Construction of polynuclear metal assemblies from discrete 0D clusters to extend 3D networks, comprised of metal ions and bridging organic/inorganic ligands has attracted immense attention, owing to their intriguing network topologies and interesting properties. Proper ligand design and the appropriate choice of the metal center are of vital importance to the design of such polynuclear assemblies. One of the various attributes of polynuclear metal assemblies is magnetism. Magnetic materials can be constructed by incorporating magnetic moment carriers such as paramagnetic metals(V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) in presence of bridging ligands. Though, one-atom oxo/hydroxo and two-atom cyanide bridges were of popular choices due to their short distance for transmitting strong magnetic coupling between the paramagnetic metal centers, it has been shown that, three-atom bridging ligands like carboxylate and azide (N3 ) are well-fitted moieties for this purpose since they offer a variety of magnetic interactions depending on their versatile bridging modes. It has been well known that incorporation of anionic bridging ligand in presence of azide anion is a challenging task due to the competition between the 2nd anionic ligand with azide in self-assembly process. Incorporating both azide and carboxylate functionalities, a series of polymeric complexes has been synthesized and conversion of 0D discrete clusters to extended networks with the retention of basic core by fine tuning the ligands has been achieved. Single-crystal to single-crystal transformation has received considerable attention in crystal engineering since it is difficult for crystals to retain single crystallinity after removal of the guest at high temperature. Interestingly single-crystal to single-crystal transformation was observed at high temperature for Co(II) formate-formamide complex and change in dimensionality from 3D to 0D was observed at high temperature for Cr(III) formate-formamide complex. Multiferroic materials are those where both ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism coexist in the same phase. In general the transition metal d-electrons which are essential for magnetism reduce the tendency for off-center ferroelectric distortion. First tetrazole based miltiferroic coordination polymer of Co(II) metal ion in presence of azide has been successfully synthesized whereas its analogous Mn(II) complex showed different structural topology with interesting magnetic behavior. It has been also established in the present study, the important role played by hydrazine ligand to prevent oxidation of paramagnetic Co(II) to diamagnetic Co(III) system with the formation of a metal-inorganic assembly of Co(II) which exhibited spin-canted behavior.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22461号 / 工博第4722号 / 新制||工||1737(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 SIVANIAH Easan, 教授 田中 庸裕, 教授 陰山 洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20410号 / 工博第4347号 / 新制||工||1674(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 進, 教授 松田 建児, 教授 杉野目 道紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Resumo: O 1,2,4-triazol é um composto heterocíclico aromático contendo três átomos de nitrogênio dispostos nas posições 1, 2 e 4 de um anel de cinco membros. O interesse nos complexos contendo este ligante iniciou-se em meados de 1965, quando as propriedades magnéticas de vários sistemas triazólicos foram estudadas. Comparado aos pirazóis e imidazóis, o 1,2,4-triazol apresenta um átomo de nitrogênio a mais, o que lhe confere uma maior diversidade de modos de coordenação. Este trabalho contemplou inicialmente a síntese, a caracterização espectroscópica e o estudo do comportamento térmico de complexos de Pd(II) contendo o ligante 1,2,4-triazol. Ênfase foi dada à investigação da influência de diversas rotas sintéticas no tipo de complexo formado. As metodologias gerais de síntese dos complexos envolveram preferencialmente a reação de substituição da acetonitrila na esfera de coordenação do precursor [PdCl2(MeCN)2] pelos ligantes 1,2,4-triazol (Htrz) e trifenilfosfina (PPh3) e a utilização do complexo [H2PdCl4] como precursor alternativo. Quando foi utilizada a razão molar 1 [PdCl2(MeCN)2] : 2Htrz : 2 PPh3 houve apenas a formação do complexo mononuclear [PdCl2(PPh3)2], não sendo observada portanto a coordenação do triazol. No entanto, com a proporção molar 1[PdCl2(MeCN)2] : 2Htrz: 1 PPh3, em uma condição experimental de excesso de triazol, a coordenação deste ligante foi favorecida, gerando o complexo trinuclear [Pd3Cl4(trz)2(PPh3)3] com o ânion triazolato coordenado nos modos bi e tridentado. Durante a coordenação, o triazol é facilmente desprotonado, o que privilegia a coordenação do ânion triazolato, resultando em complexos onde o mesmo pode atuar nos modos bi e/ou tridentado. Entretanto, isto pode ser evitado acidificando o meio reacional. / Abstract: 1,2,4-triazole is an aromatic heterocyclic compound bearing three nitrogen atoms in the 1,2,4 positions of a five-membered ring. The interest on their complexes has begun in 1965 when magnetic properties of some 1,2,4-triazolyl systems were studied. The fact that 1,2,4-triazole possesses an additional nitrogen atom, when compared to pyrazoles and imidazoles, confers a wide variety of coordination modes. This work has dealt with the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and the study of thermal behavior of Pd(II) compounds containing the 1,2,4-triazole ligand. The influence of the synthetic route on the resulting complexes was investigated. The general synthetical procedure involved the displacement of acetonitrile from the coordination sphere of [PdCl2(MeCN)2] precursor by the ligands 1,2,4-triazole (Htrz) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) as well the use of [H2PdCl4] as an alternative precursor. The 1,2,4-triazole did not coordinate on employing the molar ratio 1 [PdCl2(MeCN)2] : 2Htrz : 2 PPh3, affording only the mononuclear [PdCl2(PPh3)2] compound. However, the coordination of 1,2,4-triazole was verified when the molar ratio 1 [PdCl2(MeCN)2] : 2Htrz: 1 PPh3 was used, yielding the trinuclear [Pd3Cl4(trz)2(PPh3)3] complex in which the triazolato anion acts as bidentate and tridentate ligand. 1,2,4-triazole is easily deprotonated which favours the bi- and tridentate coordination modes. Nevertheless, the deprotonation is avoided by acidifying the reaction media. Therefore, compounds of general formulae [PdCl2(Htrz)] with the 1,2,4-triazole ligand in the bidentate mode were obtained in acid media and, depending on the precursor employed, the bidentate fashion can be controlled. / Orientador: Regina Célia Galvão Frem Di Nardo / Coorientador: Antonio Eduardo Mauro / Coorientador: Adelino Vieira de Godoy Netto / Banca: Sérgio Roberto de Andrade Leite / Banca: Alzir Azevedo Batista / Mestre

Supramolecular synthesis has gained much attention in recent years. Such an approach to synthesis represents an attractive alternative to traditional, multi-step synthesis, especially for making complex, nanoscopic structures. Of particular interest, in the context of this work, is the use of metal-organic interactions to direct the self-assembly of nanoscopic architectures. These interactions are highly directional, relatively "strong" (compared to other supramolecular interactions) and kinetically labile, which allows for "self-correction" and in turn the production, often in high yield, of defect-free products. This also means that a number of related, yet structurally diverse products (supramolecular isomers) could be isolated. The work presented herein demonstrates the supramolecular synthesis of related, yet structurally diverse family of metal-organic nanoscale supramolecular architectures that are based on the ubiquitous paddle-wheel dimetal tetracarboxylate secondary building unit (SBU) and angular dicarboxylate ligands. It also demonstrates that the SBU self-assembles into clusters of four (tetragonal) and three (trigonal) nanoscale secondary building units (nSBU), which further self-assemble into nanoscale structures that include discrete (0D) faceted polyhedra, tetragonal 2D sheets and another 2D sheet that conforms to the so-called Kagom lattice. In addition, the work herein demonstrates that synthesis under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions facilitates "self-correction" so that the most stable thermodynamic product is obtained. Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure analysis of these structures is presented herein.

This work endeavors to delineate modern paradigms for crystal engineering, i.e. the design and supramolecular synthesis of functional molecular materials. Paradigms predicated on an understanding of the geometry of polygons and polyhedra are developed. The primary focus is on structural determination by single crystal x-ray crystallography, structural interpretation using a suite of graphical visualization and molecular modeling software, and on the importance of proper graphical representation in the presentation and explanation of crystal structures. A detailed analysis of a selected series of crystal structures is presented. The reduction of these molecular networks to schematic representations that illustrate their fundamental connectivity facilitates the understanding of otherwise complex supramolecular solids. Circuit symbols and Schlafli notation are used to describe the network topologies, which enables networks of different composition and metrics to be easily compared. This reveals that molecular orientations in the crystals and networks are commensurate with networks that can be derived from spherical close packed lattices. The development of a logical design strategy for a new class of materials based on our understanding of the chemical composition and topology of these networks is described. The synthesis and crystal structure of a series of new materials generated by exploitation of this design strategy is presented, in addition to a detailed analysis of the topology of these materials and their relationship to a parent structure. In summary, this dissertation demonstrates that molecular polygons can self-assemble at their vertexes to produce molecular architectures and crystal structures that are consistent with long established geometric dogma. The design strategy represents a potentially broad ranging approach to the design of nanoporous structures from a wide range of chemical components that are based on molecular shape rather than chemical formula. In effect, this work represents another example of the molecular meccano approach to self-assembled structures. Most importantly, given that these materials are designed from first principles, they offer materials scientists the ability to control the chemical nature of the constituent components and therefore influence the bulk physical properties of materials.

Metal-organic materials (MOMs) represent an emerging class of materials comprised of molecular building blocks (MBBs) linked by organic linker ligands. MOMs recently attract great attention because of their ability to exhibit permanent porosity, thereby enabling study of properties in the context of gas storage, gas separation, solid supports for sensors, catalysis and so on. Although MOMs have been studied for over 60 years, the porous nature of MOMs was not systematically and widely explored until the early 1990's. This may be one of the reasons why template-directed synthesis of MOMs remains relatively underexplored, especially when compared to other classes of porous material (e.g. zeolite and mesoporous silicates). However, the study of template-directed synthesis exhibits great significance to the research field of MOMs as these considerations: (i) to access analogues of prototypal MOM platforms that cannot be prepared directly; (2) to create porous materials with new topologies; (3) to transfer the functionality of templates to MOMs; (4) to exert fine control over structural features. In this dissertation, I chose a functional organic material, porphyrin, as templates and succeeded to synthesize a series of porphyrin-encapsulating MOMs, (porph@MOMs), in which the porphyrins were encapsulated inside the cavities as guests. Porphyrins molecules can template the formation cavities with different shapes and sizes (e.g. triangle, square or hexagon) to accommodate the porphyrins molecules when organic ligands with different size and symmetry were utilized during the synthesis. On the other hand, the porphyrins molecules can also template the formation of octahemioctahedral cages or hexahedron cages with porphyrins trapped inside, which further built the tbo, pcu, rtl, zzz, mzz networks. By selecting templated porph@MOMs as platforms, post-synthetic modifications (PSMs) of porph@MOMs were further studied. A cadmium MOM, porph@MOM-10, can undergo PSM by Mn(II) or Cu(II) via single-crystal-to-single-crystal processes. The Mn- and Cu- exchanged PSM variants exhibit catalytic activity for epoxidation of trans-stilbene. Porph@MOM-11 can serve as a platform to undergo a new PSM process involving cooperative addition of metal salts via single-crystal-to-single-crystal processes. The incorporation of the salts leads to higher H2 and CO2 volumetric uptake and higher CO2 vs CH4 selectivity. Porph@MOM-11 was also found to be a versatile platform that can undergo metal ion exchange with Cu2+ in single-crystal-to-single-crystal fashion. The use of mixed metal salt solutions (Cu2+/Cd2+) with varying ratios of metal salts enabled systematic study of the metal exchange process in porph@MOM-11 in such a manner that, at one extreme, only the Cd porphyrin moieties undergo metal ion exchange, whereas at the other extreme both the framework and the porphyrin moiety are fully exchanged. It is also observed that a concerted PSMs approach of metal ion exchange and ligand addition towards a porphyrin-walled MOM, porphMOM-1 affords a porphyrin-encapsulating MOM, porph@MOM-14, in which porphyrin anions are encapsulated in the octahemioctahedral polyhedral cage via weak interactions. Beside of the template-directed synthesis and post-synthetic modification of porph@MOMs, pre-synthetic control of metal-organic materials' structures was also studied in this dissertation. Due to the partial flexibility of 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate linkers, kagom[eacute] lattice and NbO supramolecular isomers were observed from a complexation of bulky 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate ligand to Cu(II) paddlewheel moieties. In addition, a new family of hybrid nanoball vanadium MOM structures (Hyballs) was prepared by the self-assemble of trimesic acid with tetranuclear and pentanuclear vanadium polyoxometalates. These hyballs are robust, permanently porous and their exterior surfaces facilitate cross-linking via hydrogen bonds or coordination bonds to generate pcu networks.

Metal-Organic Materials (MOMs) are an emerging class of crystalline solids that offer the potential for utilitarian design, as one of the greatest scientific challenges is to design functional materials with foreordained properties and eventually synthesize custom designed compounds for projected applications. Polytopic organic ligands with accessible heteroatom donor groups coordinate to single-metal ions and/or metal clusters to generate networks of various dimensionality. Advancements in synthesis of solid-state materials have greatly impacted many areas of research, including, but not limited to, communication, computing, chemical manufacturing, and transportation. Design approaches based on building blocks provide a means to conquer the challenge of constructing premeditated solid-state materials. Single-metal ion-based molecular building blocks, MNx(CO2)y+x, constructed from heterochelating ligands offer a new route to rigid and predictable MOMs. Specific metal bonds are considered responsible for directing the geometry or topology of metal-organic assemblies; these bond geometries constitute the building units, MNxOy. When these building units are connected through appropriate angles, nets or polyhedra can be targeted and synthesized, such as metal-organic cubes and Kagomé lattices. MNx(CO2)y+x MBBs can result in MN2O2 building units with square planar or see-saw geometries, depending on the mode of chelation. Using a 6-coordinate metal and a heterochelating ligand with bridging functionality, TBUs can be targeted for the synthesis of valuable networks, such as Zeolite-like Metal-Organic Frameworks (ZMOFs). Zeolitic nets, constructed from tetrahedral nodes connected through ~145° angles, are valuable targets in MOMs, as they inherently contain cavities and/or channel systems and lack interpenetration. Other design approaches have been explored for the design of ZMOFs from TBUs, such as the use of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as an organic TBU. When this TBU coordinates to a 2-connected metal with appropriate angles, zeolite-like nets rare to metal-organic crystal chemistry can be accessed. Additionally, MNx(CO2)y MBBs have been used to construct metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs), used as supermolecular building blocks (SBBs), that can be peripherally functionalized and ultimately extended into threedimensional ZMOFs. Rational synthesis, mainly based on building block approaches, advances bridging the gap between design and construction of solid-state materials. However, some challenges still arise for the establishment of reaction conditions for the formation of intended MBBs and thus targeted frameworks.

We have designed and synthesized boradiazaindacene (BODIPY) derivatives, appropriately functionalized for metal ion mediated supramolecular polymerization. Thus, ligands for 2- and 2,6-terpyridyl and bipyridyl functionalized BODIPY dyes were synthesized through Sonogashira couplings. These new fluorescent building blocks are responsive to metal ions in a stoichiometry dependent manner. Octahedral coordinating metal ions such as Zn(II), result in polymerization at a stoichiometry which corresponds to two terpyridyl ligands to one Zn(II) ion. However, at increased metal ion concentrations, the dynamic equilibria are re-established in such a way that, monomeric metal complex dominates. The position of equilibria can easily be monitored by 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. As expected, open shell Fe(II) ions while forming similar complex structures, quench the fluorescence emission of all four functionalized BODIPY ligands.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have become the focus of intense study over the past decade due to their potential for advancing a variety of applications including air purification, gas storage, adsorption separations, catalysis, gas sensing, drug delivery, and so on. These materials have some distinct advantages over traditional porous materials such as the well-defined structures, uniform pore sizes, chemically functionalized sorption sites, and potential for post-synthetic modification, etc. Thus, synthesis and adsorption studies of porous MOFs have increased substantially in recent years. Among various prospective applications, air purification is one of the most immediate concerns, which has urgent requirements to improve current nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) filters involving commercial and military purposes. Thus, the major goal of this funded project is to search, synthesize, and test these novel hybrid porous materials for adsorptive removal of toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), and to install the benchmark for new-generation NBC filters. The objective of this study is three-fold: (i) Advance our understanding of coordination chemistry by synthesizing novel MOFs and characterizing these porous coordination polymers; (ii) Evaluate porous MOF materials for gas-adsorption applications including CO2 capture, CH4 storage, other light gas adsorption and separations, and examine the chemical and physical properties of these solid adsorbents including thermal stability and heat capacity of MOFs; (iii) Evaluate porous MOF materials for next-generation NBC filter media by adsorption breakthrough measurements of TICs on MOFs, and advance our understanding about structure-property relationships of these novel adsorbents.