounding the port's logistics activities. Although the port service is offered to exporters and importers, shipping lines are also the creditors of the spaces to load and unload their ships; However, the port is not the only entity in charge of providing the necessary services to shipping companies so that they continue to operate. This study will analyze the perception of the service and the optimization of empty container dispatch operations by Callao warehouses to shipping lines in 2020. In the first chapter, we will know the background of this research: previous studies on the operations of certain deposits and theory related to their services and processes. Regarding previous studies, it can be seen that the vast majority of these are quantitative (54%). In the second chapter, the problems and hypotheses of the subject, as well as their justifications, will be raised. In the third chapter, the work methodology will be detailed. In this chapter it is disclosed that this research will have a quantitative approach with correlational scope and a non-experimental cross-sectional design. In the fourth chapter, the profile of the people to whom the instrument was applied will be detailed. These people work on shipping lines, with emphasis on the areas that maintain constant relationship and communication with the empty container depots. In addition, this chapter will detail the statistical treatment carried out. In the fifth chapter, the results obtained will be analyzed to validate the hypotheses raised, and finally, in the sixth chapter, provide conclusions and recommendations in this regard. / Tesis

Separated waste collection is one step in the recycling process. For this purpose, containers for recycling are used. This thesis investigates the new concept of containers design towards creating an original and compact solution for cities. The final solution is a set of containers where the key idea is based on the principle of building blocks. Another innovative feature of the design solution is the possibility to choose opening configurations. It provides variability along with adapting to surrounding area. The result is a design concept hat has effectively fulfilled functional, technological, ergonomic and aesthetic needs.

Temperature controllable containers are used frequently in order to transport pharmaceutical cargo all around the world. One of the leading manufacturing companies of these containers has a method for detecting containers with a faulty cooling system before making a shipment. However, the problem with this method is that the model tends to miss-classify containers. Hence, this thesis aims to investigate if machine learning usage would make classification of containers more accurate. Nonetheless, there is a problem, the data set is extremely imbalanced. If machine learning can be used to improve container manufacturing companies fault detection systems, it would imply less damaged and delayed pharmaceutical cargo which could be vital. Various combinations of machine learning classifiers and techniques for handling the imbalance were tested in order to find the most optimal one. The Random Forest classifier when using oversampling was the best performing combination which performed about equally as good as the company’s current method, with a recall score of 92% and a precision score of 34%. Earlier there were no known papers on machine learning for classification of temperature controllable containers. However, now other manufacturing companies could favourably use the concepts and methods presented in this thesis in order to enhance the effectiveness of their fault detection systems and consequently improve the overall shipping efficiency of pharmaceutical cargo. / Temperatur reglerbara containrar används frekvent inom medicinsk transport runt om i hela världen. Ett ledande företag som är tillverkare av dessa containrar använder sig av en metod för att upptäcka containrar med ett felaktigt kylsystem redan innan de hunnit ut på en transport. Denna metod är fungerande men inte perfekt då den tenderar att felaktigt klassificera containrar. Detta examensarbete är en utredande avhandling för att ta reda på om maskininlärning kan användas för att förbättra klassificeringen av containrar. Det finns dock ett problem, data setet är extremt obalanserat. Om maskininlärning kan användas för att förbättra felsökningssystemen hos tillverkare av temperatur reglerbara containrar skulle det innebära mindre förstörda samt mindre försenade medicinska transporter vilket kan vara livsavgörande. Ett urval av kombinationer mellan maskininlärnings modeller och tekniker för att hantera obalanserad data testade för att avgöra vilken som är optimal. Klassificeraren Random Forest ihop med över-sampling resulterade i best prestanda, ungefär lika bra som företagets nuvarande metod. Tidigare har det inte funnits några kända rapporter om användning av maskininlärning för att klassificera temperaturer reglerbara containrar. Nu kan dock andra tillverkare av containrar använda sig av koncept och metoder som presenterades i avhandlingen för att optimera deras felsökningssystem och således förbättra den allmänna effektiviteten inom medicinsk transport.

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Learning Management Systems (LMSs) are widely used in higher education to improve the learning, teaching, and administrative tasks for both students and instructors. Such systems enrich the educational experience by integrating a wide range of services, such as on-demand course material and training, thus empowering students to achieve their learning outcomes at their own pace. Courses in various sub-fields of Computer Science that seek to provide rich electronic learning (e-learning) experience depend on exercise material being offered in the forms of quizzes, programming exercises, laboratories, simulations, etc. Providing hands on experience in courses such as Internetworking could be facilitated by providing laboratory exercises based on virtual machine environments where the student studies the performance of different internet protocols under different conditions (such as different throughput bounds, error rates, and patterns of changes in these conditions). Unfortunately, the integration of such exercises and their tailored virtual environments is not yet very popular in LMSs. This thesis project investigates the generation of on-demand virtual exercise environments using cloud infrastructures and integration with an LMS to provide a rich e-learning in an Internetworking course. The software deliverable of this project enables instructors to dynamically instantiate virtual laboratories without incurring the overhead of running and maintaining their own physical infrastructure. This sets the foundations for a virtual classroom that can scale in response to higher system utilization during specific periods of the academic calendar. / Lärplattformar (eng. Learning Management Systems (LMS)) används i stor utsträckning för högre utbildning för att förbättra lärande, undervisning och administrativa uppgifter för både studenter och instruktörer. Sådana system berikar den pedagogiska erfarenheten genom att integrera ett brett utbud av tjänster, såsom on-demand kursmaterial och träning, vilket ger studenterna möjlighet att uppnå sina lärandemål i egen takt. Kurser inom olika delområden av datavetenskap som syftar till att ge en bred erfarenhet av elektroniskt lärande (e-learning) har träningsmaterial i form av frågesporter, programmeringsövningar, laboratorier, simuleringar etc. Praktiskt erfarenhet i kurser som Internetworking kan underlättas genom att tillhandahålla laboratorieövningar baserade på virtuella maskinmiljöer där studenten studerar prestanda för olika internetprotokoll under olika förhållanden (t.ex. olika gränsvärden, felfrekvenser och förändringsmönster under dessa förhållanden). Tyvärr är integrationen av sådana övningar och deras skräddarsydda virtuella miljöer ännu inte populär i LMSs. Detta examensarbete undersöker generering av virtuella träningsmiljöer på begäran med hjälp av molninfrastruktur och integration med en LMS för att ge ett rikt e-lärande i en Internetworking-kurs. Programvaran som levereras av detta projekt gör det möjligt för instruktörer att dynamiskt instansera virtuella laboratorier utan att behöva hantera sin egen fysiska infrastruktur. Detta sätter grunden för ett virtuellt klassrum som kan skala med högre systemutnyttjande under specifika perioder av den akademiska kalendern.