Idag råder en företagsmiljö som består av digitaliserade strukturer i form av informations- och affärssystem där den digitala informationen är central. Den nya företagsmiljön kräver enligt forskningen nya metoder för utvärdering och rapportering. Medan digitaliseringen kommit långt i utveckling inom företagande och samhället i stort så har redovisnings- och revisionsmetoder stått stilla.Ett koncept som har kommit att bli aktuellt i tomrummet mellan digitaliseringens framväxt och revisionsmetoders traditionella utförande är Continuous Auditing. Konceptet har forskats kring under en relativt lång tid, varvid förhoppningen var att företag skulle ta till sig konceptet och byta ut sina omoderna revisionsmetoder. Bland annat förespråkas att revisionen borde utföras på ett mer proaktivt sätt och att automatiserade lösningar ska ersätta manuella utföranden. Undersökningar har visat på att Continuous Auditing enbart har tillämpats i en begränsad utsträckning. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att utreda varför så är fallet genom att undersöka huvudanvändarna, internrevisorernas inställning till konceptet.För att genomföra undersökningen tillämpar denna studie en kvalitativ forskningsansats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med internrevisorer. Intervjuerna och analysen kring dessa har utgått ifrån en teoretisk referensram bestående av tidigare litteratur och forskning inom internrevision, Continuous auditing och teori kring teknologitillämpning.Bland annat ger resultatet uttryck för att studiens internrevisorer är öppna för att införa närliggande koncept och upplever att det finns ett behov av att införa sådana i företag. Däremot råder det tveksamheter kring vilka användarna av sådana koncept ska vara. / There is a discussion about the current way of conducting business that contains a digitalized structure in the form of information- and enterprise systems where the digital information is vital. According to research this new environment requires new methods for measurement and reporting. While the development of the digitalization in businesses and society has gone far, the accounting and auditing methods have not.One concept that has become relevant in the process of digitalization is Continuous Auditing. There has been research about the concept for a while and there was a hope that businesses would start adopting it and switch from traditional auditing methods. For instance, the research has spoken about the possibility to do auditing in a more proactive way and implement automated technology. However, the research has shown that the concept only has been implemented in a few cases. This study has the purpose to examine why through examining the main users, the internal auditors` attitudes towards the concept.This study has applied a qualitative approach with the help of semi-structured interviews with internal auditors. The interviews and the analysis have been formed by previous literature and conducted research on internal auditing, continuous auditing and also theory about technology adoption.For instance, the results of this study were that internal auditors are willing to adopt similar concepts and are feeling the need to implement such. However, it is unclear whether the users should be internal auditors.

Idag råder en företagsmiljö som består av digitaliserade strukturer i form av informations- och affärssystem där den digitala informationen är central. Den nya företagsmiljön kräver enligt forskningen nya metoder för utvärdering och rapportering. Medan digitaliseringen kommit långt i utveckling inom företagande och samhället i stort så har redovisnings- och revisionsmetoder stått stilla. Ett koncept som har kommit att bli aktuellt i tomrummet mellan digitaliseringens framväxt och revisionsmetoders traditionella utförande är Continuous Auditing. Konceptet har forskats kring under en relativt lång tid, varvid förhoppningen var att företag skulle ta till sig konceptet och byta ut sina omoderna revisionsmetoder. Bland annat förespråkas att revisionen borde utföras på ett mer proaktivt sätt och att automatiserade lösningar ska ersätta manuella utföranden. Undersökningar har visat på att Continuous Auditing enbart har tillämpats i en begränsad utsträckning. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att utreda varför så är fallet genom att undersöka huvudanvändarna, internrevisorernas inställning till konceptet. För att genomföra undersökningen tillämpar denna studie en kvalitativ forskningsansats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med internrevisorer. Intervjuerna och analysen kring dessa har utgått ifrån en teoretisk referensram bestående av tidigare litteratur och forskning inom internrevision, Continuous auditing och teori kring teknologitillämpning. Bland annat ger resultatet uttryck för att studiens internrevisorer är öppna för att införa närliggande koncept och upplever att det finns ett behov av att införa sådana i företag. Däremot råder det tveksamheter kring vilka användarna av sådana koncept ska vara. / There is a discussion about today’s current way of conducting business that contains a digitalized structure in the form of information- and enterprise systems where the digital information is vital. According to research this new environment requires new methods for measurement and reporting. While the development of the digitalization in businesses and society has gone far, the accounting and auditing methods have not. One concept that has become relevant in the process of digitalization is Continuous Auditing. There has been research about the concept for a while and there was a hope that businesses would start adopting it and switch from traditional auditing methods. For instance, the research has spoken about the possibility to do auditing in a more proactive way and implement automated technology. However, the research has shown that the concept only has been implemented in a few cases. This study has the purpose to examine why through examining the main users, the internal auditors` attitudes towards the concept. This study has applied a qualitative approach with the help of semi-structured interviews with internal auditors. The interviews and the analysis have been formed by previous literature and conducted research on internal auditing, continuous auditing and also theory about technology adoption. For instance, the results of this study were that internal auditors are willing to adopt similar concepts and are feeling the need to implement such. However, it is unclear whether the users should be internal auditors.

I den rådande ekonomiska miljön tenderar företag att använda sig av IT-system i högre utsträckning för att dokumentera och processa affärstransaktioner. Digitalisering ses som en drivkraft till de mest grundläggande och långsiktiga förändringarna i samhället och Digital i realtid ses som en viktig trend de kommande 10-20 åren för redovisnings- och revisions-branschen. Hur digitaliseringen kommer påverka revisionen ur en svensk kontext är ett relativt outforskat område och syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera revisionsbranschens fortsatta digitalisering och utveckling mot en mer automatiserad process samt utveckla begreppen kring denna förändring. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ studie baserad på personliga intervjuer med programutvecklare och auktoriserade revisorer samt en intervju med Dan Brännström, generalsekreterare på FAR, besvaras studiens problemformulering: Hur ser pågående digitalisering och automatisering inom revisionen ut och hur kan den påverka samt hanteras av branschen? Resultatet visar att den pågående digitaliseringen och automat-iseringen kan höja kvalitén inom revisionen genom att revisionen kan bedrivas mer effektivt, heltäckande och med en ökad pricksäkerhet. Genom att dra nytta av teknologi genomgår revisionen ett skifte mot att använda mer dataanalys och analytisk granskning av företagets hela population av transaktioner. Denna utveckling kan komma att förändra revisorns roll. Revisorn kan, med hjälp av teknologin, skapa sig en mer övergripande bild av verksamheten och hjälpa företaget med svårare frågeställningar på en företagsstrategisk nivå. IT-kunskap samt analytisk förmåga ses som nyckelkompetenser för revisorn i framtiden. Mer komplexa uppgifter tenderar att leda till högre efterfrågan på kvalificerad personal hos revisionsbyråerna samtidigt som behovet av mindre kvalificerad personal kan minska på grund av att enklare uppgifter automatiseras. Detta kompetensskifte skapar ett gap mellan universitetens utbildningar och den allt mer digitala och automatiska revisionsprocessen. Utbildningarna behöver omarbetas och bör inkludera mer IT och dataanalys för att aspirerande revisorer ska ha den kunskap som krävs vid inträde i branschen. / In the current economic environment, companies tend to use IT systems to a greater extent in order to document and process business transactions. Digitalization is seen as a driving force to the most basic and long-term changes in society and Digital in real-time is seen as an important trend over the next 10-20 years for the auditing and accounting profession. How digitalization will affect the audit in the Swedish context is a relatively unexplored area and the purpose of this study is to analyze the audit industry's continued digitalization and development towards a more automated process and to develop concepts of this change. By applying a qualitative study based on personal interviews with software developers and authorized auditors and an interview with Dan Brännström, General Secretary of FAR, we have answered the study's research question: How does the ongoing digitalization and automation within auditing appear and how can it affect and be handled by the industry? The result shows that the ongoing digitalization and automation can increase the quality of the audit since the audit can be conducted more efficiently, comprehensive and with an improved accuracy. By taking advantage of the technology, auditing is experiencing a shift toward using more data analysis and move towards an analytical review of the company's entire population of transactions. This development can change the role of the auditor. The auditor can, with the help of technology, create a more comprehensive picture of the business and help the company with difficult issues at a corporate strategic level. IT knowledge and analytical skills are seen as key competences for the auditor in the future. More complex work tasks tend to create a greater demand for qualified personnel in auditing firms, while the need for less qualified personnel will decrease due to automation of simple tasks. The shift in competencies creates a gap between the universities’ programs and the increasingly digital and automated audit process. The curriculum needs to be redesigned and should include more IT and data analysis to ensure that aspiring auditors possess the knowledge required when entering the industry.

Drawing upon the theories of complexity and complex adaptive systems and the Singerian Inquiring System from C. West Churchman's seminal work The Design of Inquiring Systems the dissertation herein develops a systems design theory for continuous auditing systems. The dissertation consists of discussion of the two foundational theories, development of the Theory of Complex Adaptive Inquiring Organizations (CAIO) and associated design principles for a continuous auditing system supporting a CAIO, and instantiation of the CAIO theory. The instantiation consists of an agent-based model depicting the marketplace for Frontier Airlines that generates an anticipated market share used as an integral component in a mock auditor going concern opinion for the airline. As a whole, the dissertation addresses the lack of an underlying system design theory and comprehensive view needed to build upon and advance the continuous assurance movement and addresses the question of how continuous auditing systems should be designed to produce knowledge--knowledge that benefits auditors, clients, and society as a whole.

Em razão da velocidade em que os negócios ocorrem e dos riscos que estão envolvidos, a auditoria interna das empresas necessita apresentar soluções para agregar valor ao trabalho realizado. Neste sentido, auditoria contínua vem sendo apresentada como uma solução para obter-se ganhos em eficiência, uma vez que utiliza a base tecnológica da empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar de que modo se desenvolve o processo de implantação de auditoria contínua no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e quais os resultados decorrentes dessa adoção. A metodologia de trabalho empregada foi o estudo de caso único e os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, análise documental, questionário com os participantes da auditoria interna - objeto do estudo - e entrevista com o fornecedor do software ACL, escolhido como software para a extração dos dados. Os resultados demonstram que a empresa obteve as vantagens esperadas com a adoção de auditoria, contínua embora o processo seja gradual, apresente desafios e necessite de constantes investimentos por parte da equipe, que trabalha de forma multidisciplinar. / Given the speed at which trades take place and the risks that are involved, internal audit firms need to provide solutions to add value to the work performed. In this sense, continuous auditing has been presented as a solution to obtain efficiency gains, since it uses the technology base of the company. The objective of this paper is to present how the process develops the deployment continuous auditing in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and what the results arising from this adoption. The methodology employed was the single case study and data were collected through participant observation, document analysis, and questionnaire with the participants of the internal audit - object of study - and interviews with the software vendor ACL, chosen as software for data extraction. The results demonstrate that the company had expected with the adoption of continuous auditing, advantages although the process is gradual, present challenges and require continuing investments by the team, working in a multidisciplinaryway.

Digitization and automation has a great impact on society. A trade which has been up for discussion is the accounting- and audit businesses. Audit is an important function in society which focuses on examining and putting a quality-stamp on financial information to create security and trust in business performance. The audit-process is the methodology of work and has three stages: Planning, performance and reporting. The purpose of this study is to examine how the audit process and the auditors’ role have been affected and how they will look in the future. This study has shown that auditing will be conducted differently in the future due to digitization and automation, but auditing as a societal function remains. It has also been shown that digitization and automation enable larger and more efficient data management. This study has identified several positive aspects with the future audit including continuous auditing, higher flexibility and better communication. Several challenges have also been identified including risks associated with handling complex systems. This study has shown that the role of the auditor is going through changes. There will be higher requirements of the auditor with regards to technical and social skills and also analytical ability. / Teknikutvecklingen i samhället skapar stora förändringar inom många områden. Den möjliggör bland annat ökad digitalisering och automatisering inom redovisning och revision. Revision är en viktig samhällsfunktion som inriktar sig på att granska och kvalitetssäkra ekonomisk information i syfte att skapa trygghet och tillit i näringslivet. Revisionsprocessen är revisionens arbetsmetodik och består av tre stadier: Planering, granskning och rapportering. Utgångspunkten i studien är att digitaliseringen och automatiseringen påverkar revisionsprocessen och revisorns roll på ett eller annat sätt. Således har vi i denna studie diskuterat hur dessa två aspekter påverkas av digitaliseringen och hur revisionen kommer att utvecklas i framtiden. Studien är en kvalitativt inriktad fallstudie med syfte att ingående undersöka en specifik organisation. Undersökningen bedrivs på en av de större revisionsbyråerna, i syfte att undersöka hur revisionsbyrån arbetar med en ökad digitalisering och automatisering i dess revisionsprocesser och att belysa revisorns roll i framtiden som en följd av en digitaliserad och automatiserad revisionsprocess. Undersökningen har gjorts genom två intervjuer och en enkätundersökning, vilken genomfördes via e-post. Teoriramen i studien baseras på tidigare forskning om revision, som revisionens innebörd (Wallace, 1980) och revisionsprocessen (Trohammar 2006), samt om digitalisering och automatisering, men även om löpande revision (Chan & Vasarhelyi 2011) och framtiden för revision. Intervju- och enkätfrågorna baseras sedan på denna teoriram. Slutligen kopplas teoriramen till det sammanställda resultatet från intervjuerna och enkätundersökningen. Studien har visat på att revision kommer att bedrivas annorlunda i framtiden på grund av digitalisering och automatisering, men att revisionen som en samhällsfunktion består. Genom undersökningen kan vi se att digitalisering och automatisering möjliggör större och mer effektiv datahantering, vilket i sin tur möjliggör substansgranskning och mer omfattande analys av data. Revisionen kommer då att få en högre kvalitet och bli mer effektiv. Undersökningen har identifierat flera positiva aspekter kring framtidens revision som exempelvis löpande revision, större flexibilitet och bättre kommunikation. Det har också identifierats utmaningar med framtidens revision som till exempel risker associerade med hantering av komplexa system. Studien har kommit fram till att revisorns roll håller på att förändras på grund av digitalisering och automatisering. Högre krav kommer att ställas på de anställda avseende teknisk och social kompetens samt analytisk förmåga. Revisorn ska också ha kännetecken som driv och förändringsorientering.

Em razão da velocidade em que os negócios ocorrem e dos riscos que estão envolvidos, a auditoria interna das empresas necessita apresentar soluções para agregar valor ao trabalho realizado. Neste sentido, auditoria contínua vem sendo apresentada como uma solução para obter-se ganhos em eficiência, uma vez que utiliza a base tecnológica da empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar de que modo se desenvolve o processo de implantação de auditoria contínua no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e quais os resultados decorrentes dessa adoção. A metodologia de trabalho empregada foi o estudo de caso único e os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, análise documental, questionário com os participantes da auditoria interna - objeto do estudo - e entrevista com o fornecedor do software ACL, escolhido como software para a extração dos dados. Os resultados demonstram que a empresa obteve as vantagens esperadas com a adoção de auditoria, contínua embora o processo seja gradual, apresente desafios e necessite de constantes investimentos por parte da equipe, que trabalha de forma multidisciplinar. / Given the speed at which trades take place and the risks that are involved, internal audit firms need to provide solutions to add value to the work performed. In this sense, continuous auditing has been presented as a solution to obtain efficiency gains, since it uses the technology base of the company. The objective of this paper is to present how the process develops the deployment continuous auditing in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and what the results arising from this adoption. The methodology employed was the single case study and data were collected through participant observation, document analysis, and questionnaire with the participants of the internal audit - object of study - and interviews with the software vendor ACL, chosen as software for data extraction. The results demonstrate that the company had expected with the adoption of continuous auditing, advantages although the process is gradual, present challenges and require continuing investments by the team, working in a multidisciplinaryway.

This thesis explores current and future possible uses of ICT in financial reporting, describes the properties, usage and implementation of EDI and XBRL, describes the concept of online reporting and continuous auditing, introduces the area of artificial intelligence and expert systems and their application in accounting and auditing, describes development and application of FRAANK for extraction of financial data from EDGAR repository, describes the implementation of continuous auditing in Siemens and finally states the possible reasons, why the technologies are not used to their full potential.

Em razão da velocidade em que os negócios ocorrem e dos riscos que estão envolvidos, a auditoria interna das empresas necessita apresentar soluções para agregar valor ao trabalho realizado. Neste sentido, auditoria contínua vem sendo apresentada como uma solução para obter-se ganhos em eficiência, uma vez que utiliza a base tecnológica da empresa. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar de que modo se desenvolve o processo de implantação de auditoria contínua no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e quais os resultados decorrentes dessa adoção. A metodologia de trabalho empregada foi o estudo de caso único e os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, análise documental, questionário com os participantes da auditoria interna - objeto do estudo - e entrevista com o fornecedor do software ACL, escolhido como software para a extração dos dados. Os resultados demonstram que a empresa obteve as vantagens esperadas com a adoção de auditoria, contínua embora o processo seja gradual, apresente desafios e necessite de constantes investimentos por parte da equipe, que trabalha de forma multidisciplinar. / Given the speed at which trades take place and the risks that are involved, internal audit firms need to provide solutions to add value to the work performed. In this sense, continuous auditing has been presented as a solution to obtain efficiency gains, since it uses the technology base of the company. The objective of this paper is to present how the process develops the deployment continuous auditing in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and what the results arising from this adoption. The methodology employed was the single case study and data were collected through participant observation, document analysis, and questionnaire with the participants of the internal audit - object of study - and interviews with the software vendor ACL, chosen as software for data extraction. The results demonstrate that the company had expected with the adoption of continuous auditing, advantages although the process is gradual, present challenges and require continuing investments by the team, working in a multidisciplinaryway.

Purpose – It is argued that traditional audit methods are becoming outdated in terms of delivering sufficient assurance on business objectives, whereby, a paradigm shift towards continuous auditing (CA) is proposed and perceived as necessary both by academia, standard-setting groups, and business society. However, the practical prevalence of CA is insignificant in relation to the expectations depicted. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine why this is the case by means of investigating what factors that motivate an adoption of CA amongst various internal audit functions (IAFs). Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and data are obtained through semi-structured interviews capturing internal auditors’ attitude towards CA, and what factors that influence an adoption. Findings – There is a shattered view on CA amongst IAFs, where the proponents embrace it as a set of value-adding methodologies whilst the opponents argue that it falls outside their responsibility and threaten the independence of the function. Thus, why CA has not been leveraged to its full potential is, in contrast to previous research, not solely attributable to practical factors but also due to the IAFs’ vast differences in approach to CA as a concept. Practical implications – The study has brought attention to the distinguished disparity found in internal auditors’ attitude towards CA. Ultimately, doubts, whether CA should be leveraged by IAFs has come to light. These are hurdles that need to be considered, both by academia, standard-setting groups, and business society if the leap for CA ought to continue. Originality/value – The use of semi-structured interviews contributes to in-depth understandings and insights of the internal auditors’ attitudes towards CA. Moreover, such an approach is more likely to capture the stance towards CA in greater detail than that possible of previous large-scale surveys.