Many mechanical systems exhibit nonlinear movement and are subject to perturbations from a desired equilibrium state. These perturbations can greatly reduce the efficiency of the systems. It is therefore desirous to analyze the asymptotic stabilizability of an equilibrium solution of nonlinear systems; an excellent method of performing these analyses is through study of Jacobian linearization's and their properties. Two enlightening examples of nonlinear mechanical systems are the Simple Inverted Pendulum and the Inverted Pendulum on a Cart (PoC). These examples provide insight into both the feasibility and usability of Jacobian linearizations of nonlinear systems, as well as demonstrate the concepts of local stability, observability, controllability and detectability of linearized systems under varying parameters. Some examples of constant disturbances and effects are considered. The ultimate goal is to examine stabilizability, through both static and dynamic feedback controllers, of mechanical systems

Les patients HIV controllers (HICs) sont des patients infectés par le VIH contrôlant spontanément la réplication virale sans traitement anti-rétroviral (TARV). Certains de ces patients présentent, au cours de leur suivi, une baisse de leurs lymphocytes T CD4 (LT CD4) et parfois, perdent le contrôle antiviral. Nous avons ainsi voulu étudier les paramètres d’activation immunitaire et d’inflammation systémique chez ces patients.Dans le travail n°1, nous avons quantifié plusieurs biomarqueurs de l’inflammation, et nous avons mis en évidence qu’en dépit d’une charge virale ARN VIH très faible, les HICs présentaient des taux de TNFα, IP10 et CD14 soluble anormalement élevés. La chimiokine IP10, produite sous l’effet des IFN de type I et II, était celle qui permettait le mieux de distinguer le profil inflammatoire des HICs par rapport aux témoins non infectés ou aux patients progresseurs. Notamment, les taux d’IP10 étaient inversement corrélés aux LT CD4 circulants. Nous avons poursuivi cette analyse dans le Travail n°2 par l’analyse en qPCR de gènes induits par l’Interféron (ISGs), au sein des LT CD4, LT CD8 et monocytes triés ex vivo. Le niveau d’expression des ISGs et leur régulation étaient différents selon le type cellulaire. En outre, le gène ifitm1 était surexprimé au sein des LT CD4 des HICs. Son rôle exact mérite d’être caractérisé précisément. Enfin, nous avons analysé les causes d’échappement immunologique et virologique des HICs de la cohorte ANRS CO21 CODEX, montrant queles taux de LT CD4, de charge virale ultra-sensible et d’IP10 à l’inclusion étaient anormaux chez les patients à risque d’échappement.Ces résultats soulignent donc que chez certains HICs, une inflammation anormale persiste. La place de ces biomarqueurs pour identifier les HICs à risque de progresser, chez lesquels un TARV devrait être instauré, doit être précisée. De même, le ciblage de ces voies d’activation immunitaire doit être étudié afin d’en réduire les conséquences. / HIV controllers patients (HICs) are HIV-infected patients who spontaneously control the viral replication without anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Some of these patients experience a decline of their CD4 T cell count (CD4 Tc) and/or lose their ability to control the virus during follow-up. Our aim was to study the parameters of immune activation and systemic inflammation in such settings.In the first article, we quantified several biomarkers of inflammation in HICs, and we highlighted that despite very low circulating HIV RNA viral load, HICs had higher levels of TNF, soluble CD14 and IP10 than healthy volunteers. IP10, depending on the production of type I and II IFN, was the one that allowed the better distinction in the inflammatory profile of HICs compared with uninfected controls or viremic patients. In particular, IP10 levels were negatively correlated to circulating CD4 T cell counts. We continued this analysis by performing qPCR analyses of the expression of 4 Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in sorted circulating CD4 T lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes and monocytes ex vivo. The level of ISGs and their regulation differed depending on the cell type. In addition, Ifitm1 was overexpressed in HICs’ CD4 T cells. His precise role in antiviral control and/or regulation of inflammation should be further characterized. Lastly, we analyzed the immunological and virological progression causes in the HICs ANRS CO21 CODEX cohort, showing that CD4 T cell counts (nadir and at inclusion), as well as ultra-sensitive HIV viral load and IP10 levels at inclusion were abnormal in patients at risk of progression. These results point out that in some HICs, abnormal inflammation persists. The role of these biomarkers in the biological follow up of HICs must be specified to better identify patients at risk of progression, in which ART should be earlier initiated. Similarly, immunomodulatory drugs should be further studied in order to reduce the long term consequences of persistent inflammation in HICs.

Le développement d’une réponse innée est essentiel pour lutter contre les infections virales. Elle se traduit par la production de cytokines antivirales, parmi lesquelles les interférons-alpha (IFN-). Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) sont les principales cellules productrices d’IFN-Nous avons démontré que les virus libres d’HTLV-1 induisaient une réponse innée se traduisant par une forte production d’IFN-. Les pDC non stimulées sont dans un état de quiescence avec des taux du ligand pro-apoptotique TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand) intracellulaire très élevés, rapidement mobilisés à la surface des pDC sous activation de la voie du Toll-like receptor 7. Les pDC acquièrent alors un phénotype de cellules tueuses, les IKpDC (Interferon producing killer pDC). C’est la première fois qu’une réponse innée induite par les particules libres d’HTLV-1 a été mise en évidence.Il a été montré que des taux sériques d’IFN- apparaissaient dans les phases tardives du SIDA, suggérant un rôle de l’IFN- dans la pathologie du VIH. La voie d’apoptose régulée par TRAIL/DR5 est impliquée dans la déplétion massive des LTCD4+ des patients infectés par le VIH. Les patients « HIV Controllers » (HIC) sont des patients infectés par le VIH mais qui contrôlent la charge virale et la mort de leurs LTCD4+. Nous avons alors étudié la voie IFN/TRAIL/DR5 chez ces patients. Notre analyse protéique et génomique de DR5 a révélé un défaut d’expression de DR5 à la surface des LTCD4+ des patients HIC par rapport aux patients virémiques. Le séquençage du gène DR5 a révélé l’existence d’une substitution homozygote dans l’exon 1 du gène des HIC. Cette substitution génomique a pour conséquence le changement d’un acide aminé dans la région leader de la protéine DR5 entrainant la séquestration intracellulaire de DR5. Cette mutation associée au profil des patients HIC pourrait expliquer le maintien du nombre de leurs LTCD4+, ainsi que la non-progression vers la phase SIDA. / Innate immune response which is characterized by antiviral cytokines such as interferon-alpha (IFN-, is essential during viral infections. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the main IFN- producer cells. We demonstrated that HTLV-1 free viruses induced a strong IFN- production by pDC. Unstimulated pDC were in fact dormant cells stocking intracellular proapoptotic ligand TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand), which was quickly mobilized at the cell surface of pDC after Toll-like receptor 7 activation. Then, pDC acquire a new killer phenotype, the IKpDC (Interferon producing killer pDC). This is the first demonstration that HTLV-1 free viruses can induce an innate immune response by pDC.Plasma levels of IFN- have been found in HIV-1-infected patients, suggesting a role of IFN- in HIV-associated disease. We hypothesized in our HIV in vitro model the implication of TRAIL/DR5 pathway in CD4 T cells massive depletion observed in HIV-1-infected patients.A population of HIV-infected patients, called « HIV Controllers » (HIC), do not progress to AIDS despite HIV infection, control their viral load and their CD4 T cells depletion. We have then study IFN/TRAIL/DR5 pathway of these patients. Our proteomic and genomic analysis revealed a default of DR5 expression at the cell surface of CD4 T cells from HIV controllers in contrast to progressor patients. DNA sequencing revealed a homozygous substitution in the exon 1 of DR5 gene from HIC. The consequence of this substitution is the change of one amino-acid in the leader region of DR5 protein. Thus, DR5 is uncleaved and is sequestrated in the intracellular copartements in CD4 T cells. The lack of DR5 cell surface expression in HIV Controllers may explain the maintain of CD4+ T cells count and thus the non progression to AIDS.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-133). Also available on the Internet.

The use of embedded Internet systems is growing rapidly in the manufacturing sector. These systems allow the monitoring and controlling of plant machinery and manufactured items from a remote location via a standard Web interface. In a manufacturing environment, it is inevitable that long running processes will require support for dynamic reconfiguration because, for example, machines may fail, services may be moved or withdrawn and user requirements may change. In such an environment it is essential that the operation and architecture of such processes can be modified to reflect such changes. This research project will present methods and ideas for establishing a reconfigurable remote system by using standard 8-bit microcontrollers and reconfigurable hardware. It will allow a manufacturing process to be modified and changed within minutes without even having to be physically present at the location where the process is running.

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for 'the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 1991. / The report describes the design of an algorithm which can be used for automatic controller tuning purposes. It uses an on-line parameter estimator and a pole assignrnent design method. The resulting control law is formulated to approximate a proportional-integral (PI) industrial controller. The development ofthe algorithm is based on the delta-operator, Some implementation aspects such as covariance resetting, dead zone, and signal conditioning are also discussed. Robust stability and performance are two issues that govern the design approach. Additionally transient and steady state system response criteria are utilized from the time and frequency domains. The design work is substantiated with the use of simulation and real plant tests. / AC2017

Modern Control Theory is applied to analyze an existing aluminum mill drive, which was originally designed by Classical Methods. The system is studied with Optimal Control and z-transform zero-pole locus tools. The results and also the original design are compared with the performance of simulation. The models are built with the transition matrix and iterative procedures. Conclusions about the appropriated design methods and improvements to the control scheme result from the investigation. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

Thesis submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Electrical Engineering - Light Current, Durban University of Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, 2008. / Linear control systems can be easily tuned using classical tuning techniques such as the Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon tuning formulae. Empirical studies have found that these conventional tuning methods result in an unsatisfactory control performance when they are used for processes experiencing the negative destabilizing effects of strong nonlinearities. It is for this reason that control practitioners often prefer to tune most nonlinear systems using trial and error tuning, or intuitive tuning. A need therefore exists for the development of a suitable tuning technique that is applicable for a wide range of control loops that do not respond satisfactorily to conventional tuning. Emerging technologies such as Swarm Intelligence (SI) have been utilized to solve many non-linear engineering problems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), developed by Eberhart and Kennedy (1995), is a sub-field of SI and was inspired by swarming patterns occurring in nature such as flocking birds. It was observed that each individual exchanges previous experience, hence knowledge of the “best position” attained by an individual becomes globally known. In the study, the problem of identifying the PID controller parameters is considered as an optimization problem. An attempt has been made to determine the PID parameters employing the PSO technique. A wide range of typical process models commonly encountered in industry is used to assess the efficacy of the PSO methodology. Comparisons are made between the PSO technique and other conventional methods using simulations and real-time control. / National Research Foundation

published_or_final_version / abstract / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy