Shear-wave splitting and azimuthal variations of seismic attributes are two major anisotropic effects induced by vertically-aligned fractures. They both have influences on seismic data processing and interpretation, and provide information on fracture properties. Azimuthal variations in P-wave data have been intensively studied to improve imaging and obtain fracture parameters. However, azimuthal variations in PS-converted wave seismic data, particularly the velocity variation in PS-converted wave data, have not been well studied. Shear-wave splitting has been frequently used to estimate fracture directions and densities. However, its influence on the azimuthal variations of PS-converted wave data has also lacked a proper analysis. In this thesis, I analyse the anisotropic behaviour of PS-converted wave seismic data in the presence of azimuthal anisotropy, which includes the azimuthal variation of the PSconverted wave and PS-converted wave splitting. First, I demonstrate the robustness of PS-converted wave splitting for fracture characterisation. PS-converted wave seismic data is also influenced by the splitting effect due to its upgoing shear-wave leg. This important feature enables the application of shear-wave splitting analysis to PS-converted wave seismic data. I use synthetic data to show the necessity for separation of the split PS-converted waves. Then I apply the PS-converted wave splitting analysis to Sanhu 3D3C land seismic data. By separation of the fast and slow PS-converted waves and compensation for the time delays, the imaging quality has been improved. Dominant fracture properties obtained from the splitting analysis show a good correlation with the stress-field data. However, this work is accomplished by assuming only one set of vertical fractures in processing a given time window. In future work a specific layer-stripping algorithm could be constructed and applied. . Second, I study azimuthal variations of velocities in PS-converted wave seismic data. It involves two major parts: analysing azimuthal variations of NMO velocities to improve imaging, and examining the sensitivity of azimuthal variations to different fluid saturations. For a layer with HTI anisotropy induced by a set of vertical fractures, seismologists usually analyse the azimuthal behaviour exhibited on the radial and transverse components, on which PS-converted wave data are recorded. However, PS-converted waves also undergo shear-wave splitting, which complicates the azimuthal variations of PS-converted wave data. I demonstrate that it is essential to separate the fast P-SV1 wave from the slow P-SV2 wave, before applying any azimuthal analysis. I derive an equation describing the azimuthal variation in PSconverted wave NMO velocities, which shows the variation can be approximated into an ellipse. Based on this theory, I build a workflow to analyse the azimuthal variations of velocities in PS-converted wave data and apply this workflow to synthetic data. The imaging quality can be improved by using this workflow. Different fluid saturations in fractures have different influences on the azimuthal variations of both P-wave and PS-converted wave data. I perform a numerical study to understand how dry or water-saturated fractures control the azimuthal variations. Through theoretical and synthetic studies, I find that the azimuthal variation of velocities in PS-converted wave data is sensitive to different fluid saturations. By analysing the azimuthal variation, the fracture properties can also be estimated, but results are not as robust as those from PS-converted wave splitting analysis. I find that azimuthal variations of fast P-SV1 and slow P-SV2 waves show in-phase characteristics in dry fractures, but exhibit out-of-phase characteristics in water-saturated fractures. This important feature could open a new application for using PS-converted wave seismic data to distinguish oil-filled fractures from gas-filled fractures. In cases where multiple HTI layers are involved, I have developed a specific layer-stripping method to analyse both azimuthal variations and splitting effects of PS-converted waves. By applying this method to synthetic data, the fracture properties of each HTI layer can be estimated. The analysis of azimuthal variations in PS-converted wave velocities is applied to Daqing 3D3C land data. By using azimuthal velocity models in the PS-converted wave seismic data processing, the imaging quality is improved, especially in the anticline area where intensive fractures are likely to be developed. Furthermore, all fracture information obtained from analysis of azimuthal variations and splitting effects is compared with the stress-field data. The results from splitting analysis show a better correlation with the stress-field study. Finally, it is important to conclude that the analysis of PS-converted wave splitting is a robust method to estimate fracture directions and densities. However, it is not sensitive to different fluid saturations, which limits its application to fractured reservoir characterisation. Azimuthal variations of PS-converted wave seismic data can be analysed to improve imaging quality. Moreover their sensitivity to fluid saturations may provide a new way to discriminate between oil-filled and gas-filled fractures. However, the analysis of azimuthal variations is not as robust as the analysis of splitting effects, and it may require appropriate calibration with other fracture characterisation methods.

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, Biotype B, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) are pests of cotton crops, affecting the yield of the crop both indirectly and directly. These pests feed on the leaves of cotton plants and produce "honeydew," a sticky liquid excretion which covers the lint of the open cotton boll creating problems during the processing of the lint. High densities of these pests also can decrease the productivity of the cotton plant by stripping it of vital nutrients. The primary objective of this research was to screen 116 converted cotton race stocks for resistance to sweetpotato whiteflies. Responses of converted race stocks to whiteflies are compared to that of known susceptible commercial cultivars PSC 355 and Delta Pearl. Screens for antibiosis resistance to whitefly were established using excised leaves placed in a nutrient solution (¼ strength Hoagland's). Cohort populations of whiteflies were established on these leaves and followed daily to determine differences in developmental time as well as percent survival. Resistant candidates were determined using a chi-squared test comparing the ranked sums of leaf averages for the two selection criteria, whitefly developmental time and percent whitefly survival, of each cotton race stock to that of the putative known susceptibles (KS). These tests showed 6 converted race stocks to be significantly different (P ≤ 0.1) from the KS for at least one of the two selection criteria. Of these converted race stocks, M-9044-0154 and M-9044-0156 showed to have lower whitefly survival than the KS, while M-9644-0188, M-9644-0195, M-0044-0221, and M-9644-0242 showed whitefly to have an increased developmental time. Retesting of these six converted race stocks along with several others identified another race stock line, M-0044-0171, which was significantly different from the KS. Retesting also indicated that M-9644-0188 was different for survival in addition to developmental time which was determined in the original screening. Additional tests were conducted in the greenhouse and field to examine these race stock lines. Greenhouse screenings indicated that M-9044-0156 and M-9644-0188 contained possible non-preference resistance characteristics. Field screenings conducted in Weslaco and College Station, TX in 2002 and 2003 failed to provide useful data due to low densities of insects.

No description available.

Teleseismic data recorded by broad-band seismic stations in the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) have been used in a suite of studies of seismic wave conversion in order to assess the structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Baltic Shield. Signals of seismic waves converted between P and S at seismic discontinuities within the Earth carry information on the velocity contrast at the converting interface, on the depth of conversion and on P and S velocities above this depth. The conversion from P to S at the crust-mantle boundary (the Moho) provides a robust tool to constrain crustal thicknesses. Results of such analysis for the Baltic Shield show considerable variation of Moho depths and significantly improve the Moho depth map. Analysis of waves converted from S to P in the upper mantle reveals a layered lithosphere with alternating high and low velocity bodies. It also detects clear signals of a sharp velocity contrast at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at depths around 200 km. Delay times of P410s, the conversion from P to S at the upper mantle discontinuity at 410 km depth, were used in a tomographic inversion to simultaneously determine P and S velocities in the upper mantle. The polarisation of P410s was also used to study anisotropy of the upper mantle. Results of these analyses are found to be in close agreement with independently derived results from arrival time tomography and shear-wave splitting analysis of SKS. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the ability of converted wave analysis as a tool to detect and image geological boundaries that involve sharp contrasts in seismic properties. The results also show that this analysis can provide means of studying aspects of Earth’s structure that are conventionally studied using other types of seismic data.

Coastal Sage Scrub (CSS) is a low scrubland plant community native to the coasts of California, housing many threatened and endangered species. Due to the invasion of non-native plants, many areas of CSS have type converted to annual grasslands and the fire frequency has accelerated; fire in turn, may facilitate further invasion, leading to a loss of biodiversity. While many studies document post-fire succession in these communities, pre-fire data are rarely available for comparison, especially data on seedling emergence. I analyzed post-fire recovery of a type-converted grassland community, comparing seedling emergence data for the first and third year after fire to the three years preceding the fire. Non-native species abundances declined more after the fire than did native abundances. This pattern was still present in 2015, three years post-fire. Two native species, Amsinckia menziesii var. intermedia (Amsinckia) and Phacelia distans (Phacelia), were subjects of seed addition treatments pre-fire, but I found no evidence that past seeding increased their abundances post-fire. Amsincki did recover to its pre-fire density three years after the fire, while the density of Phacelia declined over 75% in both the year immediately post-fire and three years after the fire. However, a third native species, Lupinus bicolor (Lupinus), was both much more abundant and also more spatially widespread both immediately after the fire and two years later. This supports the hypothesis that Lupinus is stored in the soil seed bank and the fire may have given this species the opportunity to recover by lowering abundances of non-native competitors. This analysis will inform future conservation efforts by improving our understanding of how seed banks impact the post-fire recovery of native species.

O presente estudo procura compreender Edith Stein (1891-1942), personagem emblemática do século XX, através de uma perspectiva histórica, psicanalítica e de um método hermenêutico. De origem judaica, nascida em Breslau, Prússia, dedicouse aos estudos filosóficos e ao magistério. Foi aluna de E. Husserl e realizou importantes investigações fenomenológicas, em várias áreas. Discriminada por ser mulher e judia, não pôde seguir uma carreira acadêmica, apesar de suas importantes contribuições teóricas. Converteu-se ao catolicismo tornando-se monja carmelita descalça. Foi presa pela polícia nazista e assassinada em Auschwitz, na câmera de gás, em 1942. Beatificada pelo Papa João Paulo II em 1998, tornou-se co-patrona da Europa. Neste trabalho busquei, através de seu idioma pessoal, as raízes que fecundaram o seu pensamento e a maneira como tentou responder às questões cruciais que a habitaram como mulher, filósofa, judia-católica, vivendo a tensão entre o judaísmo e o catolicismo. As principais fontes utilizadas foram sua autobiografia, cartas, obras e escritos diversos, assim como a literatura produzida sobre ela e sua época, além de material iconográfico. / The focus of this research is to understand Edith Stein (1891-1942), an iconic XX century figure, using historical and psychoanalytical perspectives as well as an hermeneutical method. From Jewish origin, Stein was born in Breslau, Prussia, studied with E. Husserl and developed important phenomenological investigations, in education, womanhood, philosophy, theology and mystic. However could not be an academic because of discrimination against both women and Jews. Subsequently she converted to Catholicism and even became a Carmelite monk, neither of which was enough to escape persecution of the Nazis. She flew to Holland, but was arrested by the Gestapo, taken to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942, where her life ended in a gas chamber. She was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998. This work examines the roots and influences of her theoretical contributions as well as the way she answered the fundamental human questions that she dealt with during her lifetime as a woman, a philosopher and a Christian-Jew. The main sources are Steins autobiography, letters, writings and other literature dealing with her life and times.

<p>Teleseismic data recorded by broad-band seismic stations in the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN) have been used in a suite of studies of seismic wave conversion in order to assess the structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Baltic Shield. Signals of seismic waves converted between P and S at seismic discontinuities within the Earth carry information on the velocity contrast at the converting interface, on the depth of conversion and on P and S velocities above this depth. </p><p>The conversion from P to S at the crust-mantle boundary (the Moho) provides a robust tool to constrain crustal thicknesses. Results of such analysis for the Baltic Shield show considerable variation of Moho depths and significantly improve the Moho depth map. Analysis of waves converted from S to P in the upper mantle reveals a layered lithosphere with alternating high and low velocity bodies. It also detects clear signals of a sharp velocity contrast at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary at depths around 200 km. </p><p>Delay times of P410s, the conversion from P to S at the upper mantle discontinuity at 410 km depth, were used in a tomographic inversion to simultaneously determine P and S velocities in the upper mantle. The polarisation of P410s was also used to study anisotropy of the upper mantle. Results of these analyses are found to be in close agreement with independently derived results from arrival time tomography and shear-wave splitting analysis of SKS.</p><p>The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the ability of converted wave analysis as a tool to detect and image geological boundaries that involve sharp contrasts in seismic properties. The results also show that this analysis can provide means of studying aspects of Earth’s structure that are conventionally studied using other types of seismic data.</p>

O presente estudo procura compreender Edith Stein (1891-1942), personagem emblemática do século XX, através de uma perspectiva histórica, psicanalítica e de um método hermenêutico. De origem judaica, nascida em Breslau, Prússia, dedicouse aos estudos filosóficos e ao magistério. Foi aluna de E. Husserl e realizou importantes investigações fenomenológicas, em várias áreas. Discriminada por ser mulher e judia, não pôde seguir uma carreira acadêmica, apesar de suas importantes contribuições teóricas. Converteu-se ao catolicismo tornando-se monja carmelita descalça. Foi presa pela polícia nazista e assassinada em Auschwitz, na câmera de gás, em 1942. Beatificada pelo Papa João Paulo II em 1998, tornou-se co-patrona da Europa. Neste trabalho busquei, através de seu idioma pessoal, as raízes que fecundaram o seu pensamento e a maneira como tentou responder às questões cruciais que a habitaram como mulher, filósofa, judia-católica, vivendo a tensão entre o judaísmo e o catolicismo. As principais fontes utilizadas foram sua autobiografia, cartas, obras e escritos diversos, assim como a literatura produzida sobre ela e sua época, além de material iconográfico. / The focus of this research is to understand Edith Stein (1891-1942), an iconic XX century figure, using historical and psychoanalytical perspectives as well as an hermeneutical method. From Jewish origin, Stein was born in Breslau, Prussia, studied with E. Husserl and developed important phenomenological investigations, in education, womanhood, philosophy, theology and mystic. However could not be an academic because of discrimination against both women and Jews. Subsequently she converted to Catholicism and even became a Carmelite monk, neither of which was enough to escape persecution of the Nazis. She flew to Holland, but was arrested by the Gestapo, taken to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942, where her life ended in a gas chamber. She was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998. This work examines the roots and influences of her theoretical contributions as well as the way she answered the fundamental human questions that she dealt with during her lifetime as a woman, a philosopher and a Christian-Jew. The main sources are Steins autobiography, letters, writings and other literature dealing with her life and times.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2722593 bytes, checksum: 7ccc7962d48ab26b6e9fcd799d120719 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main goal of this study is the generation of electricity using a modern open top biomass gasifier, (having a water gas cleaning system) imported from India, and a 36 kVA engine-generator. The engine, originally a Diesel MWM D229-4 was converted at the Laboratório de Inovação da UFPB to run just with poor gas from the gasifier. The fact that the imported gasifier had been designed to feed a dual engine to generate at the maximum 20 kWe, caused some difficulty when associated with the converted engine which ran just with gas. Therefore, drastic changes needed to be introduced at the original gasifier because when the engine was running at levels of power greater than 8.4 kWe, a sudden interruption occurred due to flooding of the gas cleaning water. Upon the required modifications, the gasifier was able to produce sufficient poor gas to generate 26 kWe of power. The engine was tested for different ignition advance angles: 22°, 20°, 16° e 9° and for two different types of wood. It was noted that the angle adjustment had a great influence not only over the engine performance itself, but also on the efficiencies of the gasifier and consequently of the system composed by the gasifier and the electrical generator. In this adjustment the ignition advance angle of 9° stood out as one that could guarantee economic advantages and better performance for the system, when the entire experimental range of power is considered. Taking into account that in our experiments an additional of 6 kWe was obtained as compared to the designed value for the Indian system operating with a dual engine, running with diesel and poor gas, we can conclude that the present results and considerations point to the importance of using a biomass gasifier as a successful means of solving the electrical energy dilemma in Brazil. / O principal objetivo deste estudo é a geração de eletricidade usando um sistema formado por um gaseificador de biomassa, moderno, topo aberto (com um sistema de lavagem do gás), importado da Índia, e um grupo gerador de 36 kVA. O motor, originalmente a diesel MWM D229-4 foi convertido no Laboratório de Inovação da UFPB, para funcionar com gás pobre. O gaseificador foi projetado para alimentar um motor do tipo dual, com capacidade máxima de geração de 20 kWe. Foi usado, todavia, para alimentar um motor a diesel convertido para funcionar apenas com gás. Nestas condições não gerava potências superiores a 8,4 kWe, uma vez que ocorria parada brusca do motor, decorrente do seu encharcamento pela água de lavagem do gás. Este fato fez com que drásticas modificações no projeto original, fossem introduzidas. As alterações efetuadas possibilitaram a produção de gás suficiente para gerar 26 kWe. O motor foi testado com diferentes ângulos de ignição, 22°, 20°, 16° e 9°, e o gaseificador com dois diferentes tipos de rejeitos de madeira. Verificou-se que o ajuste do motor tinha grande influência nos desempenhos, do motor, do gaseificador e, consequentemente, no do sistema gaseificador/grupo gerador. Neste ajuste destacou-se o ângulo de ignição de 9° que permitiu maiores vantagens econômicas e melhores condições de funcionamento, quando todo o intervalo de potência ensaiado foi considerado. Levando em conta que a potência elétrica produzida com a biomassa residual foi 6 kW acima da estipulada para o sistema que funcionaria com o motor dual, isto é, com diesel e gás pobre, e tratando-se de um sistema ecologicamente correto, pode-se concluir sobre a importância do uso de gaseificadores de biomassa como sendo uma opção para resolver o dilema da energia elétrica no Brasil.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAEL - Roberto Diniz Costa.pdf: 2645130 bytes, checksum: 0562e01165b5b50b5bb28a5ead342e23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-27 / The main purpose of this study was to outline, describe what is widely called conversion and show, in an empirical way, how frequent this process is in order to point out which word classes are more converted in the English language. In order to achieve this objective, this study has found support in Corpus Linguistics, which is a Linguistics field that is concerned about analyzing any language empirically through corpora, which can be defined as authentic text compilations stored in computer files. Besides being supported by Corpus Linguistics, this dissertation has focused on the study of conversion, which is also called improper derivation in the prescriptive grammar. There is a great range of studies on the conversion process; however, very few of them has demonstrated empirically how frequent conversion is and they have seldom used authentic texts in their analysis. Therefore, this study has tried to fill this gap by being able to show empirically the limits towards conversion through the use of an authentic corpus, the British National Corpus. In order to achieve the objective of this study, the following questions have been stated: 1. What are the word classes that are most and least likely to be converted? 2. What is the conversion rate, in the selected corpus, between the words that are and are not involved in the conversion process? 3. In the selected corpus, what words show the widest array of grammar classes that can possibly be converted? 4. Are there any differences concerning the occurrence of conversion VII between the most frequent words and the words that show the widest array of grammar classes that can possibly be converted? If so, why? The corpus employed in the study was the British National Corpus, compiled from 100 million words. These words have been obtained from a wide array of sources, gathered in a way they could show a wide sample of spoken and written British English. It is obvious that, by dealing with a sample of the target language, the corpus might not represent a hundred percent of the language used. This way, it will always be an incomplete sample; therefore, when analyzing corpora, one should work with the concept of probability, which is really helpful to this study, once it made possible to show how probable conversion is. The results have indicated that conversion is a frequent process in the English language, once it involves 10 word classes and more than 36 million words. Moreover, it might be suggested that conversion is a living process in the English language and, through an empirical way, it is possible to point out that verbs, prepositions and pronouns are the most intrinsically related to conversion word classes. To sum up, this dissertation hopes that it has contributed to the study of conversion, since there are few studies that have demonstrated empirically how frequent conversion is. This work also presents and discusses the research limitations and its possible applications in the future, apart from pedagogical applications of the results / Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais delimitar e descrever o processo comumente chamado de conversão, demonstrar, de maneira empírica, sua freqüência para apontar as classes de palavras mais tipicamente convertidas na língua inglesa. Para tanto, o trabalho encontrou suporte teórico na Lingüística de Corpus, que se preocupa em analisar qualquer língua de maneira empírica, por intermédio de corpora, ou seja, compilações de textos autênticos armazenadas em formato de arquivo de computador. Além da Lingüística de Corpus, o projeto fundamentou-se no estudo da conversão, que é também chamada de derivação imprópria na gramática normativa. Há vários trabalhos que lidam com a questão da conversão; entretanto, nenhum deles demonstrou empiricamente quão freqüente a conversão é e quase nunca utilizaram textos autênticos como objeto de análise e exemplos. Desse modo, este trabalho buscou preencher essa lacuna, sendo, portanto, capaz de demonstrar empiricamente a extensão da conversão na língua inglesa por meio de um corpus autêntico, o British National Corpus. No intuito de operacionalizar os objetivos deste trabalho, foram elencadas as seguintes perguntas de pesquisa: 1. Quais são as classes de palavras mais e menos passíveis de serem convertidas na língua inglesa? 2. Qual é a proporção, no corpus selecionado, entre as palavras que estão envolvidas no processo de conversão e as que não são modificadas por esse fenômeno? 3. Quais são as palavras que apresentam maior repertório de classes de palavras passíveis de serem convertidas no corpus selecionado? IX 4. Há diferenças na freqüência do processo de conversão entre as palavras mais freqüentes e as que apresentam maior repertório de classes de palavras passíveis de serem convertidas? Em caso afirmativo, o que explica essa diferença? O corpus empregado na pesquisa foi o British National Corpus, (BNC), compilado a partir de 100 milhões de palavras obtidas da língua inglesa escrita e falada. As amostras de língua foram obtidas de uma grande variedade de fontes, reunidas de modo a mostrar um recorte abrangente do inglês britânico falado e escrito do final do século XX. É evidente que, por se tratar de uma amostra, o corpus pode não representar cem por cento da língua utilizada. Nesse sentido, será sempre uma amostra incompleta; dessa forma, ao estudar um corpus, devemos trabalhar com a questão de probabilidade, o que é extremamente útil para este trabalho, uma vez que nos permitiu determinar quão provável a conversão é. Os resultados indicaram que a conversão é um processo recorrente na língua inglesa, uma vez que envolve 10 classes de palavras e mais de 36 milhões de palavras. Além disso, pode-se sugerir que a conversão é um processo vivo na língua inglesa e, de maneira empírica, é possível apontar que as classes de palavras que estão mais intrinsecamente relacionadas à conversão são os verbos, as preposições e os pronomes. Por conseguinte, a pesquisa pretende ter contribuído para o estudo da conversão, uma vez que há poucos trabalhos que demonstrem, de maneira empírica, quão freqüente a conversão é. Desse modo, a pesquisa espera ter feito uma contribuição original para a área. O trabalho ainda apresenta e discute as limitações da pesquisa realizada, aponta possíveis desdobramentos deste estudo em pesquisas futuras e oferece sugestões dos resultados da pesquisa.