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Role of plant growth promoting bacteria and a leguminous plant in metal sequestration from metal contaminated environments by Brassica junceaAdediran, Gbotemi Abraham January 2015 (has links)
The worldwide occurrence of sites contaminated with toxic metals and the associated high costs of remediating them using chemical and mechanical methods have led to calls to develop inexpensive and sustainable approaches based on the use of plants that naturally accumulate large amounts of metals in their tissues. The ability of plants to remediate metals has been rigorously studied and some species have been identified as excellent phytoremediators. However, the growth of phytoremediators is often retarded under high soil metal concentrations, rendering them ineffective. Meanwhile, some plants do not have remediating abilities but are capable of growing in contaminated environments with little or no sign of stress. Despite the volume of research dedicated to the screening and evaluation of phytoremediators, major questions remain about why some plants survive but do not remediate while the growth of phytoremediators is mostly hindered. The growth and metal-remediating efficiency of plants exposed to toxic concentrations of metals can be enhanced by inoculating phytoremediating plants with certain bacteria but the mechanisms behind this process remain unclear. Furthermore, the use of leguminous plants to improve the growth of a target plant under a mixed planting system has long been recognised as an effective yield-enhancing cropping system. However, the possibility of a non-remediating but tolerant leguminous plant conferring metal tolerance to a phytoremediator has not been explored. This thesis reports results from repeated glasshouse and lab-based growth experiments on the phytoremediating plant Brassica juncea exposed to 400 – 600 mg Zn kg-1. The aim was to investigate the abilities of two plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) species Pseudomonas brassicacearum and Rhizobium leguminosarum, and a leguminous plant Vicia sativa to promote B. juncea growth and enhance remediation of Zn-contaminated soil. B. juncea plant roots were analysed using synchrotron based micro-focus X-ray Fluorescence (μXRF) imaging and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (μXANES) analysis to probe Zn speciation. P. brassicacearum exhibited the poorest plant growth promoting ability, while R. leguminosarum alone and in combination with P. brassicacearum significantly enhanced B. juncea growth and Zn bioaccumulation. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) analysis showed that reduced plant growth was due to root accumulation of Zn as Zn sulphate, Zn oxalate and Zn polygalacturonic acids. The better growth and increased metal accumulation observed in plants inoculated with R. leguminosarum and its combination with P. brassicacearum was attributed to root storage of Zn in the chelated forms of Zn phytate and Zn cysteine. A subcellular analysis of plant root also showed that the PGPB enhanced tolerance to Zn contamination by enhancing epidermal Zn compartmentalisation depending on the nature of root colonization, and induced changes in Zn speciation to less toxic Zn species in the epidermis and endodermis of plant root. The thesis therefore identifies enhanced Zn compartmentalization at the root epidermis and bacterial mediated changes in Zn toxicity through changes in Zn speciation as key complimentary mechanisms of plant growth promotion and enhanced Zn accumulation in plants by PGPB. Further experiments investigating alternative phytoremediation strategies showed that the use of the leguminous plant V. sativa in a mixed planting system with B. juncea plants completely out performed the effects of bacteria in promoting the growth and remediation potential of B. juncea under Zn contamination. By combining PGPB with mixed planting, B. juncea recovered full growth while also achieving maximum phytoremediation efficiency. The novel legume assistedmicrobial phytoremediation method that is reported in this thesis is the first to demonstrate complete plant growth recovery in plants exposed to 400 – 450 mg kg-1 soil Zn contamination for 5 weeks. Survival of V. sativa was attributed to its root storage of Zn in the chelated forms of Zn histidine and cysteine whereas in the roots of stunted B. juncea plants the majority of Zn was present as Zn oxalate and toxic Zn sulphate. Although the use of natural and synthetic chelates has been reported to enhance phytoremediation, this thesis recommends a legume-assisted-microbialphytoremediation system as a more sustainable method for Zn bioremediation.
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Indicadores microbiológicos e físico-químico no reprocessamento de endoscópios e as interfaces de monitoramento - Brasil/Austrália / Microbial and physical-chemical indicators on endoscope reprocessing and monitoring interface - Brazil/AustraliaSantos, Lissandra Chaves de Sousa 28 July 2017 (has links)
As dificuldades do reprocessamento dos endoscópicos gastrointestinais, o risco de contaminação e os casos de infecções representam desafios amplamente conhecidos na comunidade cientifica. Neste sentido, investigou-se o reprocessamento de endoscópios gastrointestinais subsidiado nos níveis de sujidade, contaminação microbiana e presença de biofilme. Trata-se de um experimento laboratorial realizado em três fases por meio da bioluminescência com adenosina trifosfato (ATP) para avaliação do nível de sujidade; polimerase chain reaction (PCR) para carga bacteriana e cultura microbiana para determinação do nível de contaminação. Ainda, avaliou-se as superfícies internas de canais de endoscópios por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) quanto à presença de biofilme. A análise estatística dos dados foi subsidiada em medidas de tendência central, testes de Man-Whitney, Wilcoxon e Spearman, p<0,05, por meio do software IBM SPSS Statistics versão 23.0. A avaliação de 99 endoscópios antes e após limpeza manual demonstrou a eficácia do processo na redução de sujidade (p<0,001) e contaminação microbiana (p=0,03), inclusive com baixo percentual da amostra com micro-organismos viáveis. Dos 75 endoscópios avaliados após o reprocessamento evidenciou-se uma redução do nível de sujidade (todos com <50URL, interna e externamente); entretanto a presença de carga bacteriana foi de 3log de bactéria/mL e 10,6% de positividade das culturas. Os micro-organismos isolados dos lavados de endoscópios após o reprocessamento foram Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus capitis, Roseomonas gilardii e Micrococcus luteus. Na avaliação dos canais de biópsia de endoscópios provenientes do Brasil observou-se maior contaminação do que os da Austrália (p<0,001). Todos os canais apresentaram biofilme e danos em suas superfícies, entretanto as amostras brasileiras apresentaram particularidades, como, presença de hemácias, neutrófilos e fungos. Assim, observou-se que apesar da baixa carga microbiana nos endoscópios há o risco potencial de infecção cruzada associado ao biofilme, ameaçando a qualidade e segurança do reprocessamento. Adiciona-se a necessidade de avanços tecnológicos e científicos contra o biofilme na prática do reprocessamento de endoscópios / The difficulties on gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing, contamination risk and outbreaks are a recognized challenge in science. It was investigated gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing for dirtiness, contamination level and presence of biofilm. Laboratorial experiment performed in three phases using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence for dirtiness evaluation; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bacterial load and microbial culture for contamination level evaluation. In addition, it was evaluated biofilm on endoscope channels internal surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistics analysis was performed by descriptive analysis, ManWhitney, Wilcoxon and Spearman tests, p<0,05, using IBM SPSS Statistics versão 23.0. Before and after cleaning analysis of 99 endoscopes showed it efficacy on reducing dirtiness (p<0,001) and microbial contamination level (p=0,03), including a small percentage of culturable microorganism. From 75 endoscopes tested after reprocessing demonstrated dirtiness level reduction (all samples <50RUL, from internal and external area); but, also, presence of bacterial load of 3 log of bacteria/mL and 10,6% of culture positive. The microorganisms isolated from endoscope flush after reprocessing were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus capitis, Roseomonas gilardii and Micrococcus luteus. Endoscope biopsy channel analysis showed that samples from Brazil had higher contamination level than the ones from Australia (p<0,001). All channels analyzed presented biofilm and damage on their surfaces, however Brazilian samples showed particularities, like, blood cells, neutrophils and fungus. So, ever with low microbial load on endoscopes there is a potential risk of crossinfection associated with biofilm, compromising reprocessing quality and safety. Additionally, there´s the need of scientific and technologic improvement on endoscope reprocessing against biofilm
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[en] PROTEOMIC ASPECTS AND TRACE-ELEMENT ACCUMULATION IN FISH BILE: POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL MARKER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE? / [pt] ASPECTOS PROTEÔMICOS E DETERMINAÇÃO DE ELEMENTOS-TRAÇO EM BÍLIS DE PEIXE: POTENCIAL MARCADOR BIOLÓGICO DE EXPOSIÇÃO AMBIENTAL?RACHEL ANN HAUSER DAVIS 01 June 2012 (has links)
[pt] A bílis de peixe é um fluido biológico com grande potencial como biomarcador de exposição ambiental a metais e misturas complexas. Este trabalho verificou o potencial desta matriz em situações de contaminação ambiental por metais e analisou aspectos proteômicos. Duas espécies de peixe (Mugil liza – Tainhas, e Tilapia rendalli – Tilápias) foram coletadas de diferentes locais. Indivíduos de tilápia foram expostos a concentrações sub-letais de Cu em laboratório. A bílis foi analisada com relação ao seu conteúdo de elementos-traço (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn), e testes estatísticos demonstram que esta matriz pode ser utilizada para biomonitoramento de exposição de metais ao invés do fígado, sendo mais vantajosa que esta última por ser uma matriz menos complexa, o que facilita o seu pré-tratamento, além de não haver necessidade de sacrificar o animal. Diferentes protocolos de clean-up foram testados com objetivo de analisar a bílis por eletroforese 1D e 2D e zimografias para a detecção de enzimas. O protocolo final de clean-up inclui sonicação, centrifugação, deslipidificação e dessalinização. A presença de metalotioneínas foi analisada nesta matriz, através de eletroforeses 1D, 2D, espectrofotometria e SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS, e foi verificada que existe realmente expressão destas proteínas na bílis, inclusive com o mesmo comportamento reportado no fígado, de expressão aumentada em situações de contaminação ambiental. Também foi verificada a existência de metaloproteases de matriz na bílis através de zimografias gelatinolíticas, que também apresentaram potencial biomarcador de contaminação ambiental, pois algumas bandas gelatinolíticas estiveram presentes apenas em um local contaminado quando comparado a um lugar controle. Este trabalho verificou a existência de dois biomarcadores protéicos em bílis de peixe, um específico à contaminação por metais (metalotioneínas) e um não-específico (metaloproteases de matriz), além da possibilidade de uso da bílis de peixe como biomarcador à exposição a metais pela determinação das concentrações de elementos-traço nesta matriz. / [en] Fish bile is a biological fluid with great potential as a biomarker of environmental exposure to metals and complex mixtures. This study verified the potential of this matrix in environmental contamination situations by metals and analysed proteomic aspects. Two fish species (Mugil liza – mullets, and Tilapia rendalli – tilapias) were sampled from different locations. Tilapia individuals were exposed to sub-lethal Cu concentrations in the laboratory. Bile was analyzed regarding trace-element concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Mn), and statistical techniques indicate that this matrix can be used in biomonitoring for metal exposure instead of liver, being more advantageous than the latter, since this is a less complex matrix, leading to easier pre-treatment, besides the possibility of not having to sacrifice the animal. Different clean-up protocols were tested with the aim of analysing bile by 1D and 2D electrophoresis and zymographies for protein and enzyme detection. The final clean-up protocol consists of sonication, centrifugation, delipidation and desalting. The presence of metallothioneins was analyzed in this matrix by 1D and 2D electrophoresis, spectrophotometry and SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS, and it was verified that there really is metallothionenin expression in bile, showing similar behaviour to that reported in liver, of increased expression in environmental contamination situations. We also verified the existence of matrix metalloproteases in bile by gelatinolinic zymographies, and these also showed potential as biomarkers for environmental contamination, since some gelatinolinic bands were present only in a contaminated site in comparison to a reference location. This study verified the existence of two protein biomarkers in fish bile, one specific to metal contamination (metallothioneins) and one non-specific (matrix metalloproteinases), besides the possibility of utilizing fish bile as a biomarker to metal exposure by the determination of trace-elements in this matrix.
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A intrusão ultrapotássica Indaiá II, província Alcalina Alto Paranaíba (MG): processos magmáticos de sistema aberto e implicações petrogenéticas / not availableLima, Nicholas Machado 11 March 2019 (has links)
As intrusões Indaiá I e II (também referidas como Perdizes 3-A e 3-B) são corpos intrusivos hipoabissais ultrabásicos de pequeno porte, associados ao magmatismo cretácico da Província Alcalina Alto Paranaíba, oeste do Estado de Minas Gerais. Esta dissertação de mestrado objetivou compreender a gênese e processos de evolução relacionados a intrusão Indaiá II, cuja classificação ambígua entre kimberlito e kamafugito dividiu autores em trabalhos anteriores.. Também buscou-se discutir a possível vinculação genética com a intrusão vizinha, Indaiá I. Para tanto, foram realizadas novas análises petrográficas, geoquímicas e isotópicas de rocha total, e química mineral. A intrusão principal (Indaiá I) é classificada como um kimberlito do Grupo I. Já a intrusão satélite (Indaiá II) distingue-se quimicamente e petrograficamente, possuindo uma composição ultrapotássica, similar à kamafugítica, e apresenta menor concentração de macrocristais de olivina, diopsídio como o principal constituinte da matriz ( e não a monticellita como Indaiá I) e possui uma presença abundante de microenclaves félsicos. Estes enclaves apresentam estrutura estirada, e são constituídos principalmente por kalsilita/ nefelina, vidro devitrificado, diopsídio e flogopita. A presença de texturas sugestivas de desequilíbrio físico-químico como embayment e sieve em grãos de olivina e clinopiroxênio em Indaiá II são indicativas de processos de sistema aberto. A abundância de diopsídio na matriz e a substituição de olivina por clinopiroxênio nas bordas de macrocristais e microcristais apontam para um aumento da atividade de sílica no decorrer do processo de cristalização. A alta proporção de xenólitos crustais na rocha, totalmente transformados ou com evidências de fusão parcial, e a presença de apatitas aciculares nas suas cercanias, indicam a operação de um processo de contaminação crustal. Novos dados de química mineral e litogeoquímica de elementos maiores e traços corroboram esse processo. Os trends composicionais de minerais como espinélio e flogopita são bastante similares a ocorrências de kimberlitos contaminados registrados na literatura. Além disso, amostras de Indaiá II apresentam elevado C.I. (Contamination Index, 2,12-2,25), maior percentual de SiO2, K2O e maior razão Rb/Sr que a intrusão principal. Modelos de contaminação crustal foram efetuados a partir da mistura do fundido de Indaiá I e do fundido das rochas granitoides encaixantes. Os fundidos de Indaiá I e II foram obtidos pela extração do volume dos núcleos de macrocristais de olivina, considerados xenocristais em ambas as ocorrências, das análises de rocha total. A quantidade de olivina foi obtida através de análises modais, e a composição considerada foi obtida através de uma média das análises pontuais de microssonda eletrônica e LA-ICP-MS. O fundido da encaixante foi estimado utilizando-se as análises de rocha-total das encaixantes crustais da área e calculando-se um fundido parcial desta rocha a 750ºC e pressões entre 1-5Kbar com o software RhyoliteMelts (para elementos maiores). A composição de elementos-traço do fundido foi modelada por balanço de massa, a partir de coeficientes de partição compilados da literatura e a proporção de minerais no resíduo sólido obtida dos modelos por elementos maiores. Curvas de mistura entre elementos maiores e traços também parecem confirmar o processo. Novos dados isotópicos de 87Sr/86Sr e 143Nd/144Nd foram obtidos para estas intrusões, como também para a encaixante local. Curvas de mixing isotópico foram feitas para tentar estabelecer a quantidade de contribuição crustal nos magmas de Indaiá II. Nestes modelos, as amostras de Indaiá II ajustam-se concordantemente às curvas de mistura entre os polos de Indaiá I e da encaixante. Concluimos que: 1) a intrusão Indaiá II representaria uma intrusão kimberlítica altamente contaminada, 2) a contaminação provavelmente ocorreu pela assimilação de fundidos anatéticos oriundos das principais rochas encaixantes crustais da área, 3) que Indaiá I e Indaiá II poderiam ter um mesmo magma progenitor, mas com diferentes graus de contaminação crustal. / The intrusions Indaiá I and II (also referred as Perdizes 3-A and 3-B) are hypoabissal ultrabasic bodies of small size associated with the Cretaceous magmatism of the Alto Paranaiba Alkaline Province, west of the Minas Gerais state. This master\'s dissertation aimed a better understanding of the genesis and the evolution processes related to the Indaiá II intrusion, whose ambiguous classification between kimberlite and kamafugite divided the authors of former works. Also, it is discussed the possible genetic linkage of Indaiá II with the neighbor intrusion, Indaiá I. For this purpose, new petrographic, whole rock geochemical, isotopic and mineral chemistry analyses were made. The main intrusion (Indaiá I) was classified as a group-I kimberlite. The satellite intrusion, Indaiá II, is petrographically and chemically distinct of the main one, having a ultrapotassic composition, similar to those of kamafugites, and presenting lower volumes of olivine macrocrysts, diopside as the main matrix phase (instead of monticellite as found in Indaiá I), and an abundant presence of felsic microenclaves. These enclaves present elongated structure and they mainly have kalsilite, devitrified glass, diopside and phlogopite. The presence of textures indicative of physical-chemical disequilibrium, such as embayment and sieve in olivine and clinopyroxene grains from Indaiá II are indicative of an open system process. The high amounts of diopside in the matrix and the substitution of the rims of olivine macro- and microcrysts by clinopyroxene point to an increase in the silica activity during the crystallization. The high proportion of crustal xenoliths in the rocks, most of these totally transformed or with evidences with partial melt, and the presence of acicular apatite in their border regions, indicate the action of crustal contamination processes. New mineral chemistry and whole rock geochemical (major and trace elements) data corroborate this process. The spinel and phlogopite compositional trends are very similar with those from contaminated kimberlitic occurrences registered in the literature. Moreover, samples from Indaiá II have high Contamination Index (C.I., 2.12-2.25), greater amounts of SiO2, K2O and higher Rb/Sr ratios than those from the main intrusion. Crustal contamination models were developed considering a mixing between the melt of Indaiá I and the partial melt of the granitoid host rocks of the area. The composition of melts from Indaiá I and II were calculated by the extraction of the amount of the cores of olivine macrocrysts, considered xenocrysts in both occurrences, from the whole-rock compositions. The amount of olivines was taken from modal concentrations and the considered composition was obtained by the average of electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) analyses. The major element composition of the partial melt of the host rock was estimated using the algorithm RhyoliteMelts. For these models, we considered the whole-rock compositions of the main host rocks of the area and used 750ºC and 1-5Kbar. The trace element composition of the host rock partial melts was modeled by mass balance calculations, using partition coefficients from the literature and the proportion of minerals in the solid residue obtained for the major element models. After the calculation of these liquid compositions, mixing curve models using major and trace element compositions were made and they are concordant with the crustal contamination processes. New 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic data were obtained for Indaiá I and II intrusions, as well as for the local host rock. Isotopic mixing curves were also made trying to constrain the amount of crustal contribution in Indaiá II magmas. In these models, Indaiá II samples fit concordantly with the mixing curves having Indaiá I and the host rock ratios as the main poles. We conclude that 1) Indaiá II is representative of a highly contaminated kimberlitic intrusion, 2) the contamination possibly occurred by the assimilation of the anatetic melts from the main crustal host rocks of this area and 3) that Indaiá I and Indaiá II could have the same parent melt, but with different degrees of crustal contamination.
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Application of hyper-spectral remote sensing to assess contamination associated with gold mining in the Witwatersrand Gold Basin, South AfricaMaya, Mafuza 05 February 2015 (has links)
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg, August, 2014. / Efflorescent minerals are a common feature of the soil surface in seasonal environments where evapotranspiration (ET) exceeds precipitation (P), and are formed by the evaporation of salt solutions from the soil during periods of drying. On the Highveld gold fields, ET exceeds rainfall by approximately two-and-a-half times during the dry season, and soils overlying acid mine drainage and along polluted stream banks can become covered by distinctively coloured mineral efflorescent crusts. Whereas some efflorescent minerals are relatively insoluble and present a negligible environmental hazard (for example, gypsum), others may be readily soluble and contain high concentrations of potentially toxic metals (for example, copiapite, jarosite and uranyl sulphate). During periods of rainfall, such salts are washed further afield and into surface water bodies and act as sources of episodic pollution.
The presence of some efflorescent minerals can be detected from their characteristic reflectance signatures using remote-sensing (RS) of the electromagnetic spectrum. The species of efflorescent minerals present is a useful indication of the spatial extent of sub-surface contamination, and also of the chemical conditions of the substrate, in particular the concentration of total dissolved solids, pH and redox conditions.
The aim of this study was therefore to assess the use of remote-sensing on indicator efflorescent minerals as a cost-effective aid in the spatial mapping of acid rock-drainage polluted soils and water-bodies. This study describes the range of efflorescent crusts identified on different land-use areas and soil classes in a Highveld gold-mining region. Crusts were first measured in-situ under natural sunlight using a portable analytical spectral radiometer (ASD) as well as using X-ray diffraction (XRD). They were then dissolved in deionized water and the resulting salt solutions allowed to evaporate prior to analysis under controlled lighting conditions. Spectra were post-processed and compared with
iv
geological spectral reference libraries. The salt solutions were also analyzed for metal and sulphate content and the results were used to establish evaporation models from which mineral precipitation could be predicted.
Minerals identified in the visible near-infra red (VNIR) region included iron oxides (hematite and goethite), and the sulphate mineral jarosite. In the short wave infra-red (SWIR) region clay minerals of the smectite group were dominant. Gypsum and Al-Mn-Mg-Na sulphate salts were identified in the SWIR region as mixtures occurring with clay minerals. Minerals identified in the VNIR-SWIR region were all confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Upon dissolution, geochemical modeling revealed that gypsum and jarosite are the most common minerals expected to precipitate. The precipitation of gypsum and jarosite indicates persistent acidic conditions after dissolution of mineral salts. Gypsum and jarosite were also accurately identified by hyper-spectral spectroscopy and confirmed by XRD and geochemical modeling. Agreement between spectral interpreted minerals and geochemically precipitated mineral phases demonstrated the ability of hyper-spectral data in detecting efflorescence minerals on the soil surface. Using partial least squares regression (PLSR) combined with bootstrapping, reflectance spectrum was significantly correlated with geochemical variables.
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Bacterial Contamination of Commercial YeastO'Brien, Susannah Sara 22 March 2006 (has links)
Master of Science - Molecular and Cell Biology / The bacterial contamination profile of a typical commercial yeast factory was assessed by three replicate microbiological surveys. In order to detect low-level contamination in samples, this study made use of a preliminary incubation technique (24h at 37°C), which boosted bacterial counts for the identification of sources of contamination. Numbers of bacteria were quantified by standard pour- and spread-plate techniques and various selective media. Raw materials were negligible in contributing to the bacterial contamination of commercial yeast, with the exception of soda ash, used to control the pH of fermentations, which contained 2 log CFU/ ml Enterococcus and aerobic bacteria. It was found that the scale up of seed yeast biomass was the primary site for contamination with Enterococcus, which progressively increased in number as the product passed down the production line. Coliforms were present at low levels, with significant increases (P < 0.05) observed during the storage of yeast cream; extrusion of compressed yeast; and packaging of dry yeast. The environment surrounding the compressed yeast production line was identified as a potential source of airborne contamination. Although Salmonella spp. and S. aureus were not detected, L. monocytogenes was isolated from compressed and dry yeast products. In addition, Bacillus spp. commonly associated with the rope-spoilage of bread, were isolated from 67% of all dry yeast product samples. Shelf-life investigations, showed that cream and compressed yeast samples were spoiled with lengthened storage periods, and especially at higher temperatures (>10°C), whilst vacuum-packaged dry yeast remained bacteriologically stable. During shelf-life studies, isolates from spoiled cream and compressed yeast samples were predominantly Lactobacillus (up to 78%), while populations of Enterococcaceae predominated in vacuum-packaged dry yeast samples (up to 68%). The use of stainless steel surfaces, attached to processing equipment used in the manufacturing of Baker’s compressed yeast, in conjunction with SEM illustrated the accumulation of yeast and bacterial cells with early stages of biofilm formation, with time. Where populations of Gram-positive members of the lactic acid bacteria family, Lactobacillus and Enterococcaceae, were isolated in the highest proportion from processing equipment surfaces used in the manufacturing of Baker’s compressed yeast (81-100%).
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Contaminação do solo e mobilidade de As, Cd, Mo, Pb e Zn em colunas de solo franco arenoso com cinza de carvão / Soil contamination and mobility of As, Cd, Mo, Pb and Zn in sandy loam soil columns with coal fly ashLange, Camila Neves 20 June 2012 (has links)
Elementos tóxicos podem provocar impacto na qualidade ambiental dos solos e representar risco à saúde humana. As cinzas leves de carvão são uma fonte de elementos tóxicos e são comumente dispostas de maneira inadequada sobre o solo nas proximidades das usinas termelétricas, onde esses elementos podem ser lixiviados pela chuva, transportados para as fontes de águas naturais e absorvidos pela fauna e flora do solo, podendo assim, entrar na cadeia alimentar humana. Neste estudo foi avaliada a mobilidade dos elementos As, Cd, Zn, Pb e Mo em colunas de solo franco arenoso com cinza de carvão da usina termelétrica de Figueira, Paraná. Para tanto, colunas de cinza de carvão, solo e solo coberto com cinza foram lixiviadas com uma solução ácida ao longo de 336 dias e as amostras de cinza, solo e percolado das colunas foram caracterizadas quanto à concentração dos elementos e propriedades físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Pb não foi lixiviado da cinza de carvão, indicando que a lixiviação de Pb da cinza de carvão não representa risco ambiental. O Cd foi o elemento mais retido pelo solo franco arenoso, seguido de As. O Mo foi lixiviado da cinza de carvão, mas não foi detectado no solo e nos percolados das colunas de solo+cinza. Nas condições de estudo, o Zn não representou risco ambiental. Observou-se também que a concentração de As no solo excedeu o valor de intervenção para área de proteção máxima estabelecido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) e a concentração de Cd no solo excedeu o valor de qualidade de referência estabelecido pela mesma companhia ambiental. / Toxic elements can cause impact on soil environmental quality and represent risks to human life. Coal ashes, considered as a source of toxic elements, are commonly disposed inadequately on the soil surface around thermoelectric plants, from where these elements can be transported to natural water sources or to be absorbed by plants, soil fauna and flora and consequently impact on food chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of a sandy loam soil and the mobility of As, Cd, Mo Pb and Zn from coal fly ash of Figueira Power Plant. Experiments with columns of coal fly ash, soil and soil covered with ash were carried out to simulate contamination by acid leaching during 336 days and samples of ash, soil and leachate were characterized by the determination of elements concentration and chemical, mineralogical and physical properties. Results indicate that Pb was not was not released from fly ash on study conditions, providing evidence that Pb leaching does not pose a risk to the environment. Mo was leached from fly ash, but was not detected on soil and on leachate of soil+ash columns. In study conditions, Zn did not represent environmental concern. As exceeded the intervention value for maximum protection area established by the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of São Paulo (CETESB) and Cd did not exceed the quality reference value established by the same agency.
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Influência da contaminação por saliva durante a realização de procedimentos adesivos / Influence of saliva contamination during adhesive procedimentsKawaguchi, Fernando Aparecido 31 July 2009 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da contaminação com saliva em diferentes momentos do procedimento operatório, bem como diferentes tratamentos desta contaminação. Este estudo foi conduzido utilizando estudo de resistência adesiva (RA), através de ensaio de microtração, com avaliação do padrão de fratura. Foram utilizados 120 molares humanos (n=10). Os dois substratos do teste foram obtidos a partir da mesma unidade amostral. Os grupos experimentais para ambos os substratos foram: sem contaminação (controle G1 e G13); contaminação antes do condicionamento ácido (CAC), com lavagem e secagem (G2 e G14); secagem apenas (G3 e G15); contaminação após o condicionamento ácido (CAC), com lavagem e secagem (G4 e G16); secagem apenas (G5 e G17); CDC e recondicionamento para repetição da técnica adesiva (G6 e G18); contaminação entre as duas camadas de adesivo (CEA), com lavagem e secagem (G7 e G19); secagem apenas (G8 e G20); CEA e recondicionamento (G9 e G21); contaminação após a aplicação final do sistema adesivo (CFA), com lavagem e secagem (G10 e G22); secagem apenas (G11 e G23); CFA e recondicionamento (G12 e G24). O adesivo utilizado foi o Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) e a resina composta Z-250 (3M) para a realização do teste de microtração. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de ANOVA demonstrando que existe influencia da contaminação com saliva na RA de esmalte (p=0,007) e dentina (p=0,001). Para o esmalte, apenas o momento da contaminação originou resultados estatisticamente significantes (p<0,001). Contudo, a interação entre os fatores de variação em dentina mostrou-se estatisticamente significante (p<0,001). Dessa forma, concluímos que a contaminação do campo operatório com saliva durante a utilização de sistema adesivo do tipo condicione-e-lave reduz a adesão em esmalte e em dentina somente em condições específicas; o tratamento do contaminante mais indicado para recuperar a RA perdida está diretamente relacionado com o momento do procedimento adesivo em que a contaminação ocorre. / This study evaluated the influence of saliva contamination during distinct steps of the operatory procedure and treatments used to counteract its effects on the microtensile bond strength. 120 human molars were used (n=10) and both substrates were obtained from the same teeth. The experimental groups were: no contamination (control group G1 and G13); contamination before acid conditioning (CBC), wash and dry (G2 and G14); only dry (G3 and G15); contamination after acid conditioning (CAC), wash and dry (G4 and G16); only dry (G5 and G17); CAC and reconditioning (G6 and G18); contamination between the 2 adhesive system layers (CBL), with wash and dry (G7 and GG19), only dry (G8 and G20); CBL and reconditioning (G9 and G21); contamination after polymerization (CAP), with wash and dry (G10 and G22), only dry (G11 and G23), CAP and reconditioning (G12 and G24). Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive system (SB2) and Composite Resin Z-250 were used for microtensile test. ANOVA results showed a statistically significant difference when saliva contaminated adhesive procedures in enamel (p=0.007) and dentin (p=0.001). In enamel, the moments when contamination occurred during the operative procedure showed statistical difference (p<0.001), while in dentin the interaction between the factors - moments and treatments - showed to be statistically significant (p<0.001). Based on the obtained results it was licit to conclude that saliva contamination during etch-and-rinse adhesive application decreases adhesion to enamel and dentin in specific experimental conditions; the most indicated treatment to counteract saliva influence is directly related to the moment of the operatory procedure that the contamination occurred.
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Estudos laboratoriais da contaminação do solo por gasolina com o uso de detetor de fotoionização. / Laboratory Studies of the Contamination of Soil by Gasoline through the Measure of Vapor Concentration by Photoionization Detector.Penner, Giovanni Chaves 05 September 2000 (has links)
A presente pesquisa trata de calibrar, a ferir e utiliza em laboratório um detetor de fotoionização (método de campo) proveitoso na caracterização de áreas contaminadas por vazamentos de gasolina; comparar as informações do detetor com os resultados obtidos com balança analítica; comparar os resultados de fluxo de massa medido com o previsto pelo modelo JURY contido no software APIDSS 2.0 O detetor mostrou-se útil como primeira ferramenta na caracterização de áreas contaminadas recentemente (até 100 dias). Para áreas onde a contaminação esteja em uma fase mais avançada o aparelho mostrou-se útil na detecção de alterações; os modelos desenvolvidos com base nos resultados obtido com balança e com o detetor de fotoinização apresentaram resultados satisfatórios para o período de ensaio; as comparações realizadas com o software APIDSS 2.0 serviram para a confirmação dos resultados obtidos. / The present research aims at gauging, checking and using a photoionization detector (field method) in laboratory advantageous to the characterization of areas polluted by leaks of gasoline; to compare the information of the detector with the results obtained in the analytic scale; to compare the results of the measured mass flow with those foreseen by the model JURY of the software APIDSS 2.0. The detector showed to be useful as a first tool in the characterization of areas recently contaminated (up to 100 days). To areas where the contamination is in a more advanced phase, the apparel showed to be useful in the detection of alterations; the development of models based on the results obtained with a scale and with the photoionization detector presented satisfactory results for the rehearsal period; the comparisons accomplished by the software APIDSS 2.0 confirmed the obtained results.
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"Relação entre a espessura real e aparente da gasolina com etanol e da gasolina pura em colunas de laboratório" / Relationship of apparent and actual thickness of free phase gasoline and E-20 in column experimentFerreira, Silvia Maria 23 April 2003 (has links)
A gasolina que é comercializada no Brasil sofre a adição de álcool etílico anidro, também conhecido como etanol, em frações que podem variar de 20 a 24%. O uso desse composto adicionado à gasolina serve para aumentar a octanagem e reduzir a emissão de monóxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a relação existente entre a espessura encontrada nos poços de monitoramento e no meio poroso, tanto para gasolina pura quanto para a gasolina com 20 % de etanol (E-20), após a simulação de um vazamento em subsuperfície, utilizando colunas de areia em laboratório, visto que esta relação é de extrema importância para o cálculo preciso do volume do contaminante a ser bombeado, no caso de vazamentos de combustível. As colunas foram confeccionadas utilizando-se 2 tubos de acrílico transparente com 100 cm de comprimento e 23cm de diâmetro interno que foram fixados a uma base de acrílico transparente com 0,60 cm de espessura. Um tubo de PVC branco com 100 cm de comprimento e 3,50 cm de diâmetro interno, com ranhuras horizontais de 0,10 cm de largura foi cortado longitudinalmente e cada metade foi fixada nas paredes dos tubos de acrílico para representar o poço de monitoramento. As colunas foram preenchidas com areia de granulometria muito fina (0,088 mm). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a espessura aparente da gasolina pura foi 2,6 vezes superior à espessura real da fase livre e a espessura aparente da E-20 foi 0,6 vezes superior a espessura real da fase livre. A tensão interfacial da E-20 foi 67% inferior à tensão interfacial da gasolina pura, possibilitando que uma quantidade maior de poros fosse acessada, refletindo em valores de saturação total 54% superiores ao da gasolina pura. Parte da fase gasolina da E-20 deve ter sido depositada como glóbulos desconectados nos poros caracterizando uma saturação residual, devido ao particionamento preferencial do etanol para a água subterrânea e o conseqüente enriquecimento em gasolina na fase gasolina. Esta saturação residual deve ter dificultado o fluxo e consequentemente reduzido a permeabilidade relativa para a fase aquosa, causando o retardamento da chegada da E-20 no poço de monitoramento. / Commercial gasolines sold in Brazil are added ethanol from 20 to 24% by volume. This oxygenated additive raises the octane level and reduces carbon monoxide emissions to the atmosphere. Underground storage tanks and gasoline lines are a major potential problem for soil and groundwater contamination. Since ethanol has cosolvent properties that alter the behavior of phase distribution in subsurface, this research compares the existing relationship of apparent and actual thicknesses of free phase gasoline and E-20 (80% gasoline and 20% ethanol by volume) found respectively in monitoring wells and medium porous material using two column experiments. Two cylindrical plexiglass columns were used (100 cm long and 23 cm in internal diameter). The bottom ends were capped using two 35 x 35 cm plexiglass plates. A spout-like connection of PVC was fitted near the base of each column as an inlet/outlet end. One well screen (100 cm long and 3,5 cm in internal diameter) in white PVC was cut in half lengthwise and attached to the inside walls of columns to be used as monitoring wells. The columns were then filled with 0,088 mm grain size sand (very fine).The apparent thickness of pure gasoline was 2.6 times thicker than the actual thickness in the aquifer while it was only 0.6 thicker for E-20. The interfacial tension of E-20 is 67% lower than the that of the pure gasoline, allowing a larger quantity of pores to be accessed, which was reflected in an oil saturation 54% higher than that of pure gasoline. Part of the gasoline phase of E-20 must have been precipitated as disconnected doplets within the pores creating a residual saturation and consequently reducing the permeability with respect to the aqueous phase delaying the breakthrough of E-20 in the monitoring well.
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