Diss.--Fachbereich "Christliche Religionsphilosophie", Theologische Fakultät--Freiburg i. Br.--Universität Freiburg i. Br., 1991.

Thesis advisor: Dermot Moran / This dissertation examines and elucidates the notion of spirit (Geist) in Stein’s work, particularly the role it plays in her philosophical anthropology and her understanding of intersubjectivity and community. While this notion is central to Stein’s philosophy, very little scholarship focuses on it directly, and there has never been an attempt to trace its development over the whole of Stein’s corpus. I argue that the key to understanding Stein’s notion of spirit is to understand spirit as expressive, and in so doing to recognize expression (or “going out from oneself”) as a fundamental characteristic of the human person. This approach to spirit sheds light on the resolutions Stein’s philosophy offers to the issue of the relationship between body and mind, and of the human person’s place in connection to both the world of physical causality and the world of willing, valuing, meaning, and reasoning (in other words, the world of spirit). Understanding spirit as fundamentally expressive helps us to make sense of what it means to be an individual human being and what it means to be a part of the human community. Although she draws from and synthesizes the ideas of a number of thinkers such as Edmund Husserl, Wilhelm Dilthey, and Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Stein’s approach is distinctive and, I argue, uniquely suited to comprehensively addressing these questions. I develop this idea of spirit as expressive by examining Stein’s claim that the person is a psycho-physical-spiritual unity that is revealed through empathy. In other words, I know the other to be a person because their being expresses itself to me. This starting point leads to an analysis of Stein’s understanding of the nature of the human person. In examining this psycho-physical-spiritual nature that Stein proposes, her singular notion of Entfaltung or “unfolding” emerges. She claims that the character of the individual person is grounded in a Persönlichkeitskern or “personal core” out of which unfolds the actualization of individual potentialities. Thus, the identity of the individual person is not created by action, but rather is uncovered, revealed, and comes to fruition through action. In unfolding, the individual expresses his or her personhood through spiritual acts, insofar as the individual encounters the world as meaningful and creatively and freely responds to this meaning. In this way, the spiritual self goes out toward the world, and the spiritual life is what Stein calls a “superabundant, diffusive life” of self-expression and self transcendence toward life outside of the self. Furthermore, in unfolding out toward the world and toward other individuals, we also are opened up to receive this self-expression from others (their “going out of themselves”). Thus, to be spiritual is to participate in a shared world and to be shaped by it; to express oneself to the other, and to be receptive to the other’s expression of spirit. When spirit “goes out of itself” in self-expression, it expresses itself to someone, and the community of self-expressing persons is a community of beings that “mean together,” beings that participate in the sharing of spiritual content and the fruit of spiritual acts. Yet, this self-transcendence is at the same time not a leaving behind of the self; in spiritual acts, individuals “become themselves” as the unfolding of one’s personal core is expressed and uncovered not only to others but also to oneself. In the creativity and freedom of spiritual acts, individuals are brought outside of themselves and at the same time become more at home within themselves insofar as, with the actualization of the individual Persönlichkeitskern, individuals more fully know and express their unique individuality. In this way, I argue, the notion of expression is not only crucial to making sense of Stein’s own account of spirit (and thereby her account of personhood, intersubjectivity, and community), but furthermore, provides a way of understanding the person as inextricably bound up in community without compromising individual identity. In going out toward others in spiritual expression, one becomes more oneself. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--St. Louis, Mo.--Washington university. / Bibliogr. p. 167-177. Index.

Thèse de doctorat : Allemand : Lyon 2 : 2000. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät, Fach Fundamentaltheologie--Augsburg--Universität, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 384-397. Index.

This paper is about Edith Steins phenomenological investigation on empathy, based on the dissertation she wrote for Edmund Husserl: Zum Problem der Einfühlung. The philosophical method she used was an early phenomenological realism, practiced by phenomenologists in prewar-time, and she was an active member of the Göttingen philosophical society founded in 1907. Her analysis of the phenomenon empathy also includes a theory of emotions which recently has been brought up in the empathy-debate as crucial to an understanding of our empathic experience and our basic intersubjective experience. By looking in to how we perceive the others emotions Stein includes a survey, in the analysis of empathy, over different layers of our personality: from the outer bodily dimension to the inner core in the psychophysical individual. She provides for a phenomenological insight into the structures and layers of the other person, which then creates an understanding of how the emotional aspect of the empathic act discloses the others personality and values. / Den här uppsatsen handlar om Edith Steins fenomenologiska analys av empati-begreppet, med grund i doktorsavhandlingen hon skrev för Husserl: Zum Problem der Einfühlung. Hon ägnade sig åt en realistisk fenomenologi i likhet med samtida fenomenologer och var med i Göttingen filosofiska sällskap (grundat 1907). I Steins (tidiga) filosofi får vi dessutom en fenomenologisk inblick i de underliggande strukturerna i psyket, samt en teori om känslor som visar på hur kroppen och psyket i en sammanhängande enhet ger uttryck för våra upplevelser. Uppsatsen lyfter, tillsammans med ny forskning, fram den tyska innebörden av ordet empati (Einfühlung), där Stein på ett realistiskt vis beskriver det kännande jaget som fenomen - det empiriska jaget. Ordet översatt till svenska blir inkännande och det är denna innebörd som här specifikt betraktats i samband med den empatiska akten. Det handlar först och främst om den andres upplevelser och känslor som då utgör fokus i empati - där Steins undersökning av den empatiska upplevelsen och de olika känsloskikten i personen även bidrar till en förståelse för hur känslorna avslöjar personlighet och värden, i en grundläggande intersubjektiv upplevelse.

Tesis--Teología espiritual--Burgos--Facultad de teología del Norte de España, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 469-489.

A busca pela autenticidade tem sido considerada um importante fenômeno contemporâneo, assim como o cultivo das sensações como critério de subjetivação. As análises empreendidas no seio da fenomenologia clássica disponibilizam uma descrição rigorosa do ser humano, buscando compreendê-lo em sua complexidade estrutural, dotada das dimensões da corporeidade, psique e espírito que se mostram interdependentes, além de apontar para vivências comunitárias como constitutivas de si mesmo provando-se uma perspectiva com grande potencial para renovar a problematização da temática. Edith Stein (1891-1942), discípula de Husserl, discute o tema da corporeidade e da tomada de posição voluntária de maneira aprofundada, chegando a se referir a um tipo de posicionamento onde emerge aquilo que é autenticamente individual. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo examinar a noção de autenticidade na Fenomenologia de Edith Stein, discutindo o indispensável comparecimento da corporeidade como sua condição de possibilidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, bibliográfica, onde elegemos como textos principais de nossa análise as seguintes publicações de Edith Stein: O problema da empatia (1917); Psicologia e Ciências do Espírito: contribuições para uma fundamentação filosófica (1922); Sobre a ideia de formação (1930); A estrutura ôntica da pessoa e a problemática do seu conhecimento (1930-32); Introdução à Filosofia (1919-32/2001); A estrutura da pessoa humana (1932-33) e A filosofia existencial de Martin Heidegger (1936). Vários outros textos de Stein também foram utilizados para aprofundamento dos temas identificados, bem como de outros pesquisadores comentadores da obra steiniana. A noção de autenticidade comparece gradativamente na obra steiniana. A individualidade é examinada partindo dos aspectos universais, da consideração do sujeito transcendental, e segue até a identificação do núcleo da alma, aspecto original e singular que é ativado em vivências específicas e insere um selo de autenticidade em diversas vivências do fluxo da consciência. Os relacionamentos interpessoais, sobretudo aqueles propriamente comunitários, possibilitam o reconhecimento das características mais singulares diante do outro. A individualidade autêntica é vivida enquanto processo, discutido em termos steinianos como processo de formação da personalidade e processo de individuação, apontando para uma autenticidade que apenas pode ser reconhecida no ato. Cada pessoa é autêntica a sua maneira, o que implica também um necessário posicionamento ético diante da expressão das características de personalidade mais habituais. Confrontando com a tradição heideggeriana, Stein destacou que a autenticidade deve ser analisada considerando o ser pessoal, a relação de comunidade como facilitadora, a diversidade de disposições afetivas não exclusivamente a angústia como via de mobilização da individualidade autêntica, bem como a experiência religiosa autêntica como via de possibilidade da realização da autenticidade individual. Os achados advindos da noção de autenticidade na obra de Edith Stein disponibilizam, a partir da Psicologia Fenomenológica, novos recursos teóricos para a atuação do profissional psicólogo nas diversas áreas, como Psicologia da Saúde, Psicologia da Educação, Psicologia do Esporte, Psicologia Clínica, entre outras. Novos horizontes na compreensão de temas contemporâneos onde a relação entre autenticidade e corporeidade se apresentam, como é o caso da epidemia de suicídio, das questões relacionadas ao gênero e das práticas corporais, também podem ser assumidos na compreensão desses temas. / The search for authenticity has been considered an important contemporary phenomenon, as well as the cultivation of sensations as a criterion of subjectivation. The analyzes carried out within the classical phenomenology provide a rigorous description of the human being, seeking to understand it in its structural complexity, endowed with the dimensions of corporeity, psyche and spirit that are interdependent, in addition to pointing to community experiences as constitutive of oneself - proving a perspective with great potential to renew the problematization of the theme. Edith Stein (1891-1942), a disciple of Husserl, discusses the subject of corporeity and voluntary positioning in an in-depth way, coming to refer to a type of positioning where emerges that which is authentically individual. The present research aims to examine the notion of authenticity in the Phenomenology of Edith Stein, discussing the indispensable attendance of corporeity as its condition of possibility. It is a qualitative, bibliographical research, where we chose as main texts of our analysis the following publications of Edith Stein: The problem of empathy (1917); Psychology and Sciences of the Spirit: contributions to a philosophical foundation (1922); On the idea of formation (1930); The ontic structure of the person and the problematic of his knowledge (1930-32); Introduction to Philosophy (1919-32 / 2001); The Structure of the Human Person (1932-33) and The Existential Philosophy of Martin Heidegger (1936). Several other texts by Stein were also used to deepen the themes identified, as well as other commentators of the Stein\'s work. The notion of authenticity gradually appears in Stein\'s work. Individuality is examined from the universal aspects of the consideration, of the transcendental subject, and goes on to identify the core of the soul, an original and singular aspect that is activated in specific experiences and inserts a seal of authenticity into various experiences of the flow of consciousness. Interpersonal relationships, especially those of the community itself, enable the recognition of the most singular characteristics before the other. Authentic individuality is experienced as a process, discussed in Stein\'s terms as a process of personality formation and individuation process, pointing to an authenticity that can only be recognized in the act. Each person is authentic in his own way, which also implies a necessary ethical positioning before the expression of the most habitual personality traits. Confronting the heideggerian tradition, Stein stressed that authenticity should be analyzed by considering the personal being, the relationship of community as facilitator, the diversity of affective dispositions - not exclusively anguish - as a way of mobilizing authentic individuality, as well as religious experience authentic as a way of realizing individual authenticity. The findings of the notion of authenticity in the work of Edith Stein provide, from the Phenomenological Psychology, new theoretical resources for the professional psychologist in the different areas, such as Health Psychology, Education Psychology, Sports Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and others. New horizons in the understanding of contemporary issues where the relationship between authenticity and corporeality are presented, as is the case of the suicide epidemic, issues related to gender and corporal practices, can also be assumed in the understanding of these themes.

O presente estudo procura compreender Edith Stein (1891-1942), personagem emblemática do século XX, através de uma perspectiva histórica, psicanalítica e de um método hermenêutico. De origem judaica, nascida em Breslau, Prússia, dedicouse aos estudos filosóficos e ao magistério. Foi aluna de E. Husserl e realizou importantes investigações fenomenológicas, em várias áreas. Discriminada por ser mulher e judia, não pôde seguir uma carreira acadêmica, apesar de suas importantes contribuições teóricas. Converteu-se ao catolicismo tornando-se monja carmelita descalça. Foi presa pela polícia nazista e assassinada em Auschwitz, na câmera de gás, em 1942. Beatificada pelo Papa João Paulo II em 1998, tornou-se co-patrona da Europa. Neste trabalho busquei, através de seu idioma pessoal, as raízes que fecundaram o seu pensamento e a maneira como tentou responder às questões cruciais que a habitaram como mulher, filósofa, judia-católica, vivendo a tensão entre o judaísmo e o catolicismo. As principais fontes utilizadas foram sua autobiografia, cartas, obras e escritos diversos, assim como a literatura produzida sobre ela e sua época, além de material iconográfico. / The focus of this research is to understand Edith Stein (1891-1942), an iconic XX century figure, using historical and psychoanalytical perspectives as well as an hermeneutical method. From Jewish origin, Stein was born in Breslau, Prussia, studied with E. Husserl and developed important phenomenological investigations, in education, womanhood, philosophy, theology and mystic. However could not be an academic because of discrimination against both women and Jews. Subsequently she converted to Catholicism and even became a Carmelite monk, neither of which was enough to escape persecution of the Nazis. She flew to Holland, but was arrested by the Gestapo, taken to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1942, where her life ended in a gas chamber. She was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998. This work examines the roots and influences of her theoretical contributions as well as the way she answered the fundamental human questions that she dealt with during her lifetime as a woman, a philosopher and a Christian-Jew. The main sources are Steins autobiography, letters, writings and other literature dealing with her life and times.

As relações de cuidado nos relacionamentos intersubjetivos humanos é um fator significativo para promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos seres humanos como sujeitos éticos. Através da análise de um fragmento do livro Os miseráveis do escritor francês Vitor Hugo, busca-se através do uso dos conceitos de Devoção de Donald Winnicott e de entropatia de Edith Stein, realizar articulações, no intuito de mostrar o papel desses dois conceitos na estruturação do cuidado estabelecido na relação entre Monsenhor Benvindo e Jean Valjean, personagens do referido livro, para a mudança e transformação pessoal deste último, em sua trajetória após esse encontro. Primeiramente tanto o conceito de entropatia de Edith Stein, quanto o de devoção de Winnicott, são apresentados dentro dos enquadramentos teóricos de ambos os autores para que ambos estejam contextualizados na cadeia de pensamento de seus pensadores, para então, posteriormente serem vinculados a discussão da passagem do livro analisada. O objetivo da pesquisa foi destacar a importância do cuidado tomado como uma ética por Monsenhor Benvindo na relação com Jean Valjean em seu encontro com ele no fragmento do livro apresentado e o quanto o cuidado tomado como uma ética, ou seja, uma práxis de vida nas relações com o outro, pode ser determinante e transformador na história pessoal dos indivíduos com a qual se tem contato. Sendo este aspecto exemplificado pelos rumos posteriores que toma o personagem Jean Valjean em sua trajetória no livro após ser cuidado pelo bispo. A metodologia usada para realizar as discussões necessárias foi o método dialógico do Linguista russo Mikhail Bakhtin, onde sua noção de que todo texto ou discurso são inerentemente dialógico e polifônico serviu de referencia para se colocar em relação o fragmento do livro com os conceitos de entropatia e de devoção. Por fim, a questão da importância do cuidado tomado como uma ética é levada para o ambiente clínico da psicologia, e se conclui que o cuidar está na base do trabalho clínico e sua consideração como uma ética é fundamental para a restauração do equilíbrio do paciente e para despertar as potencialidades que existem em cada ser humano, o que pode lhe oferecer o resgate da criatividade para retomar sua vida e favorecer seu desenvolvimento pessoal / Care relationships in human intersubjective relationships is significant to promote the growth and development of humans as ethical subjects factor. By analyzing a fragment of the book \"Les Miserables\" by French writer Victor Hugo, is sought through the use of the concepts of \"Devotion\" Donald Winnicott and \"entropatia\" Edith Stein, Lobbying, in order to show the role of these two concepts in the structure of care established in the relationship between Bishop Benvindo and Jean Valjean, characters of that book, for change and personal transformation of the latter in his career after this meeting. First both the concept of entropatia Edith Stein, as the devotion of Winnicott, are presented within the theoretical frameworks of both authors for both are contextualized in the imagination of their thinkers chain, and then later the discussion of the passage being linked book analyzed. The research objective was to highlight the importance of the care taken by Monsignor Benvindo as an ethical relationship with the Jean Valjean in his meeting with him in the book fragment presented and how much care taken as an ethical, ie a way of living in relationships with each other, can be decisive and transformative personal history of individuals with whom he has contact. This aspect being exemplified by the subsequent course that takes the character Jean Valjean in his career after being in the book carefully by the bishop. The methodology used to undertake the necessary discussions was the dialogical method of Mikhail Bakhtin Russian Linguist, where his notion that every text or discourse are inherently dialogical and polyphonic served as a reference for placing the fragment in relation to the concepts of the book and of entropatia of devotion. Finally, the question of the importance of the care taken is taken as an ethical environment for clinical psychology and concludes that caring is the basis of clinical work and its consideration as an ethic is key to restoring the balance of the patient and to awaken the potential that exists in every human being, which can offer you the rescue of creativity to resume his life and foster their personal development