Ho, Tak Ngai = 中子星在絶熱冷卻下的不穩定性 : 數值模擬和簡單類比 / 何德藝. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-102). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Ho, Tak Ngai = Zhong zi xing zai jue re leng que xia de bu wen ding xing : shu zhi mo ni he jian dan lei bi / He Deyi. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- The astrophysical problem --- p.2 / Chapter 2.1 --- Neutron stars --- p.2 / Chapter 2.2 --- Equations --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- EOS --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4 --- Equilibrium configurations --- p.8 / Chapter 2.5 --- Stability --- p.9 / Chapter 2.6 --- The key equilibrium properties --- p.10 / Chapter 2.7 --- Adiabatic cooling --- p.11 / Chapter 2.8 --- Modeling adiabatic cooling by varying T --- p.13 / Chapter 3 --- Numerical Simulations in GR --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- The equations and the EOS --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3 --- Evolution of a stellar system in GR --- p.20 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.22 / Chapter 4 --- Newtonian model --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Newtonian fluid equations --- p.28 / Chapter 4.3 --- Polytropes --- p.28 / Chapter 4.4 --- Model EOS --- p.31 / Chapter 4.5 --- Equilibrium solutions --- p.33 / Chapter 4.6 --- Stability --- p.35 / Chapter 4.7 --- Dynamics --- p.38 / Chapter 4.8 --- Adiabatic changes --- p.42 / Chapter 4.9 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 5 --- Model of instability --- p.52 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction . --- p.52 / Chapter 5.2 --- Analytical study of the model --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3 --- Numerical verification --- p.55 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.59 / Chapter 6 --- Model of criticality --- p.62 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.62 / Chapter 6.2 --- General discussion of equilibrium properties --- p.63 / Chapter 6.3 --- Construction of model --- p.67 / Chapter 6.4 --- Study of the model --- p.75 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Appendix --- p.87 / Chapter A --- Neutron stars cooling due to neutrinos emission --- p.87 / Chapter B --- Determining how r change --- p.89 / Chapter C --- Basic equations in the GR context --- p.91 / Chapter C.1 --- ADM formulation of the field equations --- p.91 / Chapter C.2 --- Explicit form of the hyperbolic equation --- p.93 / Chapter D --- One-zone model --- p.95 / Chapter E --- Numerical scheme of getting the EOS --- p.98 / Bibliography --- p.101

Orientador: Jorge Roberto Pimentel / Banca: Marcos Antonio Sanches Vieira / Banca: Ricardo Egydio de Carvalho / Resumo: O resfriamento de produtos agrícolas, em ambientes com atmosfera controlada, é uma das técnicas que tem sido utilizada por produtores e indústrias do setor, sendo importante se ter informações sobre a influência de parâmetros que atuam durante o processo. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico unidimensional usando-se um método explícito de aproximação das derivadas de equações diferenciais por diferenças finitas, para solucionar a equação da condução de calor em sólidos com alto teor de água e de formato cilíndrico, que estejam submetidos a um fluxo de ar resfriado. Utilizando o modelo, simulou-se a influência de variáveis físicas e geométricas na distribuição das temperaturas radiais em cilindros hipotéticos, obtendo-se resultados coerentes com o comportamento previsto para tal situação. Foram feitas medidas experimentais das temperaturas em diferentes localizações radiais em alguns vegetais com formato aproximadamente cilíndrico e, os resultados dessas medidas, comparados com as previsões numéricas, revelando boa concordância dentro da faixa do erro experimental. / Abstract: Cooling in atmosphere controlled environment is one of the methods used in the food preservation and processing industry. For best process improvement information, for example, concerning the influence of different parameters on the internal temperature values are of interest. The present work deals with a simple numeric model developed using a explicit finite-differences scheme for solve the one-dimensional cylindrical transient heat equation. The equation is solved with a field temperature inicial condition, simetry center boundary condition and a pure convection surface boundary condition after normalizing the equation system. A FORTRAN program was develop to solve the resulting matricial system to obtain the transient radial temperature distribution as a function of convective heat coefficient, Fourier number, thermal diffusivity and Biot number. The experimental setup consisted of a retangular duct througt witch cooled air circulated by a blower. Inside the duct fresh approximated cylindrical shapped samples of food products have they radial temperature measured in four different location using iron-constantan thermocouples. The results show that there is a good a agreement between the experimentally measured temperature values and that computed using numeric model. / Mestre

Neste trabalho foi realizada a modelagem fenomenológica do desempenho de uma torre de resfriamento de água e de um sistema de duas torres de resfriamento em série, com temperatura de água de entrada de até 65 ºC. Verificou-se a validade do modelo através de comparação dos resultados previstos com os obtidos em ensaios em uma unidade piloto. Em seguida, através de simulação matemática, a partir do modelo desenvolvido, foi feito o estudo de diversos casos de aplicação. Estudou-se a influência das principais variáveis de operação (vazão de ar, vazão de água e temperatura de bulbo úmido) no desempenho de torres de resfriamento acopladas (em série e em paralelo) e no custo operacional. Verifica-se que a variável de maior influência é a vazão de água que circula pela torre. / This is a study about the phenomenological modeling of the performance of a water cooling tower and a system of two cooling towers in series, with water temperature input up to 65°C. The validity of model was verified by comparing the expected results with those obtained in tests on a pilot plant. After this, through a mathematical simulation, based on the model developed, several cases of application were analyzed. It was studied the influence of main operating variables (air flow, water flow and wet bulb temperature) on the performance of couples cooling towers (in series and parallel) and on operational cost. It was verified the most influential variable is the water flow rate through the tower.

This work is concerned with evaluating and studying the possibilities of enhancing natural ventilation performance and its use as a passive cooling strategy in walk-up public housing blocks within the Egyptian desert climatic region. This research attempts to maximize the benefits from the vast investments made in housing projects in Egypt through providing thermally comfortable housing prototypes that could use by contrast less energy for cooling purposes. This is considered essential in the light of the current concerns about energy all over the world. Egypt was devided to seven different climatic regions by the Egyptian organization for energy conservation and planning. The Egyptian desert climatic region, which was chosen as the research context, is the largest climatic region of Egypt. Most of the Egyptian new cities that accommodate the majority of the recent public housing projects are located within this desert climatic region that represents the typical hot arid climate characteristics. Nationally, the problem of the misuse of the housing prototyping was spotted. According to previous researchers, the same basic prototypical designs are being built all over the country without giving enough consideration to the actual effects of different climates and the diversity in the residents social needs. Regionally, within the Egyptian desert climatic region, the harsh climatic conditions rate the problem of achieving thermal comfort within these housing prototypes as the most urgent problem that needs to be examined in depth. A pilot study that used observation and monitoring methods was conducted in the New Al-Minya city (The representative city of the desert climatic design region) in order to closely investigate this problem and identify its dimensions. The results confirmed thermal discomfort conditions of the housing prototypes built there, especially during the hot summer period. The passive design strategies analysis of the climatic context indicated that night purge ventilation is the most effective passive strategy that could enhance thermal comfort. These results go along with the rule of natural ventilation in reducing the used energy for cooling and the actually massive national income spent on these housing prototypes encourage this work so to concentrate on natural ventilation. Different studies using multi-approaches research techniques were employed in order to achieve the main aim of the research. These techniques included; literature review, monitoring, questionnaire and computer simulation.A critical literature review was conducted including; the physical science of natural ventilation, its strategic design as well as the design measures that control natural ventilation and the airflow in; the macro, intermediate and micro design levels. The results of the investigations were discussed and interpreted in the light of this review. A representative case study was chosen for the study. The natural ventilation performance in the case study was quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated through conducting field objective and subjective assessment respectively. In evaluation study, the thermal performance of the case study under different ventilation scenarios was monitored, the airflow inside it was simulated using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software “FloVent” and a sample of residents were questioned. This study identified many problems associated natural ventilation uses and indicated its poor performance within the case study. A number of design measures were formulated based on the literature review and considering the evaluation study results along with the research context nature. The proposed natural ventilation design measures were applied to the case studies and their effectiveness in terms of enhancing the natural ventilation performance was quantified using “FloVent”. Results reported that the proposed natural ventilation design measures could significantly enhance the natural ventilation performance inside the case study quantitatively and qualitatively. This in turn maximizes the potential of providing thermal comfort by using both natural ventilation strategies; comfort ventilation and night purge ventilation. However, all the applied measures could not achieve neither an acceptable airspeed at any of the case study spaces nor a good airflow circulation at some of its spaces. It can be concluded that the current design of the case study can not achieve quality airflow without the use of the mechanical assisted ventilation. In general, it seems very difficult to optimize the air velocity within all spaces in a very dense multi-space design like this case study. A new design that considers natural ventilation and its drivers has to be introduced.

Chung, Chun Kit = 超低溫相互作用費米原子中配對的探究 / 鍾俊傑. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-88). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chung, Chun Kit = Chao di wen xiang hu zuo yong fei mi yuan zi zhong pei dui de tan jiu / Zhong Junjie. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Review on BCS theory --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- BCS theory in uniform systems --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Hamiltonian and ground state solutions --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Choice of interaction potential --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Uniform atomic gas at T = 0 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Self-consistent field method --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Population imbalanced systems --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Description of BCS states at finite temperatures --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- Bipartite quantum entanglement in BCS states --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- Mixed state bipartite quantum entanglement --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- PPT criterion --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Negativity of p --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Entanglement witness --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Two-particle density matrix and two-body negativity --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Opposite spin states as subsystems --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Structure of and the negativity --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Relationship between the negativity and the order pa- rameter --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Distribution of negative eigenvalues of --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Constructing entanglement witness operator --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Remark: Same spin state as subsystems --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Momentum states as subsystems --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- A and B as opposite momentum states --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- A and B as different momentum states k and k' with k≠± k' --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- A and B as the same momentum state --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- Radio-frequency spectroscopy --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- The model Hamiltonian and dynamical equations --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Time-dependent variational method --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Time-dependent Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Short-time dynamics --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of C --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Build up of particle number density n3 and order param- eter Δ23 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.61 / Chapter 5 --- Pairing in three-component systems --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1 --- The mean-field Hamiltonian --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2 --- Symmetric systems --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Quasiparticle spectra --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- "Occupation number, condensation amplitude, and co- herence amplitude" --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Strengths of Ω --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3 --- Pairing in asymmetric systems --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Quasiparticle spectra and mean-field solutions --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effects of Ωij --- p.74 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.76 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion and outlook --- p.79 / Bibliography --- p.81 / Chapter A --- Regularization techniques --- p.89 / Chapter B --- Wick's theorem --- p.91 / Chapter C --- Analytic solutions to three-component symmetric systems --- p.94

Considerando a importância da maciez dentre os atributos de qualidade de carnes, a necessidade do estabelecimento de um método mais rápido e moderno, que forneça resultados mais precisos, com baixa variabilidade e que possa ser utilizado para a determinação da maciez instrumental de diferentes cortes cárneos é uma demanda evidente. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta tese foi estudar a maciez instrumental de diferentes cortes cárneos bovinos, testando diferentes temperaturas finais de cocção e tempos de resfriamento no preparo das amostras e utilizando diferentes equipamentos, bem como estabelecer correlações entre a maciez instrumental e diversos outros atributos de qualidade de carnes. Foram avaliados os efeitos de três temperaturas finais de cocção (65, 70 e 75 °C) e dois tempos de resfriamento das amostras (4 e 24 horas) e ainda a utilização de três diferentes equipamentos (Texturômetro TAXT2icon equipado com lâminas de 1 e 3 mm de espessura e Warner-Bratzler clássico) na determinação da força de cisalhamento de cinco cortes cárneos bovinos. Os cortes foram caracterizados quanto aos atributos pH, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, temperaturas de desnaturação das proteínas Actina e Miosina, cor instrumental, teor de colágeno, comprimento de sarcômeros, composição química e perda de peso por cocção. Foram determinadas as correlações lineares entre estes atributos, entre estes atributos e as forças de cisalhamento e entre as forças de cisalhamento. Foram estudados ainda, os comportamentos mecânico e estrutural dos cortes durante a realização dos testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento por meio da microestrutura das superfícies cisalhadas e das curvas mecânicas geradas durante os testes no texturômetro. Não houve efeito significativo do tempo de resfriamento nos resultados dos testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 1 mm produziu valores mais baixos, enquanto que o Warner-Bratzler provocou os maiores valores. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 3 mm provocou menor precisão nos resultados. Em quase todos os casos, a temperatura de 65 °C produziu os menores valores de força de cisalhamento, enquanto que a utilização de 75 °C provocou os maiores valores. Foram observadas baixas correlações entre os atributos de qualidade avaliados e a força de cisalhamento dos cortes em estudo. Foram determinadas quatro equações de predição de força de cisalhamento de uma técnica com base nos resultados de outra. Os equipamentos e temperaturas finais de cocção utilizados ocasionaram diferentes comportamentos mecânicos e estruturais nos cortes cárneos avaliados. O Texturômetro com lâmina de 1 mm produziu menor variação nos resultados mas ao mesmo tempo, na maioria dos casos, provocou corte ao invés de cisalhamento nas amostras. Foi possível concluir que a utilização de diferentes equipamentos e pequenas variações na temperatura final de cocção das amostras pode ser uma grande fonte de variação nos resultados de testes de determinação da força de cisalhamento de carnes e que comparações entre resultados devem ser feitas com cautela observando estes detalhes. / Considering the importance of tenderness among the meat quality attributes, the need to establish a faster and more modern method that provides more accurate results with low variability and can be used to determine the instrumental tenderness of different meat cuts is an obvious demand. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to study the instrumental tenderness of different beef cuts, by testing different cooking endpoint temperatures and cooling times in the sample preparation step and using different equipment, as well as to establish correlations among the instrumental tenderness and several other meat quality attributes. The effects of using three cooking endpoint temperatures (65, 70 and 75 °C) and two cooling times of the samples (4 and 24 hours) and the use of three different equipment (TAXT2icon Texturometer equipped with shear blades of 1 and 3 mm thick, and a classical Warner-Bratzler) in the shear force determination of five beef cuts were evaluated. The cuts were evaluated for pH, myofibrillar fragmentation index, denaturation temperatures of Actin and Myosin proteins, instrumental color, collagen content, sarcomere length, chemical composition and cooking loss. Linear correlations between these attributes, between these attributes and shear force results and between shear force results were determined. The mechanical and structural behaviors of the cuts during the shear force tests were studied through the microstructure of the sheared surfaces and the mechanical curves generated during the tests in the texturometer. There was no significant effect of the cooling time on shear force results. The texturometer equipped with a 1 mm blade produced lower values, while Warner-Bratzler produced the higher ones. The texturometer equipped with a 3 mm blade resulted in decreased precision in the results. In most cases, the temperature of 65 °C produced the lowest shear force values, whereas the use of 75 °C resulted in the highest ones. Low correlations among the quality attributes evaluated and the shear force results of the cuts under study were observed. Four prediction equations of shear force were determined from one technique based on the results of another. The equipment and cooking endpoint temperatures used resulted in different mechanical and structural behaviors in the beef cuts evaluated. The texturometer equipped with a 1 mm blade produced less variation in the results, but at the same time, in most cases, it caused cutting rather than shearing of the samples. It is possible to conclude that the use of different equipment and small variations in the cooking endpoint temperature of the samples may be a great source of variation in the meat shear force results and that comparisons between results should be made with caution and observing these details.

Les concepteurs de moteurs aéronautiques sont constamment sujets à la demande d’augmentation de puissance de la part des constructeurs d’aéronefs. Pour satisfaire à cette exigence, la température de sortie de la chambre de combustion peut être augmentée pour améliorer le rendement et la puissance de sortie du moteur. Cette élévation de température peut toutefois dépasser le point de fusion du matériau et, pour éviter les pannes de moteur, l’intégrité des aubes de la turbine repose notamment sur des systèmes de refroidissement internes,prélevant de l'air froid du compresseur. La conception de ces systèmes revient donc à maximiser l’amélioration du transfert de chaleur tout en minimisant le débit d’air via les pertes de charge afin d’éviter des pénalités de puissance du moteur. Or ces écoulements en canaux internes sont encore largement incontrôlés et mal compris. Dans le but de mieux comprendre ces écoulements en rotation se développant spatialement, ce travail porte sur l’étude via simulations numériques d’un canal de refroidissement droit, perturbé, en rotation. La configuration consiste en un canal carré équipé de 8 perturbateurs placés avec un angle de 90 degrés par rapport à l’écoulement principal. Pour les cas étudiés, des mesures PIV temporelles ont été effectuées à l'Institut VanKarman (VKI). Les conditions adiabatiques et isothermes ont été étudiées pour évaluer l’impact dela température de la paroi sur l’écoulement, en particulier dans les configurations en rotation. Les canaux statiques ainsi qu’en rotation positive et négative sont comparés avec, dans chaque cas,une prédiction d’écoulement adiabatique ou isotherme. Dans ce travail, les résultats de simulations aux grandes échelles (SGE) montrent que le modèle CFD haute fidélité est capable de reproduire les différences induites par la flottabilité sur la topologie de l'écoulement dans la région proche. Le modèle parvient également à prévoir l'augmentation (la diminution) de la turbulence autour des perturbateurs en rotation déstabilisante (stabilisante). Enfin et grâce à la SGE spatiale et temporelle complète, le développement spatial et l’instationnarité des écoulements secondaires sont analysés pour mieux comprendre leur origine et leurs différences potentielles entre les cas. Cette étude montre que la topologie du flux thermique en parois est déterminée par la structure des écoulements secondaires alors que l’intensité du flux thermique aux parois est déterminée par le niveau de fluctuations de l’écoulement dans l’espace interperturbateur / Aeronautical engine designers are constantly subject to increasing power demands from aircraft manufacturers. To satisfy this requirement, combustor outlet temperature can be increased to improve efficiency and output energy of the engine. This rise in temperature however can surpass the material melting point and to avoid engine failure, turbine blades rely on internal cooling systems. Turbine blade cooling often uses internal channels, taking cold air from the compressor flow. Design of these systems therefore resumes to maximizing heat transfer enhancement while minimizing airflow rate to avoid engine power penalties. However, such flows are still largely uncontrolled and miss-understood. In an attempt to better understand such spatially developing rotating flows, the present study deals with a computational investigation on a straight, rotating rib roughened cooling channel. The configuration consists in a squared channel equipped with 8 ribs turbulators placed with an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the flow direction. For the studied cases, time resolved two-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been performed at the Van Karman Institute (VKI). Adiabatic as well as isothermal conditions have been investigated to evaluate the impact of the wall temperature on the flow, especially in the rotating configurations. Static as well as both positive and negative rotating channels are compared with, in each case, either an adiabatic or an isothermal flow prediction. In this work, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) results show that the high fidelity CFD model is able to reproduce the differences induced by buoyancy on the flow topology in the near rib region and resulting from an adiabatic or an isothermal flow in rotation. The model manages also to predict the turbulence increase (decrease) around the rib in destabilizing (stabilizing) rotation of the ribbed channels. Finally and thanks to the full spatial and temporal description produced by LES, the spatial development and the unsteadiness of secondary flows are analyzed to better understand their origin and potential differences in all a cases. This study shows that the wall heat flux topology is driven by the secondary flows structure and the wall heat flux intensity is driven by the level of flow fluctuations in the ribbed region

The objective of this research was to systematically study the effect of processing conditions on crystallization behavior and destabilization mechanisms of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The effects of oil content (20 and 40 wt %); crystallization temperature (Tc = 10, 5, 0, -5, -10 °C); homogenization conditions, such as high shear (HS), very low pressure homogenization (VLPH), and high pressure homogenization (HPH); and cooling rate (0.2 and 30 °C/min) on both thermal behavior and destabilization mechanisms were analyzed. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was added to VLPH emulsions and its effect on the physicochemical and oxidative stabilities and flavor was studied. Emulsions with 20% oil were less stable than those with 40% oil with a fast-cooling rate; however, stability increased when the emulsions were cooled slowly. Stability was also affected by oil and droplet size; the smaller the droplet the more stable the system. Smaller droplets (i.e., VLPH, HPH) had an effect on crystallization by delaying the onset of the crystal formation, which was promoted in emulsions with larger droplets (i.e., HS); 20% o/w emulsion crystallization was delayed more than 40%; and in emulsions crystallized using a slow-cooling rate, the crystal formation was less inhibited (i.e., crystals formed at a higher onset temperature [Ton], but at lower Tc) than when using a fast-cooling rate. The formation of lipid crystals either helped stabilize (small droplets) the emulsion and melted in a less fractionated manner or destabilized (big droplets) the emulsion. In addition, fast-cooling rates have greater fractionation than slow-cooling rates. Due to the greater stability of VLPH emulsions after thawing from being at -10 °C for 3 h, DHA was added to evaluate its effect on flavor (besides the effect on stability) of the emulsion. A descriptive panel was used to evaluate four attributes: oxidized, rancid, fishy, and buttery. The panelists were given samples after 72 h, because contrary to the TBA analysis which showed no significant differences between samples with and without DHA, the fishy smell was evident. The sensory evaluation results showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in fishiness between the VLPH emulsions with and without DHA, and that the odor was repulsive. No significance was seen for rancid and buttery flavors, and only a marginal significance was seen for oxidized.

Narrow Neck Press and Blow (NNPB) process is used to produce light weight bottles. The gob of molten glass is delivered to the blank mold and a specially designed narrow diameter plunger is used to form the finish or mouth and the parison as it presses upwards. Invert and final blow takes place followed by take-out and annealing. Anchor Glass Container Corp. (AGC) uses NNPB technology in their glass making plants. The problem experienced by AGC in the process is that the heat dissipation through out the mold is not uniform and hence there is a non uniform temperature distribution in the finished bottle extracted from it. Specifically the shoulder region of the bottle stays at a higher temperature when compared with the other regions, becoming the limiting factor in determining the rate of bottle production. Excessive temperatures in any region leave the glass insufficiently rigid, allowing the bottle to sag or lean. An increased rate of production which demands faster and effective cooling of the bottle is desired and is the ultimate goal of this research effort. This problem can be effectively solved by increasing the amount of heat transferred from the mold to the cooling air, which can be done by increasing the surface area of the cooling passages. A mathematical model for calculating the amount of heat transferred to the cooling air is proposed in this thesis. The air properties at the exit of the mold and the amount of heat transferred by each cooling passage were obtained by using MATHCAD. A 2 dimensional numerical simulation for the final molding was carried out using ANSYS and the temperature distribution for the mold and glass were obtained.

No description available.