A research report submitted to the School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health. September 2014 / Introduction: SCT is an interpersonal theory that explains human behaviour as a three-way relationship between personal factors, environmental factors and their behavioural factors (Bandura, 1989). The theory identifies self-efficacy and outcome expectations as part of the five key determinants of behaviour. Condom use still remains one of the most popular forms of HIV prevention, however its effectiveness depends on whether it is used consistently or not. The overall aim of the study was to determine whether condom self-efficacy and outcome expectations are associated with consistent condom use among sexually active 18-34 year olds in Botswana in 2010. Materials and Methods: The study design was a quantitative secondary analysis of nationally-representative cross-sectional survey collected by the PSI Botswana’s Condom Social Marketing TRaC: Tracking Results Continuously, 2010 survey (herein, TRaC). The study population for TRaC was men and women aged 18-34 years old in Botswana who reported being sexually active in the past 12 months and were not practicing abstinence when recruited in 2010. The sample size was 1299 which was randomly selected from 96 enumeration areas (EAs). Results: Self-efficacy to use condoms was positively associated with consistent condom use, while overall condom self-efficacy and self-efficacy to negotiate condom use were not associated with consistent condom use. Social outcome expectations and pleasure outcome expectation were also associated with consistent condom use, although overall outcome expectations and those related to health were not associated with consistent condom use. Males significantly reported significantly lower expectations of pleasure than females. That said, female were significantly less likely to use condoms consistently and some aspects of their self-efficacy and outcome expectations were worse than males, which also was reflected in measures of socio-demographic disadvantage. Conclusions: Overall the study showed that a high percentage of 18-34 year olds in Botswana in 2010 used condoms consistently regardless of their socio-demographic profile or the sexual partner type. Also, encouragingly, a high percentage of 18-34 year olds in Botswana had either moderate or positive condom self-efficacy as well as positive output expectations of condom use. The two constructs of SCT were inconsistent in predicting consistent condom use, which suggests that measures for the constructs must be refined and supplemented with additional explanatory variables. Some constructs can assist health communication practitioners. For instance, the findings suggest that messages the support the notion that sex can be pleasurable with a condom should be targeted towards both sexes, rather than primarily focusing on the health benefits. The lack of self-efficacy to use condoms also needs to be addressed, as well as the need for more messages that portray social support for condom use. Beyond SCT, the findings indicate, there needs to be further research on the specific gender differences in condom use patterns and condom promotion campaigns should produce gender-sensitive messaging.

Thesis ( MPH ) -- University of Limpopo, 2011.

Thesis (M Med (Family Medicine)) -- University of Limpopo, 2011. / Aim and objectives Challenged by the high incidence of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections observed among high school students who were attending antenatal care at the clinics in Tswaing Sub-district. The researcher conducted this study to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraception among high school learners and establish whether the demographic characteristics of the students influenced their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards contraception. Design This study was a cross-sectional descriptive quantitative study. It was conducted among 231 learners who were aged 16 years and above, male and female, between grades 10 and 12. Systematic sampling was employed to select 33 students from 7 high schools selected by random probability sampling technique in Tswaing Sub-district who completed confidential, anonymous self-administrated questionnaires. The questionnaires were in English, Afrikaans and Setswana, so as to ensure clarity and accurate understanding of the content and hence the questionnaire was self-administered in the language of preference for each learner. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 17. A chi-square test was performed to determine the association between predictor's variables and knowledge. A p-value ofless than 0.05 at 95% CI was taken for statistical significance. Results More males 70 % and 60 % of the females indicated that they had a boyfriend or girlfriend. More males (50.3%) than females (49.7%) indicated that they had engaged in sexual intercourse. The average age of first sexual intercourse was 14.9 years for the males and 15.4 years for the females. The modal age for first intercourse for male was below 13 years and 15.4 years for the females. The most common contraceptive used among the males was a condom (89.8%) and among females, it was the combined injectable contraceptives (49.4%). Males (63.6%) and females (68.8%) thought it easy to access contraception. There was a high rate of unprotected sexual activity among the learners, with 34.1 % of the males and 42.1 % of the females' indicated that they had had sex without contraception. Most of the learners obtained contraceptive information from their parents 98 [33%] male, 70 [53.8%] female). The preferred source of information for the male learners was a doctor 59 [59%], and the preferred source of con1raceptive information for the female learners was their parents 57 [43%]. 54 (57.4%) of the males and 75.4% of the 84 female learners indicated that their parents had discussed contraception with them. 64.2% of the males and 68.5% of the females claimed that they were satisfied with the information they received about contraception from their parents. All the learners had the knowledge that condoms can prevent sexually 1ransmitted infections and that a condom cannot be used more than once, with a p< 0.05 and their response according to gender and age, all schools had more than 60% participants. Forty-three percent of the learners in all schools who lived with both parents had the knowledge that condoms can prevent sexually transmitted infections and condom cannot be used more than once, p< 0.05. Among the female learners, only 79 [60.8%] knew that conception could take place if they missed taking their con1raceptive pill once. 51 [39.2%] said that conception could not take place if they had missed taking the pill once. More than 90% learners wanted information on contraception from their primary health care providers. Conclusion This study showed that senior learners had a good knowledge about basic contraception. The high level of sexual activity, early sexual initiation and low contraceptive use put these adolescents at risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. They indicated that they needed more information on sexuality and contraception from their primary health care providers especially from their doctors. Adolescents should be encouraged to ask about contraception and sexual health at the clinics, and all health workers; nurses and doctors, who consult must see every encounter as an opportunity for health education and counseling in reproductive health

Orientador: Ilza Maria Urbano Monteiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Makuch_MariaValeriaBahamondes_M.pdf: 9936891 bytes, checksum: f5cea3f3dd8db3f9c34d0b9e9f0a4d3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Introdução: A osteoporose é uma doença sistêmica que afeta principalmente as mulheres. Alguns dos fatores que aceleram a aparição desta doença são a idade e o uso, por longa data, de métodos anticoncepcionais com somente progestágenos. O sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) é um método difundido para a contracepção e o tratamento de diversas patologias ginecológicas. Na literatura não foram identificados estudos longitudinais prospectivos, com usuárias de longa data deste método, que avaliem seus efeitos sobre a densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Objetivos: Avaliar a DMO em usuárias do SIU-LNG aos sete anos de uso e comparar com elas mesmas aos 10 anos de uso e com um grupo-controle de usuárias de método anticoncepcional não hormonal. Sujeitos e métodos: do total de 37 mulheres que realizaram DMO no antebraço aos sete anos de uso do SIU-LNG, foi avaliada a DMO novamente aos 10 anos de uso. Cada usuária foi pareada com uma usuária de DIU TCu380A, com o mesmo tempo de uso, por idade (± 1 ano), índice de massa corporal (IMC; kg/m2) (± 1), cor da pele e número de gravidezes (± 1). A DMO foi avaliada no antebraço não dominante no rádio distal (midshaft ulna) e no rádio ultradistal usando double X-ray absorptiometry. Os dados foram avaliados pelos testes t de Student pareado, Wilcoxon, Snedecor (ANOVA) e Índice de correlação múltipla. Resultados: A DMO das usuárias do SIU-LNG aos 10 anos de uso foi estatisticamente similar que aos sete anos e similar que os seus controles, usuárias de DIU TCu380A, mesmo quando pareadas por idade (± 1 ano), índice de massa corporal [IMC; kg/m2, (± 1)], cor da pele e número de gestações (± 1). A maior DMO das usuárias do SIU-LNG aos 10 anos foi significativamente associada ao maior IMC (kg/m2) e maior DMO aos sete anos de uso. Conclusão: As DMO dos antebraços distal e ultradistal foram similares entre as usuárias do SIU-LNG aos sete e 10 anos de uso, e também quando comparadas com um grupo de não usuárias deste contraceptivo / Abstract: Introduction: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease which mainly affects women. Some of the factors which provoke an acceleration of the initiation of this disease were age and use for a long-term of progestin-only contraceptive methods. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is widely introduced method for contraception and for the treatment of several gynecological pathologies. On the literature we were unable to identify prospective studies with long-term users of this method which evaluated their effect upon bone mineral density (BMD). Objectives: To assess prospectively the BMD of users of the LNG-IUS at the 7th year of use and compare with the same women at the 10th year of use and with a control group of users of a non-hormonal contraceptive method. Materials and methods: A total of 37 women who performed a forearm BMD at the 7th year of use and again at the 10th year of use. Each woman was paired with a woman who had been using a copper IUD TCu380A for at least the same length of time, who never use an LNG-IUS matched by age (±1 year), body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) (±1), ethnicity, and number of pregnancies (±1). BMD was evaluated at the distal and the ultra-distal radius of the nondominant forearm using double X-ray absorptiometry. The data was evaluated trough t-Student test for paired samples, Wilcoxon, Snedecor (ANOVA) and multiple logistic regression. Results: The BMD of LNG-IUS users at the 10th year of use was statistically similar than themselves when use at the 7th year as well as similar as controls users of the TCu380A IUD even when paired by age (± 1 year), body mass index (BMI; Kg/m2, (± 1), race and number of pregnancies (± 1). Higher BMD of the LNG-IUS at the 10th year of use was significantly associated to a high BMI (Kg/m2) and higher BMD at the 7th year of use. Conclusions: Forearm BMD at distal and ultra-distal radius was similar among users of the LNG-IUS at the 7th and at the 10th year of use and was also similar when compared users with non-users of this contraceptive method / Mestrado / Tocoginecologia / Meste em Tocoginoclogia

Bakgrund: Preventivmedel är metoder som i huvudsyfte används för att förhindra graviditet, de kan dock påverka mycket mer än fertiliteten i form av biverkningar. Det fanns sedan tidigare studier som beskrev kvinnors erfarenheter av reversibla preventivmedel men för att ge en bredare bild av kvinnors upplevelser valde författarna att sammanfatta dessa i en litteraturstudie. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att använda reversibla preventivmedel. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie av 16 artiklar, 13 med kvantitativ ansats och tre med kvalitativ ansats. Huvudresultat: Kvinnor upplevde att de påverkades av sin omgivning när det gällde valet av preventivmedel, ofta handlade det om vänners tidigare erfarenheter och attityder. P-piller är den metod som flest kvinnor i omgivningen använde och metoden valdes därför många gånger av bekvämlighetsskäl. P-piller kan dock vara besvärliga eftersom de ska tas varje dag, något som många kvinnor upplevde var svårt. Detta kunde påverka metodens säkerhet och ge oro, denna oro upplevde inte kvinnor som valde mer långsiktiga metoder som spiraler, p-ring eller p-stav vilket resulterade i att kvinnorna upplevde en större trygghet. Trygghet upplevdes vara en viktig faktor för den sexuella hälsan. Hur kvinnan blev bemött av sin vårdgivare samt metodens påverkan på menstruationen hade också betydelse för kvinnans välmående. Slutsats:Kvinnors upplevelser av användningen av reversibla preventivmedel är väldigt individuell och komplicerad och därför är det viktigt att belysa kvinnors upplevelser och eventuella problem. / Background: The main purpose of contraceptives is to prevent pregnancy, but they might also affect more than just fertility due to side effects. There is previous research that describes women's experiences of reversible contraceptives, the authors aim was therefore to provide a broad view of these experiences by summarizing them into a literature review. Aim: To describe women’s experiences with using reversible contraceptives. Method: A descriptive literature review of 16 articles, 13 with a quantitative approach and three with a qualitative approach. Main result: Women often experienced an impact from their surroundings when it came to their choice of contraceptives, usually the experiences and attitudes of friends. Oral contraceptives were the most commonly used method and often chosen because of convenience. However, oral contraceptives need to be taken every day and to some women that was a problem leading to nervousness which affected the security of the method. Women that choose long-acting reversible contraceptives like intrauterine devices, vaginalring or implant, usually experienced a greater security. Security was an important factor for the sexual health of women. How the women were being treated by her caregiver and how the method impacted on her menstruation also had significance on her wellbeing. Conclusion: Women's experiences of the use of reversible contraceptives was very individual and complicated and that is why it is important to make aware of women's experiences and any problems they might have.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1989.

Este estudo versa sobre o comportamento de um grupo específico de consumidores brasileiros, classificados como de baixa renda, e busca avaliar como se dá o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de preservativos. Basicamente dois fatores justificam a importância do tema: o primeiro é o fato de que um dos segmentos que mais têm sido afetados pelo aumento da incidência da Aids é a população de baixa renda; o segundo, é a constatação de que crescem as taxas de fecundidade entre mulheres dessa mesma classe. As conseqüências socioeconômicas desses fatos podem ser graves. O uso de métodos contraceptivos e de prevenção contra a doença parece ser, portanto, o caminho para se amenizar o problema. O preservativo tem papel de destaque nessa luta. Tendo isso em vista, o trabalho procura lançar luz à compreensão do perfil das classes populares, seus estilos de vida e de compra, dando foco ao produto preservativo. A revisão da literatura trata da teoria do comportamento do consumidor, associando-a a estudos sobre hábitos de uso do preservativo e a considerações sobre atributos do mesmo. A pesquisa de campo procura identificar quais atributos do preservativo são considerados mais importantes pelos consumidores de baixa renda e qual o peso relativo dessa importância. Para tanto, faz uso de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, apoiado no método de análise da Conjoint Analysis, próprio para avaliação relativa entre atributos. Os principais resultados apresentados mostram que esses consumidores consideram fortemente a importância da marca e do preço, mas não desprezam fatores como formato e textura. Para concluir, as considerações finais destacam que os resultados apresentados sugerem oportunidades de ações de marketing que chamem a atenção dos atributos identificados como de maior importância relativa e permitam o maior acesso do indivíduo de baixa renda ao preservativo. / This thesis is about the behavior of a specific group of brazilian consumers who are classified as low income people. It aims to evaluate how they choose and buy condoms. There are mainly two factors that make this research important: the first one is related to the fact that the number of low income people with Aids is increasing; the second one is related to the growing birth rate in the low income group. The social and economical consequences of these factors are really serious. Using condom can be one of the ways to prevent Aids and pregnancy. Because of this, condom has an important role in this situation. This research intends to understand the profile of the low income groups, their way of living and buying, especially condoms. The theoretical review is based on the consumer behavior, relating it to the searches about the condom using habits and their attributes. The marketing research aims to identify which condom attributes are considered more important by the low income consumers and how such attributes are important or not to these consumers. The main results show that the consumers really consider the condom brand and price, but they also consider the format and texture. Finally, we conclude that there are marketing opportunities related to the condom attributes identified as the most important ones to the low income consumers.